Principles of Nutrition Exam Chapters 7-11
what is a method of body fat assessment that uses an electrical current passing from the ankle to the wrist?
BIA
uses an individual's weight in the calculation.
BMI
used to assess risk for cardiovascular disease.
BMI and waist circumference
which agency or group may investigate fraudulent weight-loss products and take them off the market?
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
what is an instrument that is used to measure the caloric value of foods called?
a bomb calorimeter
who can satiety be defined?
a feeling of fullness or of having had enough to eat
what is a calorie?
a measure of energy
what is soluble fiber?
a type of fiber that dissolves in water and forms a gel
which of the following conditions are associated with visceral fat, the fat located under both the skin and muscles of the abdomen?
all of these are correct: chronic inflammation, fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes
increased visceral fat can produce a state of chronic inflammation that disrupts normal body functions. what is/are a possible result(s) of chronic inflammation?
all of these: metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance
what was removed from the weight loss market because it was highly addictive?
amphetamines
the occurrence of what almost always disappears after pregnancy?
amylophagia
what is defined as the desire to eat aroused by thoughts, taste, and enjoyment of food?
appetite
what are the three major components of total energy expenditure in the body?
basal metabolism, physical activity, and dietary thermogenesis
successful weight control programs include which of the following?
behavior changes, increased physical activity, small but continuing dietary changes
what is the consumption of a large amount of food in a small amount of time called?
binge-eating
which of the following contain 4 cal/g?
carbohydrate and protein
what is a function of the tongue during digestion?
chew and mix food with saliva
what are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
chronic episodic gas, constipation, and diarrhea
how is consumption medically defined, and what is its typical cause?
constipation is characterized by fewer than three bowel movements per week and typically caused by a low fiber diet
the article suggests that offering support and focusing on positive ___ strategies is important to help patients suffering from weight stigma.
coping
strategies to help avoid binge eating include all of the following EXCEPT which one?
dieting
what is the leading cause of hospitalization among U.S. adults 45-64 years old?
digestive disorders
what is not a suggested way to promote digestive health?
drastically increasing fiber intake
which of the following is NOT an example of a small step that can be taken toward healthy eating?
eat larger portions of meat than vegetables
what sort of diet is recommended?
eating a diet high in nutrient dense foods
what are some common causes of flatulence?
eating and drinking while in a rush, fructose, and sorbitol
what is NOT a health risk associated with maintaining a low body weight through prolonged caloric restriction?
elongation of the feet
what is basal metabolism?
energy required to maintain normal body functions while at rest
what is dietary thermogenesis?
energy use related to food ingestion
Americans spend around $20 million annually on weight-loss products and services.
false
a calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water 1 degree F.
false
adults following caloric restrictive diets display no adverse health impacts due to the diet.
false
anorexia is due solely to the Western fixation with thin bodies.
false
basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of calories a person burns while he is sleeping.
false
binge-eating disorder is characterized by repeated cycles of rapid consumption of extremely large amounts of food followed by compensatory exercise.
false
body mass index (BMI) measurements accurately reflect body fat content in all people.
false
diet and exercise can be used to achieve a person's idealized size and shape.
false
digestive processes begin when food enters the digestive system
false
energy-dense foods are the best to have when trying to lose weight.
false
gut bacteria only affect digestive processes
false
heartburn is caused by stomach acid contacting the tissue of the heart
false
obese individuals are not subject to social prejudice and don't experience any more isolation, rejection, or feelings of inferiority than individuals of normal weight.
false
obesity is linked to a lower incidence of metabolic abnormalities.
false
quick weight-loss plans promote sustainable changes that keep weight off.
false
true or false: there is no potential harm to arnold in trying all of these different diets and diet products. a diet product must be proven both safe and effective before it can be sold.
false
true or false:pPhillip doesn't need to worry about this eating disorder because only pregnant women develop pica and none of his daughters are pregnant.
false
an important principle of the "non-diet" is to include ______ and _____ at every meal.
fiber and protein
a diet low in what is often the cause of constipation?
fiber and water
energy intake consists of the consumption of ___.
food and beverages
what is NOT something the nutritionist or doctor would recommend to help with heartburn?
gaining weight
which weight-loss surgery is most effective?
gastric bypass surgery
Sandy is 28 weeks pregnant and has been having digestive symptoms that cause her much distress, including pain near her chest, by the top of her stomach. she has been craving spicy foods all during her pregnancy and cookies at night. what digestive disorder is Sandy likely experiencing?
heartburn
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bulimia nervosa?
high water consumption
______ is the enemy when you are trying to prevent eating binges.
hunger
responding to weight stigma with negative emotions and maladaptive eating was linked with all of the following EXCEPT what?
increased blood pressure
the next homework assignment is to read an article and do some math. the article discusses how great health improvements can be seen with as little as a maintained 5% weight loss. which of the following is NOT one of the benefits arnold may experience if he loses 5% of his current body weight?
increased hair follicle activation, leading to thicker hair
the first eating disorder phillip learns about is anorexia nervosa. which of the following is NOT a common feature of anorexia nervosa?
increased sex drive and fertility
what are ulcers closely associated with?
infection from Helicobacter Pylori bacteria
what is a red flag that a weight-loss ad is likely bogus?
it guarantees long-term results
what is true about a sustainable eating plan?
it is balanced and non-restrictive.
what is the main reason that jejunoileal was removed from the weight -loss market?
it produced chronic diarrhea
how can society as a whole ameliorate the harmful effects of obesity?
judge people on their competence, not size
lap - band surgery
laparoscopic procedure that places a band around the stomach that can be changed in size to restrict the amount of food the stomach can hold. it is reversible.
what is geophagia?
laundry starch or cornstarch eating
the concept of a "non-diet" is a ______ approach to healthy eating.
lifestyle
which process is considered cosmetic surgery rather than weight loss surgery?
liposuction
what does the Health at Every Size program emphasize?
listening to the body's hunger and satiety cues
what is the best indicator of successful weight-loss programs?
long-term wight loss maintenance
fat accumulated in the ___ body is subcutaneous fat, while fat accumulated in the ___ area is visceral fat.
lower; abdominal
gastric bypass
most ejective obesity surgery for weight loss and maintenance. irreversible surgical procedure. cost is between $17,000 and $35,000.
digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ___ and finished in the ___.
mouth; small intestine
what is the main reason so many weight loss products and services are available?
no law requires the products to be effective
BMI between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m^2
normal weight
liposuction
not actually a weight loss procedure but rather the most common cosmetic surgery. intended for body shaping, not for weight loss. cost range is $2,000 to $8,000.
BMI higher than 30 kg/m^2
obese
an unhealthy fixation on "healthy foods" to the point of undernutrition is a key feature of what?
orthorexia nervosa
BMI between 25 to 29.9 kg/m^2
overweight
what will rating an iron deficiency usually stop?
pagophagia
strategies that constitute a healthy weight loss plan:
participate in daily physical activity, set measurable goals, eat less high-fat foods
some basic guidelines for estimating calories needed: you start with an approximation of a person's Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and then add two other factors based on a percentage of the BMR. what are the other two factors?
physical activity and dietary thermogenesis
what is the regular consumption of nonfood substances such as clay or laundry starch called?
pica
in poor nations, what is being underweight often caused by?
poverty
what is a primary force thought to be underlying the development of some eating disorders?
pressure to conform to society's standard of beauty.
calorie bringing tricks in the article include all of the following EXCEPT which one?
primarily exercise at lower intensities
how are enzymes characterized?
proteins that speed up chemical reactions to break down food
binge eating disorder (BED) differs from bulimia because there isn't any _____ behavior associated with the binge eating.
purging
which of the following nutrients contains the most energy?
raw fat
which of the following best describes bulimia nervosa?
recurrent episodes of uncontrolled eating followed by purging
what do naturally thin people often have?
reduced bone density
what is the purposeful restriction of food intake below desired amounts to control body weight?
restrained eating
which proposed eating disorder is characterized by overly picky eating?
selective eating disorder
what is NOT a function of probiotics, healthy gut bacteria?
send messages to the body to speed up digestive organ movement and thus digestion
where does most nutrient absorption occur?
small intestine
what are watching portion sizes and choosing lower-energy density foods examples of?
small, reasonable changes that will produce weight loss
why does the weight-loss industry thrive?
social norms value "thin" bodies
what is fat located under the skin specifically called?
subcutaneous fat
what is a cluster of symptoms that includes eating disorders, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone density in young female athletes known as?
the female athlete triad
how is the process of digestion best described?
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into absorbable units
how can absorption best be defined?
the transfer of nutrients from the digestive system into the lymphatic/circulatory systems
energy expenditure includes which of the following?
thermic effect of food, basal metabolic rate, physical activity
what happens to mice when they are fed a calorie-restricted diet?
they live longer
a positive energy balance is required for weight gain.
true
bulimia nervosa generally starts with voluntary attempts to lost weight by dieting.
true
carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth
true
compared with individuals who are within the normal weight range, obese individuals are more likely to experience certain types of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and several other health problems.
true
digestion begins before food even enters the mouth. the sight, smell, and sometimes even the mention of food start the flow of digestive enzymes. by the time a person takes a first bite of food, the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase are already being secreted in the mouth.
true
disordered eating behaviors include self-imposed semi starvation, binge eating, and purging.
true
eating disorders are best treated by medical professionals specifically trained to treat these conditions.
true
enzymes are responsible for a significant portion of digestion. different types are secreted in different areas of the digestive tract and they are all proteins that speed up reactions.
true
estimating your basal metabolic rate requires a simple multiplication calculation.
true
even though the "Health at Every Size" program may not focus on or yield weight loss, it has been associated with improved health outcomes.
true
fad diets generally fail because they do not promote acceptable behavior changes from long-term weight control.
true
irritable bowel syndrome's (IBS's) major effect is a negative impact on quality of life
true
promoting healthy environments is one change communities are making to reduce the obesity epidemic.
true
reasonable weight loss will result in a pattern that includes some plateaus and gains but overall a gradual weight loss.
true
reduced weight gain is associated with eating nutrient-dense foods that are also low in energy-density.
true
the healthy bacteria supplement paired with eating the healthier diet the nutritionist recommended will help decrease flatulence over time.
true
there are times when the number of calories a person consumes needs to be more than is needed to maintain weight, such as pregnancy and childhood.
true
true or false: eating disorders are psychiatric illnesses with specific psychological, behavioral, and physiological factors involved. they are not personal choices within a person's control.
true
true or false: just like arnold, most people who go on fad diets gain the weight back since fad diets don't focus on changing behavior.
true
true or false: unlike bulimia nervosa, individuals with binge eating disorder don't focus on finding ways to purge the excessive calories they've consumed. they tend to be overweight or obese as a result.
true
weight loss of only 5% is considered clinically significant in obese individuals.
true
you tend to see improvement in digestion and less constipation when eating more fruits and vegetables, which are rich in fiber.
true
obesity is associated with which conditions and symptoms?
type 2 diabetes, chronic inflammation, heart disease, sleep disorders
a person is underweight if their body mass index (BMI) is ___.
under 18.5 kg/m^2
BMI under 18.5 kg/m^2
underweight
how can hunger be defined?
unpleasant physical and psychological sensations that lead people to acquire and ingest food
what are the fingerlike projections called that greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine?
villi
after bariatric surgery, which vitamins and minerals are NOT absorbed properly?
vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, calcium, iron
disease risk for men begins to increase above a measure of 40 inches.
waist circumference
body mass index (BMI) is calculated by dividing what?
weight in kilograms by height in meters squared
what will occur when energy intake is less than energy needs?
weight loss
what are the BMI percentile ranges for children and adolescents used to assess?
weight status
most common form of weight stigma experienced by the study participants.
weight-based teasing
approximately how much money do Americans spend on weight loss
$20 billion
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) occurs in about how many American adults?
1 in 7
those who believe calorie restriction leads to longer life will consume approximately how many calories per day?
1,600 calories
what percentage of young women are impacted by bulimia nervosa?
1-3%
a safe weight control method is said to be effective if the average weight loss in a year is:
10%
dietary thermogenesis accounts for approximately what percentage of total energy expenditure?
10%
chronic constipation affects ___% of Americans.
10-20%
using the Hamwi method, estimate the weight for a woman who is 5 ft 5 in. tall.
125 lbs
approximately ___ of calories we consume are used as fuel for physical activity.
20%
what is the caloric value of a food containing 30 g carbohydrate, 20 G protein, and 2 g fat?
218 cal
as early as what age do children learn to associate negative characteristics with people who are overweight and positive characteristics with those who are thin?
5 years old
for an obese person, a loss of as little as what percentage of body weight is considered clinically significant?
5%
approximately what percentage of American women wear a size 14-26?
50%
approximately what percentage of normal-weight adult women are dissatisfied with their weight?
50%
what is energy density of an 85-gram chocolate chip cookie that provides 585 cal?
6.9
for someone who has an "active lifestyle", what percentage of calories are needed for basal metabolism?
75%
treatment of binge-eating disorder is successful in what percentage of women?
85%
gastric bypass surgery is reserved for people wit a body mass index (BMI) of _____.
>40