probably final

Casual Relationship

We are confident when the results of an experiment are evidence of a causal relationship when external validity is high and internal validity is high

autobiographical memory

-your knowledge of the name of the first school you attended -your knowledge of what you did yesterday -your knowledge of your birth date

Unconditioned Response

A behavior that is elicited naturally by a cue

Turing Machine

A hypothetical mechanism that could manipulate symbols in order to simulate logical processes

Which of the following accurately describes a finding from the Talarico and Ruben (2003) study of flashbulb memory for the 9-11 terrorist attacks? A- Confidence in flashbulb memory accuracy was related to event emotionality but not to memory accuracy. B- Participants rated memories for flashbulb events as no more vivid than memories for everyday events. C- Participants recalled more details about flashbulb events than they recalled about everyday events. D- All of the above E- Both A and B, but not C

A- Confidence in flashbulb memory accuracy was related to event emotionality but not to memory accuracy.

Kramer, Buckhout and Eugenio (1989) found that eyewitness memory was especially impaired when a weapon was ___. A- clearly visible B- found at the crime scene C- not recovered by police investigations D- not used during an assault E- only partially visible

A- clearly visible

In a study of flashbulb memories for a nuclear accident at a Japanese company, Otani, et al. (2005) found ___. A- evidence of flashbulb memory in about 2% of their research participants B- evidence of flashbulb memory in about 20% of their research participants C- no evidence for the objective reality of flashbulb memories D- that flashbulb memories cause one to dwell on the remembered events E- that the illusion of flashbulb memory is caused by excessive event rehearsal

A- evidence of flashbulb memory in about 2% of their research participants

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their customary use is called ___. A- functional fixedness B- means-end analysis C- negative set D- positive transfer E- solving by analogy

A- functional fixedness

After showing people a slide show depicting a girl going out to shop for groceries, Hannigan and Reinitz (2001) found that people exhibited high false alarm rates for a previously ___. A- unseen slide of a cause of a viewed event B- unseen slide of the effect of a viewed cause C- viewed slide of a cause of an unseen event D- viewed slide of the effect of an unseen cause E- None of the above

A- unseen slide of a cause of a viewed event

___ is a process that allows one to functionally increase the capacity of STM by creating a single large item out of many small items. A. chunking B. habituation C. mental rotation D. repetition priming E. semantic priming

A. chunking

According to the encoding specificity hypothesis (Tulving & Thomson, 1973), memory test performance is best when ___. A. cues processed at the time of learning are present at the time of testing B. deep encoding processes are engaged at the time of learning C. shallow cues are encoded at the time of learning and available at the time of testing D. All of the above E. None of the above

A. cues processed at the time of learning are present at the time of testing

Declarative memory is also known as ___. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. unconscious memory D. Both B and C E. None of the above

A. explicit memory

Swinney (1979) conducted a study of cross-modality semantic priming. He found evidence that seeing ambiguous words like CHAIR ___. A. initially activates all of their possible meanings B. activates only their context-irrelevant meanings C. activates only their context-relevant meanings D. None of the above; only unambiguous words can support semantic priming E. None of the above; CHAIR is not an ambiguous word

A. initially activates all of their possible meanings

If you study for an exam but cannot retain the course material for more than a minute or so, you are exhibiting a problem with ___. A. long-term memory B. short-term memory C. the short-term store D. the span of apprehension E. B, C and D, but not A

A. long-term memory

Tulving and Watkins (1975) demonstrated that ___. A. recall memory can be better than recognition memory B. recognition memory is always as good as or better than recall memory C. recognition memory is always better than recall memory D. strong word associates are always better retrieval cues than weak word associates E. the encoding specificity hypothesis has serious limitations despite its general utility

A. recall memory can be better than recognition memory

For the concept CRANKY OLD MAN, which of the following is a relevant dimension?

AGE, DISPOSITION, SEX

Which of the following would serve as a header for a script about grocery shopping? A- EATING B- MONEY C- PRODUCE D- All of the above E- None of the above

C- PRODUCE

Happy moods can impair learning. A- True; elevated moods impact learning just the same as depressed moods - by impairing retrieval. B- True; although the effects of elevated moods are less pronounced than those of depressed moods. C- False; elevated moods enhance memory. D- False; only depressed moods effect learning. E- There is no relevant evidence because elevated moods cannot be induced experimentally.

B- True; although the effects of elevated moods are less pronounced than those of depressed moods.

Meissner and Brigham (2001) reported evidence for the other-race effect in the form of ___. A- a correlational analysis B- a meta-analysis C- a path analysis D- an ex post facto study E- an experiment

B- a meta-analysis

ROC curves become more and more concave as ___. A- discriminability decreases B- discriminability increases C- response bias decreases D- response bias increases E- Both B and C

B- discriminability increases

Christianson (1989) found that his research participants exhibited ___ memory for the assassination of the Prime Minister of Sweden. A- excellent flashbulb B- excellent semantic C- poor semantic D- Both A and B E- Both A and C

B- excellent semantic

After people read a series of one-, two-, and three-proposition sentences, Bransford and Franks (1971) found that people were most confident in their ___. A- correct rejections B- false alarms C- hits D- misses E- None of the above; The Bransford and Franks (1971) study did not involve signal detection.

B- false alarms

A sudden, deep and useful understanding of a situation that allows one to arrive at the solution to a problem is called a(n) ___. A- einstellung B- insight C- knowledge structure D- Pathfinder E- RAT

B- insight

Which of the following is a post-event factor that can influence eyewitness memory? A- change blindness B- leading questions C- weapon focus effect D- All of the above E- None of the above

B- leading questions

For ___, one finds an operator that reduces the distance between start and goals states, and applying it repeatedly. A- functional fixedness B- means-end analysis C- negative set D- positive transfer E- solving by analogy

B- means-end analysis

A cheerful boy remembers more about Chirpy the happy bird than he remembers about Longface the gloomy scarecrow. This illustrates ___. A- belongingness B- mood congruency C- mood-state dependence D- the effects of cognitive effort E- Velten's procedure

B- mood congruency

According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), answering which of the following questions requires the deepest encoding processes? A. Does the word BARN include the letter E? B. Does the word BARN name a place in which one would be likely to find a gorilla? C. Does the word BARN rhyme with BELL? D. All of the above require encoding processes of equal depth. E. None of the above require deep encoding processes.

B. Does the word BARN name a place in which one would be likely to find a gorilla?

Based on the results of Rogers, Kuiper and Kirker (1977), answering which of the following questions should lead to best memory for the word in uppercase letters? A. Is GENEROSITY a word that rhymes with ferocity? B. Is GENEROSITY one of your qualities? C. Is GENEROSITY something pleasant? D. Memory should be equally "enhanced" as the result of answering questions B and C. E. Answering none of the questions should result is particularly good memory.

B. Is GENEROSITY one of your qualities?

According to the modal model, which of the following lists of words should be most difficult to recall? A. BIG GIANT HUGE LARGE VAST B. RIGHT MITE BYTE HEIGHT QUITE C. WIDE TALL LOUD BRIGHT SOFT D. All of the lists above should be equally difficult to recall because they are of equal length. E. None of the above should be at all difficult to recall because they are all so short.

B. RIGHT MITE BYTE HEIGHT QUITE

Attempt 1: BAG, ROCK, STOOL, CAR, CLOUD, DIRT, TREE, BOOK, CAT Attempt 2: CAR, CLOUD, DIRT, BAG, ROCK, STOOL, TREE, BOOK, CAT Attempt 3: TREE, BOOK, CAT, CAR, CLOUD, DIRT, BAG, ROCK, STOOL Joe studies a list of words several times. The list is presented in a different order each time, and each presentation is followed by a free recall test. Above you see a record of three of Joe's recall attempts. A. Recall memory was best following the longest lag. B. The phenomenon of clustering is evident in Joe's recall attempts. C. The recall attempts indicate the influence of material-induced organization. D. All of the above E. Both B and C, but not A.

B. The phenomenon of clustering is evident in Joe's recall attempts.

Implicit memory is assessed using ___ tests. A. direct B. indirect C. recognition D. All of the above E. Both A and B, but not C

B. indirect

The results of Stein (1978) are problematic for the ___. A. encoding specificity hypothesis B. levels-of-processing framework C. transfer-appropriate-processing principle D. All of the above E. None of the above

B. levels-of-processing framework

George Miller made use of ___ as an independent variable in order to establish his "magic number." A. amount of rehearsal prevention B. list length C. presentation rate D. serial position E. None of the above

B. list length

LAKE FAUCET STEAM BATHE RIVER DRINK Which of the following would serve as a suitable critical lure for the list of words above? A- BEER B- TUB C- WATER D- All of the above E- None of the above

C- WATER

Roediger and Karpicke (2006) showed that ___. A. multiple readings is the best way to learn materials in the long run B. practice with retrieval is the best way to learn materials in the long run C. practice with retrieval is the best way to learn materials in the short run D. Both A and C E. Both B and C

B. practice with retrieval is the best way to learn materials in the long run

The mirror-drawing task used by Milner (1962) is a valuable means of studying ___ memory. A. episodic B. procedural C. semantic D. All of the above E. Both A and B, but not C

B. procedural

Tulving and Thomson (1973) used three different encoding conditions. According to their way of thinking ___ of the encoding conditions involved the availability of strong associate cue words. A. one B. two C. three D. None of the above; the study used only weak associates as cue words. E. None of the above; the study did not involve cued-recall

B. two

The fact that lists of words like ___ are remembered better than words like ___ indicates that visual factors can influence LTM.

BOOKSHELF; SURPRISE

An extremely liberal response bias is associated with very high ___ rates and very low ___ rates. A- correct rejection; miss B- false alarm; hit C- hit; correct rejection D- miss; false alarm E- None of the above

C- hit; correct rejection

When they examined the results of Pathfinder analyses, Durso, Rea and Dayton (1994) found that only the knowledge structures of problems solvers changed over time. A- True; focal word ratings became more and more related over time. B- True; non-focal word ratings became less and less related over time C- False; the changes they noted occurred for everyone, not just people who solved the problem. D- False; they did not observe any changes to knowledge structures because no one solved the problem. E- Both A and B.

C- False; the changes they noted occurred for everyone, not just people who solved the problem.

The ___ have been used to demonstrate the hindering influence of negative set. A- hobbits and orcs problems B- incubation problems C- Luchin's water jugs problems D- Towers of Hanoi E- None of the above

C- Luchin's water jugs problems

When one experiences ___, prior learning experiences make it difficult to solve a new problem that is similar to previously solved problems. A- functional fixedness B- means-end analysis C- negative set D- positive transfer E- solving by analogy

C- negative set

Emphasis on a "not present" response option during line-up identifications has the effect of making ___. A- false alarm rates increase B- hit rates increase C- responses more conservative D- responses more liberal E- Both A and B

C- responses more conservative

Based on the behavior of the animals he studied, Wolfgang Köhler concluded that his chimps exhibited ___. A- incremental progress towards problem solutions B- gradual changes to their knowledge structures C- sudden insights into problem solutions D- All of the above E- Both A and B, but not C

C- sudden insights into problem solutions

Jim is in a group of people who witness a hit-and-run accident while crossing a busy city street. At the police station, Jim identifies one of the other people crossing the street at the time as the driver of the car that struck the pedestrian. This illustrates ___. A- change blindness B- photo bias C- the bystander effect D- the other-person effect E- the spectator-focus effect

C- the bystander effect

When the Galton-Crovitz procedure is employed, most of the memories that participants report are usually from ___. A- earliest childhood B- semantic memory C- the recent past D- their teenage years E- None of the above; the Galton-Crovitz procedure is not a direct memory test

C- the recent past

In a study of memory for a convenience store robbery, Greenberg, Westcott and Bailey (1998) found that false alarm rates were high for ___. A- seen central actions B- seen peripheral actions C- unseen central actions D- unseen peripheral actions E- None of the above

C- unseen central actions

dArk Research participant 1 is asked if the letter string presented above includes an uppercase D. Research participant 2 is asked if the letter string presented above forms a word. Research participant 3 is asked if the letter string presented above rhymes with COLD. In this scenario, the participants have been asked to perform three different ___. A. deep processing tasks B. lexical decision tasks C. orienting tasks D. shallow processing tasks E. transfer appropriate tasks

C. orienting tasks

"Knowledge" of the probabilistic cues encountered in the weather prediction task is a form of ___. A. habituation B. nonassociatve memory C. procedural memory D. repetition priming E. semantic priming

C. procedural memory

According to the modal model, data from the Brown-Peterson task provides information about the ___. A. extent to which interference influences long-term memory B. extent to which interference influences short-term memory C. rate at which information decays from the short-term store D. rate at which information is encoded into the short-term store E. Both B and D

C. rate at which information decays from the short-term store

On Monday I show you a series of 25 photographs of everyday objects. Each photo is presented for 5 seconds, and you name them all correctly. On Tuesday I show you a series of 100 photographs of everyday objects. This time, however, each photo is presented for only ¼ of a second. I find that you are much more likely to correctly identify the object in a photograph if it is one that you saw on Monday. This is an illustration of ___. A. delay conditioning B. habit formation C. repetition priming D. semantic priming E. trace conditioning

C. repetition priming

Which of the following would be a likely default value for a gas station scene? A- A squeegee inside on a shelf of goods for sale B- A squeegee inside behind the cashier's counter C- A squeegee outside near the air pump D- A squeegee outside near the gas pump E- All of the above

D- A squeegee outside near the gas pump

By examining televised interviews with George W. Bush, Daniel Greenberg (2004) found that the former president ___. A- believed he saw footage of one of the plane crashes before it actually aired B- did not appear to have a flashbulb memory for the 9-11 terrorist attacks C- misremembered who shared the news about the 9-11 terrorist attacks with him D- All of the above E- None of the above

D- All of the above

Depressed mood states can reduce the beneficial effects of ___ on memory. A- cognitive effort B- elaboration C- organization D- All of the above E- None of the above

D- All of the above

It has been suggested that the exceptionally good memory reported in 50 Years of Memory for Names and Faces (Bahrick, Bahrick & Wittlinger, 1975) was the result of ___. A- distributed practice B- overlearning C- the lag effect D- All of the above E- Both A and B, but not C

D- All of the above

Which of the following is a finding from the dyads of triads study by Bowers, et al. (1990)? A- Research participants could discriminate between coherent and incoherent triads when they could identify the RAT item solution. B- Research participants could discriminate between coherent and incoherent triads when they could not identify the RAT item solution. C- Research participants could not discriminate between coherent and incoherent triads. D- Both A and B E- None of the above

D- Both A and B

The non-matching-to-sample task involves which of the following? A. A multiple-choice test response B. A retention interval that can be adjusted to any duration C. The presentation of a to-be-remembered stimulus D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following can be used to assess explicit memory? A. Cued-recall tests B. Multiple-choice tests C. Non-matching-to-sample tasks D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory? A. Remembering your last birthday party B. Remembering your name C. Remembering your Social Security number D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) found that the manipulation of the ___ had an influence on the ___ effect. A. amount of rehearsal prevention; primacy B. length of the list of words; recency C. number of intervening words; recency D. presentation rate of words; primacy E. None of the above

D. presentation rate of words; primacy

A depressed mood tends to effect comprehension such that people are ___. A- less likely to correctly detect contradictory information B- less likely to incorrectly detect contradictory information C- more likely to correctly detect contradictory information D- more likely to incorrectly detect contradictory information E- Both A and D

E- Both A and D

Autobiographical memory includes ___. A- a portion of episodic memory B- a portion of semantic memory C- all of episodic memory D- Both A and B E- Both B and C

E- Both B and C

The shape of the learning curves that Thorndike generated based on the performance of cats in his puzzle boxes is consistent with which of the following? A- All cats have insights into the problem after the same amount of experience in the puzzle box. B- Puzzle box learning is gradual and incremental. C- The shape of the curves is an artifact of averaging data from cats that had insights at different points in time. D- All of the above E- Both B and C, but not A

E- Both B and C, but not A

A man remembers the happy times he spent with his sibling as a child while attending the funeral of his brother. This illustrates ___. A- belongingness B- mood congruency C- mood-state dependence D- Velten's procedure E- None of the above

E- None of the above

Compared to simultaneous line-up identifications, sequential line-up identifications are associated with ___. A- higher false alarm rates B- higher hit rates C- lower miss rates D- Both B and C E- None of the above

E- None of the above

Flashbulb memories are memories for ___. A- highly personal traumatic events B- photographs seen repeatedly in newspapers and magazines over a number of years C- photographs seen repeatedly in family albums over a number of years D- Both B and C E- None of the above

E- None of the above

If a person hates old people, one would expect them to ___. A- consider ﷺ to be pleasant when it follows a photo of an old person B- consider ﷺ to be pleasant when it follows a photo of a young person C- consider ﷺ to be unpleasant when it follows a photo of a young person D- Both A and C, but not B E- None of the above

E- None of the above

Megreya and Burton (2008) had people study to-be-identified people for 30 second, and then try to recognize them five seconds later. Identification accuracy was ___. A- exactly as good as most people would expect (100%) B- extremely good (96%) C- extremely poor (16%) D- rather good (86%) E- rather poor (66%)

E- rather poor (66%)

The measurement of interest when using the implicit associations test is ___. A- accuracy B- affective judgment (pleasant or unpleasant) C- frequency of memories D- location at which the recalled event took place E- reaction time

E- reaction time

Jill realizes that she can solve the Loco Dingo problem because the start state, possible operations, and goal state parallel those of the Hop-Skip-And-A-Jump problem with which she is already familiar. A- functional fixedness B- means-end analysis C- negative set D- negative transfer E- solving by analogy

E- solving by analogy

Anderson and Pichert (1978) conducted a study of memory for a story about two boys skipping school. Which of the following is most likely to be true of their research participants? A. People asked to take the perspective of a burglar after reading the story were especially good at recalling that the house had doors with broken locks. B. People asked to take the perspective of a burglar before reading the story were especially good at recalling that the house had doors with broken locks. C. People asked to take the perspective of a homebuyer after reading the story were especially good at recalling that the house was drafty. D. People asked to take the perspective of a homebuyer before reading the story were especially good at recalling that the house was drafty. E. All of the above

E. All of the above

The results of Morris, Bransford and Franks (1977) are consistent with the ___. A. encoding specificity hypothesis B. levels-of-processing framework C. transfer-appropriate-processing principle D. Both A and B, but not C E. Both A and C, but not B

E. Both A and C, but not B

Bransford and Johnson (1972) found that providing a contextualizing picture ___ a text passage was heard, improved ___ the passage. A. after; comprehension of, but not memory for B. before; comprehension of C. before; memory for D. All of the above E. Both B and C, but not A

E. Both B and C, but not A

Testing with the Morris water maze is different from testing with the non-matching-to-sample task because testing with the Morris water maze ___. A. does not involve a retention interval B. does not involve a test phase C. does not involve the presentation of a sample D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Audrey poured HIM a cup of coffee and set a piece of cherry pie on the table and asked if there was anything else DALE wanted. Understanding the word HIM in the sentence above requires the comprehension of ___. A. an authorized implication B. an indirect request C. an unauthorized implication D. anaphoric reference E. cataphoric reference

E. cataphoric reference

Jarvella (1970) had people listen to recordings of text passages. When the recording was paused, people needed to recall the phrase they had just heard. This study illustrates the use of ___. A. anaphoric reference during comprehension B. cataphoric reference during comprehension C. concurrent measures of memory D. inference-drawing during comprehension E. retrospective measures of memory

E. retrospective measures of memory

When sensitization occurs, a generally-arousing stimulus causes ___. A. conditioned responses to be less intense B. conditioned responses to be more intense C. unconditioned responses to disappear D. unconditioned responses to be less intense E. unconditioned responses to be more intense

E. unconditioned responses to be more intense

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the spreading activation model of semantic memory?

Features, prototype and exemplars can all be represented as nodes in the spreading activation model

Behaviorist Approach Example

Learning consists of the formation of simple links between external cues and behavioral reactions

Which of the following can cause auditory channel-swapping?

Switching of gender of speaker between channels, switching of message loudness between channels, switching of message meaning between channels

law of effect

The idea that the influence of a response on the environment shapes an organism's future behavior

Which of the following provides an illustration of the influence of backward masking?

The suffix effect

Characteristic of the cognitive interview technique

The use of open-ended questions allows for the gathering of a rich set of information

When completing a signal detection task, one can guarantee a 100% hit rate by simply ___.

always judging the signal to be present

other-race effect

an event-related factor that can influence eyewitness memory

Cognitive Resources

are composed of a limited pool of mental abilities that can be used to drive the activities of the mind

Even though two actions may be associated with the exact same outcome, people tend to prefer those actions that are described in terms of ___.

avoiding losses

In network theories of semantic memory, concepts are defined in terms of ___.

category rules

The working memory span task is similar to a verbal version of the ___.

digit span task

The Brown-Peterson paradigm was used to establish the ___ of___.

duration; STM

Using a repetition discrimination task demonstrated the organizational principal of ___ can have measurable influence on behavior.

element connectedness

The non-matching-to-sample task assess ___ memory.

episodic, explicit, semantic

The hippocampus supports ___ memory.

explicit

According to early filter models of attention, the attentional selection process can be directed by the ___ of auditory inputs.

frequency, loudness, timbre

The implicit associations test is an example of a ___ test.

indirect

A person is demonstrating semantic priming if they process a picture of a key especially well after seeing a picture of a ___.

lock

Reflexive orienting toward a stimulus becomes habituated when the stimulus ___.

looses it novelty

The purpose of Sternberg's additive method was to ___.

quantify the time requirements of mental processes

Cafeteria dining Fast-food dining Formal dining With respect to the activity of eating at a restaurant, the items listed above can be considered ___.

script frames

Jill realizes that she can solve the Loco Dingo problem because the start state, possible operations, and goal state parallel those of the Hop-Skip-And-A-Jump problem with which she is already familiar.

solving by analogy