Professional Communication Test Review 2

Self regulation (chapter 19 ,page 527)

-stay calm under pressure -professionals are able to manage this stress and channel their emotions in a positive way -show respect for themselves and the people around them, no matter their role or situation

What are two keys to using evidence appropriately?

1. Using rationally relevant evidence: evidence you select should reflect the type of claim you advocate, logical -for example, if you are defending the claim the censorship violates the first amendment guarantee of freedom of speech, then testimony from legal authorities will be useful in supporting your argument 2. Using motivationally relevant evidence: evidence must create compelling desire on their part to be involved, endorse the belief, or undertake a course of action (what type of evidence will this audience demand? and what evidence will generate the best response?)

What are the five aspects to consider when choosing a topic?

1. pick a topic that is not over your listeners' heads 2. pick a topic that is not too personal 3. pick an intriguing topic 4. pick topics that are manageable 5. pick a topic that has substance

Definitions and subtypes

Definitions: statement that establishes the meaning of a term or phrase, they help the speaker clarify technical or unfamiliar words and ideas, as well as outline their interpretation of a term when the word or phrase has multiple meanings

Toulmin's model of argumentation

Provides with an easy way to construct, dissect, and understand arguments in the world. The model demonstrates how arguments are constructed out of three major elements: claim, data, and warrant

False Dilemma (396)

The audience is only presented with two alternatives, despite there being other options. This is seen in American politics (either pick democratic or republican) -used to limit the choices an audience has so they can be easily persuaded

Consider how certain ethical stances alter how an individual approaches persuasion

Veil of ignorance: an imaginary shield that helps listeners buffer against their biases (race, gender, religion) -by putting up a veil of ignorance, audience members can hear the speaker for what he or she is really saying, they can see beyond any parts of the speaker's identity that they might have biases towards (african american, hispanic, male or female, rich or poor)

Lavaliere (chapter 12)

a clip-on microphone tht attaches to a speakers clothing

hand gestures

hand gestures help people to conceptualize what we are saying and communicating our message to our audience (gestures ideally work alongside and compliment your vocal message) -emphasize speech, direct audience's attention, draw a visual picture, and organize a speech

narrative coherence

understanding of how well the story fits together and makes sense -if you catch someone in a lie, it might be due to their story not fitting together (story about person snowboarding in Florida, doesn't make sense)

What are the important aspects of auditory delivery?

volume, pitch and inflection, articulation, pronunciation, and stress, rate, fluency and pausing

What are the different motivational strategies of persuasion? (358)

cognitive dissonance and maslows hierarchy of needs (fixated on certain needs and this becomes dominating focus)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (pg 358)

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization -self-actualization: need that cannot be satisfied; it is the process of growth that expands ones horizons. people are motivated to act because they yearn to fulfill unsatisfied needs 1. physiological needs: breathing, food, water, shelter, sleep 2. safety and security: health, employment, property, family, and social ability 3. love and belonging: friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection 4. self-esteem: confidence, achievement, respect of others, the need to be a unique individual 5. self-actualization: morality, creativity, acceptance, meaning

Authority

-People have a tendency to respect those in authority -see authorities as knowledgeable, successful people who are experts in a particular subject matter -especially when we are uncertain, we look to authority figures to help instruct our decisions -authority is stronger with personal experience -authority comes from doctors, CEOs, or experience such as studying abroad

Explain the difference between denotative and connotative meanings

Denotative meaning: "dictionary" definition of the term -literal meaning of a word -home: a place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a household Connotative meaning: interpretation of a word, the meaning each individual associates with a word or phrase -it's the meaning each individual associated with a word or phrase "In our home, it is a loving place that nowhere else is like"

How do visual aids benefit both the speaker and the audience? (311)

Speaker: assist in explaining complex ideas, improve professional credibility Audience: visual aids make the audience view the speaker more positively, use effective visual aids and your reward will be an audience of listeners who pay attention to your words, understand your message, and respond to your goals-rather than doodle in their notebooks -visual aids catch the attention of the audience and etch ideas into long term memory (dual coding=when streams of information are unrelated, they interfere with each other)

Slippery Slope (396)

Suggests that if you take one action, any action similar to that, often stretching the original argument to the most absurd conclusion -"If we allow men to marry men and women to marry women, what's stopping us from marrying snakes or dogs or buildings?"(this does not argue a point, but rather stretches the argument to a laughable conclusion)

Define surveillance and multicommunicating and explain how they impact your reputation in the workplace (chapter 19, page 541)

Surveillance: monitoring activities -tool to watch over employers will rate you productive, unproductive, or neutral -if you are found engaging in non-work related activities during the hours your organization is paying you to work can damage your reputation or cost you your job Multicommunicating: engaging of multiple forms of communication simultaneously -checking text messages, logged into facebook while taking class ntoes -the people in the room with you don't know why you are texting, they only see a lack of focus and disrespect to the presenter -what matters most is not what you are communicating to those on the other side of the screen, but what you are communicating to those in the room with you

Manuscript delivery

The speaker writes the entire speech and then reads it word for word -occurs in formal situations that call for considerable control over the audience's impressions of both the speaker and the message strengths: -speakers can carefully craft their words and presentation style, speech is well prepared and should be highly intelligible weaknesses: -the speech tends to come off as less conversational and can sound canned -speaker has fewer opportunities to adapt to audience -eye contact with the audience is limited

Appeal to tradition (396)

This relies on past events or actions as reason to continue to repeat a behavior -"the way it has always been done, and this is the way it should continue to be done" "for several generations all the children in my family have attended UT, so I must too"

Appeal to authority (396)

Used to denote expertise, important because the person in question has direct experience with issue in question. someone might point to their years of expertise in farming to shut down the claim that pesticides benefit crops. this type of authority is appropriate because the person in question has direct experience with the issue. however, citing someone popular but not necessarily an expert as the basis of the claim is fallacious -if you see commercial with Beyonce claiming a new brand of vacuums is the best she's ever used, you should be skeptical. Beyonce is an authority on selling records and performing concerts, not an authority on vacuum performance

question of fact (362)

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion ("is the world really flat?") -concerned with whether something is true or false, or if someone really exists -many of our questions of "fact" are settled on scientific grounds

question of value (363)

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action (to argue that soccer is the best team sport) -calls for value judgment from the audience -involve questions of fact, but they are distinct in that these questions call for a value judgment from the audience -most heated questions of value tend to explore ethical issues -audience is urged to decide if something is right or wrong -for example, to argue that soccer is the best team sport or that Kanye West is the most insightful songwriter involves questions of value (both examples involve relative "worth")

specific purpose (chapter 10)

an infinitive phrase that identifies what you want to accompliahs as a speaker

deductive reasoning

begins with a generalized statement and narrows down to a particular claim ("top bottom argument)

narrative fidelity

judgment of how the story fits with our own beliefs and experiences -a time when you saw a scary movie and a character decided to go off alone to investigate the old chainsaw factory (you might have thought to yourself "I'd never do that"), this is you assessing the narrative fidelity of the movie

dealing with quotations (chapter 16, page 443)

most common. yet the hardest. Must first ask oneself what does it mean then explain the meaning to the class; if hard quotation identify overall relationship. -pinpoint the meaning and make it clear to audience -for example, if given the following quotation "A snitch in time saves nine" by Bejamin Franklin, some possible meaning might include "short-cuts" or "foresight" -many other meanings but identify with one point in quotation

multimodal communication (chapter 12)

this simultaneous use of both verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication

transitions

words, phrases, or nonverbal cues that indicate movement from one idea to another

eye gaze

how we use our eyes to exchange and maintain focused engagement with others -eye gaze can either promote or demote continued social interactions

copyrighted image

images that belong to someone and requre individuals to pay a free for legal use

Be prepared to identify and write transitions (e.g., previews, summaries, signposts)pg 293 REVIEW

initial preview, internal preview, signpost

multicommunicating (chapter 19, page 541)

engaging in multiple forms of communication simultaneously

Impromptu delivery

-A speaker delivers a speech with little or no planning or preparation -question and answer situations such as a job interview Strengths: -preparation is quick, and in most cases, spontaneous -speaker has complete flexibility over the speech as it unfolds -the speech is conversational in style and can provide an opportunity for more natural connect with audience Weaknesses: -speaker has a brief moment to prepare and practice the speech -lack of preparation might mean speech is disorganized -speaker may have more anxiety because of lack of preparation

Memorized delivery

-A speaker memorizes the speech in its entirety and delivers it word for word from the script -speaker's job is to craft a natural sounding and less formal speech that resonates with the audience's experiences and emotions -strengths: -speaker does not rely on notes and can maintain eye contact with audience -speaker can feel more confident because speech is well-rehearsed -weaknesses: -the audience may perceive the speech to be too rehearsed, and robotic -forgetting part of speech can lead to paralysis as speaker tries to remember what is next -adjusting to audience feedback during speech is more challenging

Extemporaneous delivery

-The speaker carefully plans the speech in advance but delivers it only using a few notes with a high degree of spontaneity -full aware of the speech's main points and their order and has grasp of supporting evidence -speech not committed to memory, and speaker understands that some aspects of her presentation may change depending on how the audience responds to the message -adjust what you say depending on audience Strengths: -detailed preparation helps the speaker develop competence in topic -more conversational and respond to audience as needed Weaknesses: -detailed research and preparation can be time-consuming -speakers may have less control -speech might not be as precise as a manuscript or memorized presentation

Perfect pace and fluency (chapter 16, 454)

-a most difficult skill to master -fluency is a measure of smoothness of speech and refers to speaker's correct use of language and grammar (a fluent speech does not have filler words, minor pauses, and interruptions of flow of language) these language errors are dysfluencies -dysfluencies (interruptions in languages, such as pauses and filler words such as um) occur as a result of two circumstances 1. the speaker loses focus of the construction of language or the speaker's oral language overtakes the mental development of language. losing focus is the response of distractions (external and internal noise)

questions of policy (363)

-a specific plan of action -based on questions of fact or value, but they go one step further by calling the audience to take action pg. 363 -dirty dish problem that plagues you and your roommates. while the question of the fact (the dishes are dirty) and value (clean dishes are better than dirty ones) are involved in this situation, the convincing happens on the policy level. a specific course of action (dish duty will be rotated on a weekly basis) might be used to solve the cleanliness issue

adapting to workplace communication culture (chapter 19, page 533)

-adapt to organization's unique culture -culture: own way of doing things and how it talks about what it does -for example, some organizations value "being nice" and not directly addressing potential conflict, while other cultures place a high value on speaking up and challenging ideas -these unique cultureal norms can be powerful in shaping the communication pattersn that occur between members of the organization -way organization makes decisions: some organizations use data to make decisions while other organizations make decisions based on individual preferences -conversly, if organization uses "trust your gut" approach, you may be viewed as slowing things down if you spend too much time researching and analyzing these numbers (listen and watch closely, regarding decision-making process)

Mediated delivery

-any of the previously discussed modes of delivery (extemporaneous, impromptu, memorized, or manuscript) conveyed to a remote audience via some form of technology, including radio, television, video conferencing, or vlog site -strengths: reaches broader audiences -audience can view speech at leisure and can view it repeadedly -challenges/weaknesses: -speaker has to consider multiple audiences, technology changes how we perceive professional messages (message can be taken out of context), audience focuses more on idiosyncrasies -can be posted anywhere on the internet

Appearance and Attire

-before giving speech the audience will see your appearance and make assumptions about you -make sure appearance does not distract from your purpose and message you came to deliver

refutation outline (284)

-best suited for persuasive presentations when you are dealing with controversial issues where some people may disagree with your opinion -each rebuttal builds a case for why your side is better -argue against policy -allows you to list the opposites side's reasons for the policy and refute them one by one

Begging the question (396)

-circular/tautological reasoning -the conclusion repeats the claim, logic could go on forever in a circular pattern -A conclusion is based on the initial premise "stealing is immoral because it is illegal", why is stealing immoral? "because it is illegal" why is it illegal? "because it is immoral"

Designing your presentation for message clarity when using presentation software

-create a consistent "look and feel" -design for high contrast -design text for readability

create a consistent "look and feel"

-design your visual aids to interrelate -for example, coca-cola always appears in the same font and color scheme. this consistent look and feel is important to coca-cola because it imprints a recognizable image to the minds of customers -design templates available for beginners: can use to create standardized format, choose a design template and apply it to every slide -slide templates that help format content in specific slides -can use slide master to modify or customize the template, place the logo once, and then have it automatically appear on all slides

initial preview

-directly follows the thesis statement and lists your main points (for ex. if giving speech on dangers of drinking and driving, you can preview your main points of your presentation by stating "There are three consequences of drinking and driving. 1. you may permanently injure yourself or another person 2. you can lose your drivers license)

What are the ways in which you can prepare you impromptu speeches?

-establish central claim and determine how to structure speech -generate examples or supports to help illustrate ideas (support provides narrative proof which is a story used to support a claim: the story can be personal or hypothetical) -main points -develop ethos (credibility) and logos (logic)

design text for readability

-font styles fall into two categories: 1. serif fonts: angled or horizontal "hooks" at the ends of the letters (times new roman and garamond) 2. san serif fonts: do not have angled or horizontal "hooks" (arial, Tahoma, Verdana) -SANS SERIF HAVE LETTERS UNIFORM STROKES, WHICH ARE CLEARER TO SEE -major titles should be at least 44 points in height -main bullet items should be at least 32 points -sub-bullets should be 28 points -avoid over-capitalization 1. use heading capitalization (first letter of every important word) in main titles only 2. use sentence capitalization (the first letter of the first word, plus proper names) in main bullet items 3. use no capitalization (other than for proper names) in sub-bullet items -visual balance -use images, photos, and text to help your slides look more visually balanced and less lopsided -direct the eye to the most important content first, don't have a huge picture or large text about a minor point

Describe how to appropriately use evidence to support your claims.

-gathering and managing outside sources which you will present as evidence -use evidence to increase the credibility -using statistics -using narrative versus objective evidence -reporting your evidence

Pick a topic that has substance

-great informative topics are those that ask the speaker and the audience to do more than simply stay awake -they interest, intrigue, and provoke through in the audience -consider a topic the audience may not know much about so that your presentation is interesting -for example, nobody wants to hear informative speech on how to take a nap or take a shower

Breath support

-holding breath decreases bodys ability to distribute oxygen to muscles which need oxygen the most -maintaining even and full breathing is essential to any presentation -complete exhalation requires complete inhalation -when faced with panic, speakers take incomplete breaths and may struggle for breath at inopportune moments (pausing in middle of a clause rather than at natural pausing point) -posture has affect on breath support. Hunched or slouched shoulders decrease ability to take complete breaths

volume

-how we perceive loudness -audiences associate soft spoken behavior with lacking confidence and if a speaker talks too loudly, the audience may think that the speaker is overzealous about the message -speaking environment also affects volume

Fisher's narrative model of argumentation

-humans are most persuasive when they are storytelling -narrative: symbolic actions, words, or deeds that have a sequence of meaning for those who interpret them -humans born with the ability to judge the quality of a story's argument with two main criteria: narrative coherence and narrative fidelity

pick a topic that is not over your listeners' heads (236)

-information presented in appropratie level for those in audience -pick at topic that your audience understands -for example, if you are going to give an informative presentation on basketball by discussing the rules of the game, you cannot mention things like "alley-top" or "traveling" without explaining to the audience what these mean -for example, if you want to talk about the reality tv show the bachelor, you must first explain to your audience the essentials of the show's format. You cannot reference "the final rose" or "fantasy suite" without explaining to the audience what these mean

spatial (278)

-informative and persuasive -organized by geographic location or direction -ex) giving a speech on Austin's traffic problem, give a speech by going spatially from north to south through the Austin area -general purpose: to persuade -specific purpose statement: to convince the audience that traffic congestion in Austin, Tx is a major problem -thesis statement: traffic congestion has caused problems in North Austin, Central Austin, and South Austin -main points: 1. the typicall commute from North Austin has doubled in the last 10 years 2. road expansion in Central Austin is not an option because space is at a premium 3. rush-hour accidents in South Austin are at an all-time high -this speech advances spatially from moving from north to south through the Austin, Texas area

Competency (chapter 19 ,page 526)

-possessing required skills, knowledge, qualification or capacity -highly competent professionals have a mix of knowledge, skills, and experience that differentiates them from their peers -competence requires demonstrating your ability to deliver high-quality work that goes beyond basic expectations ambiguity: vague expectations that you can work well with a wide range of personalities soft skills: communication skills that are the most desired trait in job candidates (listening to conflict resolution, giving feedback , leading a team)

topical pattern (279)

-informative and persuasive -break down the main subject into subtopics that serve as a logical division -each subtopic is equally important to the overall goal of the presentation -ex) if giving an informative presentation on different dog breeds, your natural divisions may take any of the following forms 1. three most popular breeds, 2. apartment, house, and outside dogs, 3. small, medium, and large dogs -in persuasive speaking, topical organizations are used to demonstrate the reasons why something is true or why something exists, also known as questions of fact. for example, if you are giving a speech on why cell phones are harmful to society, you can organize your speech using these three logical reasons 1. environmental, 2. health, 3. financial -if your topic does not have logical divisions, consider another method for ordering your ideas -topic does break down logically into three subtopics...how should you order the subtopics? -primacy and recency effect: people are most likely to recall the idea that they hear first, and the idea that they hear last.

chronological (278)

-informative presentations -structured in terms of the time order in which the events occur -occurs in definite time order -ex) the steps involved growing your own vegetable garden, examining the history of women's movement in the south, the events that led to a new security system at airports -steps should be grouped in three main points, you can clump shorter or smaller steps into larger ones, such as beginning steps, middle steps, and ending steps

Elevator pitch: know your audience, know yourself (487)

-know soemthing about the person whom you are speaking -if you are unfamiliar with what the person does, let him or her know in a way that comes across positively (rather than as obvious or insincere) -knowledge of their background gives you something to talk about -do more than talk about listeners work and background, GOAL is to get attention and interested in you and your idea -they need to know what is most valuable and interesting about you and your idea

signposts

-markers to cue listeners in to the speech's organization -often signposts are numerical -"first, I'll talk about" or "second, I'll cover" -can be other key words that hint at directions or movement such as "next, additionally, and finally"

design for high contrast

-minimize the number of colors you use to make sure they look good across devices -use high contrast color design: use light colored text on dark backgrounds and dark colored text on light backgorunds -if you are tempted to use unique color combinations, test your presentation on the actual equipment you will use to project it on

Preparing for impromptu speaking (451)

-no formal preparation time is given in impromptu format, preparation must be an ongoing process (every book that you read, a historical anecdote that you memorize, or movie that you watch) -learn to read deliberately (when you read storied or poems, think about the message or agenda of the story) -establish a central claim, determine how to structure your speech, generate examples or support to illustrate ideas (support can be drawn from art, literature, music, history) -second main point and proof -incorporate materials that you know very well (audience must understand the material that is drawn from your memory)

Professional Image (chapter 19 ,page 528)

-people judge the way you look -how people perceive the way you talk, dress, and work in a team can open or close dors -your personal image or band: set of qualities and characteristics that communicate your degree of competence, character, and warmth -norms: undocumented expectations for "how things are done around here", norms are shared by an organization's membres and there can be penalites for violating them (two norms are attire and online presence)

problem-cause-solution pattern (280)

-persuasive presentations -questions of fact and policy -ex) if you aren't getting enough sleep at night the logical solution is to get more sleep, however, the solution does not identify the causes of your insomnia. after thinking about your sleep patterns, you notice that your sleep is most affected on nights when you watch tv before going to bed. after researching the potential cause, you find that this is a common side effect of late-night television. electronic light exposure disrupts our ability to wind down. Main points of speech: 1. irregular sleeping patterns are a problem for many Americans 2. insomnia often occurs when we watch tv the hour before bed 3. turn off the tv and choose another activity to do before you fall asleep

Elimination pattern (281)

-persuasive presentations focused on convincing the audience of a single solution when the problem is widely agreed upon. 1. judge any solution to the problem you are tackling 2. why other solutions do not meet the standards you offered in your first point 3. shows why the solution you are advocating meets criteria established in point one -this pattern eliminates solutions so that the audience is encouraged to adopt your proposal. this works best when you are trying to compare and contrast solutions for example, Enrico is working to persuade his audience that wind-generated energy is the solution to the nation's current energy problems -elimination outline is suited for presentation because there are multiple competing solutions to solve a generally acknowledged problem

familiarity/acceptance pattern (279)

-persuasive presentations that address questions of value -establishes criteria familiar to the audience in the first main point, and the following main points show how the question of value fulfills these standards -ex) consider the topic: George Bush is the greatest president in U.S. history, first must develop standards for the topic 1. what qualities or character trait would make up the greatest president, 2. are these criteria familiar and accepted by the audience, 3. are the criteria ethical (this includes any standards you choose to leave out) -the criteria you develop from answering these questions will then be used to judge the assertions you make in the second and third main point of your speech

Monroe's motivated sequence (281)

-persuasive speech -first brings attention to a specific need and then provides a course of action to solve that need -5 steps of monroe's motivated sequence

pick a topic that is not too personal (236)

-pick a topic that you are passionate about, but something that doesn't make your audience or you overwhelmed or uncomfortable -select a topic that is classroom appropriate -be aware of boundaries surrounding how much information you are willing and able to share -for example, if you asked someone "how are you today" and they responded back with "i have a foot fungus and its really hurting".. you really didn't want to hear that

Discuss how to prepare for your presentation

-practice by internalizing ideas so that you are comfortable with the concepts and familiar with information which leads to extemporaneous speaking -extemporaneous speaking: the speaker is rehearsed but does not sound like he is reciting a memorized manuscript -practice presentation in setting similar to the one where the actual presentation will take place -if you are addressing your classmates, get a few friends to listen to a mock presentation -if you are addressing your professors, get your parents to listen to your speech (want to become familiar with speaking situation) -prepare the assignment as you would a test and devote the same energy into delivering your material as you did putting it all together

pick an intriguing topic (236)

-put yourself in the shoes of your audience and ask yourself the question "would I like to be an audience member for a speech on this topic?" -engage in perspective taking -presentation should contain information that is relevant to your audiences needs -pick an engaging topic that will capture their attention and interests you -state reason to listen in introduction

elevator speech location and opportunity (486)

-recognize when an elevator speech is appropriate and could potentially be effective, versus when it is more likely to annoy someone -distinguish between interruptions and opportunities: --interruptions arise in situations like 1. Your potential listener is in deep conversation with someone across the room. Don't interrupt people who are clearly having important convos 2. Your potential listener is obviously angry or upset. They probably aren't interested in hearing you talk 3. Your potential listener appears to be busy. Interrupting that person means he or she will remember you as an interrupter instead of remembering you for your positive attributes -recognize when your subject looks available, approachable and in the right mood for the kind of conversation you're about to start

muscle relaxation helps your presentation (454)

-speech anxiety manifests itself in muscle tension -speakers can feel knot in stomach as a result of increase in adrenalin that accompanies high pressure sitation -muscle pain manifests in triceps, neck and shoulders, and knees -tension in shoulders can lead to hunch backand affect breathing support -tension in knees is mild shakes or vibrations -RELAXATION is key, stand in comfy upright position with arms resting at sides

Rate

-speed, pace, or tempo that we speak -speakers naturally talk at different degrees of quickness or slowness, but sometimes we increase our speaking rate due to nervousness -for a persuasive speech, a slower rate may heighten the audience's attentiveness and emotional intensity of your message, whereas a faster rate communicated enthusiasm about the speech topic

Explain why it is important to be aware of organizational communication norms (chapter 19, page 531)

-start observing and adapting to communication norms in the organization so you can avoid doing something unprofessional -organization may have norms for everyday communication that differs from your personal communication preferences (you may prefer to text but your teammates email) -build relationships with a wide range of people across the organization

cognitive dissonance (using motivation to persuade) 357

-state of conflicting thoughts or emotions that produces tension that a perosn works to reduce -noxious feeling we experience when our attitudes and actions are conflicting or inconsistent -when people have inconsistent attitudes and actions they will change one of them to establish consistency -for example, if you are trying to convince high school athletes that extended power lifting damages their joints, you will most likely arouse cognitive dissonance (you will hope that they choose to alter their values, beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors).. "perhaps power lifting will damage my joints" -solution is not always the one people will choose, they may reject what you are saying or look for information that confirms what they think

internal summaries

-statements that recap who was covered previously -in your conclusion, you are expected to use an internal summary when you review main points -in a speech on the benefits of studying abroad, you might say "today, I've discussed two benefits of studying abroad: cultural exposure and developing your language skills.". -when transitioning between main points in the body, you can combine internal summary and preview.. for instance -when transitioning between first and second point in the study abroad example, you could say "now that I've highlighted the cultural experience you gain from studying abroad, I'll next discuss how you can finesse your foreign language acumen"

internal preview

-statements that tell your audience what will come next. -A common internal preview is the preview of main points in your introduction. (for example, in a speech on dog washing you might say "today I'll cover three main key steps of washing your dog: selecting high quality shampoo, keeping your dog calm during the wash, and proper drying technique"

Accountability (chapter 19 ,page 527)

-take care of your responsibilities and be responsible for others -professionals hold themselves accountable for their words and actions, especially when something does not got well or when they make a mistake -following through on commitment and completing assigned task on time (for example, you are supposed to be at work at 8am but you get a flat tire. to demonstrate accountability you call your manager immediately to explain the situation and let her know you will be late, you then stay an extra hour late)

Discuss how to manage unexpected situations

-take preventative measures by removing possibility of external noises (block out distractions) -if there are no anticipatory ways to prevent noise, demonstrate your willpower and block out any distraction by concentrating on the individuals in the audience that are still focused on you and avoid faces that keep turning toward distraction -if someone interrupts you during the speech, then be able to redirect the conversation to focus on the topic -if the technology for presentation fails, be able to present without it (for example, you are in the middle of your presentation and when you try to change to the next slide, the computer freezes.. what do you do? you should know your speech well enough to continue with the presenation without your slides -a visual is not a crutch

pick topics that are manageable

-there will be a time limit for your presentation -pick a topic that is rich enough to warrant its selection but narrow enough to allow an in-depth examination of the subject -prioritize most important information and not include every minute detail (may bore audience) -for example, it is impossible to give comprehensive report on civil war in time limit. Choose a portion of the civil war that is manageable for time frame

Scarcity

-ultimate persuasive tool -people show a greater desire for something when they learn that their access to it is limited (trying to convince students to get involved in volunteer work during college..could say "you only have four years in college, and time goes by so fast! What is stopping you from making new friends, giving back to the community, and having an experience that will last a lifetime?"

Ethical stances in persuasion

-use actions and words to persuade -consider your relationship with the audience -put up your veil of ignorance/hear the speaker for what they are saying

Reciprocation

-we often feel obligated to repay others for their benevolent actions towards us -favors must be repaid -for example, if a friend gives you a free concert ticket to ACL, you may later offer the same friend your extra ticket to the Texas OU football game

copyright considerations of photographs and cartoons

-you can capture a photograph from the web but that does not mean you have the right to do so, and if you do be sure to cite where the image came from -two types of images: copyrighted and public domain -copyrighted: belong to someone and if you want to use it must pay a fee -public domain: belong to someone, but copyright term has expired, or they were produced by an entity, such as the government, that encourages free use. appropriating a copyrighted image without permission can be constructed as stealing, which opens you to liability for copyright infrigement -in general, using an image once in a presentation for a class assignment is considered fair use -problems occur when you use a copyrighted image in a public setting and are making money from the presentation -if you use a cartoon in a one minute presentation for class, you are fine -if you are hired to train groups of workers and you use cartoon for training presentation and copy it into training packet, you crossed the line into copyright violation

List and describe two types of visual aids. Provide an example of an appropriate use of each type of visual aid and explain why

1. Objects (baseball, physically demonstratint dance moves, ben & jerry's ice cream, object can capture audience's attention but can be distracting from your presentation) 2. Visual representations (of an object: map, drawing, diagram, blueprint, make sure object is clearly relevant and display exactly what you are discussing) 3. Numerical clarifiers (chart or a graph, help get message across and look professional)

5 steps of monroe's motivated sequence (282)

1. Attention: begin your speech by gaining the attention of the audience, should represent issue that you are advocating. the most common mistake is to use a poorly developed attention-getting device that leaves your audience unreceptive to your message 2. Need: once you have your audience's attention, convince them that there is a vital need to address a particular problem (the need must make the audience realize that something must change, and they need to be a part of the solution). take into consideration the personal interests of the audience (what is in it for me?) 3. Satisfaction: time to propose a clear and feasible solution by describing it in detail and provide counterarguments to other known solutions. provide examples, testimony, and statistics to illustrate why your solution is viable. a well-articulated satisfaction step solves each facet to the need step. 4. Visualization: urge the audience to visualize two separate scenarios - 1. what the world would look like if the audience accepts the solution proposed in the satisfaction -2. what the world will look like if the audience members fail to adopt the solution proposed in the satisfaction step -a mistake to some presenters make is to show the benefits of the plan, but omit the consequences of rejecting the satisfaction step. since people often act to avoid negative consequences, it is important to include both parts of the visualization step 5. Action: call your audience to respond immediately to the problem. show them how to complete the prescribed action. this call to action should be personal. your audience should know their part in the solution, the cost of changing their actions or attitudes, and the impact this will have on the problem. -what can the audience do today to satisfy this need? -the call for action occurs during the conclusion of speech and should be reinforced by closing remarks

What are the types of fallacies of reasoning? Give examples (chapter 14. 396)

1. Begging the question 2. Straw personal fallacy 3. Slippery slope 4. Appeal to authority 5. Appeal to tradition 6. Hasty generalization 7. Post hoc ergo propter hoc 8. False dilemma 9. Non sequitur 10. Ad hominem

What are the key elements to consider for improving impromptu delivery? (chapter 16, page 452)

1. Breath support is essential: speaker may struggle for breath at inopportune moments or run out of air during a sentence and gasp for air 2. Muscle relaxation helps your presentation: muscle tension forms in triceps, neck, knees, and shoulders 3. Perfect pace and fluency: pace is overall rate of speech and fluency is a measure of the smoothness of the speech

What are the goals and techniques that make a strong introduction? (286)

1. Capture the attention of the audience -ask a question: many presenters are tempted to ask rhetorical questions, few presenters are able to master the technique of question making to gain attention.. what tend to happen is that most speakers do not ask questions that make audience members perk up and listen... for example, "how many of you are legal drivers?" -startling statement or statistic: startling statements shock your audience and capture your audience's attention.. in conclusion refer back to this statement -use a quotation: quotations immediately gain the attention of the audience and provide closure to your presentation.. for example, "Once you've consumed your first drink, you have lost the ability to make a sound judgment" according to MADD (mothers against drunk driving) -tell a story: stories help us relate to abstract ideas and concepts..for example, if you are telling a story on the dangers of drinking and driving, you can recount a personal incident that reveals your concern with the issue. your story will help you connect with your audience and grab their attention 2. Establish the relevance of the topic to the audience (tell audience what they will learn if they listen or how this topic impacts them) -for example, if you are giving a speech on dangers of drinking and driving you could say "the people who drink and drive the most are drivers between the ages of 21 to 24", you establish relevance by showing that the issue of drunk driving is relevant to college students 3. Establishes the credibility of the speaker: credibility can be established through personal experience as well as through research.. -for example, state that you have done some research for the topic or how involved you are in the topic 4. States the thesis of the presentation: a strong thesis needs to be present in intro and conclusion. there should be nothing in the body of the presentation that is not expressed in the thesis statement. the presentation should not leave out anything that was expressed in the thesis. -must be a complete sentence -must be expressed as a declarative statement, not as a question -must contain only one primary idea, not multiple ideas -must contain specific, clear language 5. Provides an initial preview of the presentation: directly follows thesis statement -lists main points -for example, you are giving a speech on dangers of drinking and driving, you can preview main points by saying "there are three consequences of drinking and driving 1. you many permanently injure yourself or another person. 2. you can lose your license, and 3. you will have difficulty finding a job with a DUI on your record

What are the different ways to structure impromptu speeches? (chapter 16, 444)

1. Classification: subdivides the major topic into separate categories of thought as they relate to the major subject -Topic of teachers: teacher training, teacher development, teacher accountability -candy might be divided by color, size, brand name. finding the classes held in common by the three different types of candy enables you to explore the classes deeper 2. Unification: persuasive speeches, separate functions of speech to operate as one entity -each reason independently supports the central claim, and each area is directly related to the rationale for the argument -Claim: "teachers are undervalued" reason 1: teachers work long hours for low pay reason 2: teachers are not as respected as members of other professions reason 3: teachers are viewed with scorn by many students 3. Cause-effect solution: difficult strategy, a strong thesis statement that identifies the problem suggested by the broader topic or illuminated by the quotation -Subject: Foresight -Thesis: Foresight allows us to save ourselves from unnecessary effort later -Preview: We need to understand FIRST that our lack of foresight is caused by our focus on the immediate; NEXT, that the consequence of that lack of foresight is a failure, and FINALLY, that the best way to get better glasses on the future is to learn how to make educated guesses

What are three primary types of impropmtu speaking?

1. Dealing with subjects 2. Dealing with objects 3. Dealing with quotations

What are the types of evidence and their subtypes? Be prepared to explain functions and give examples

1. Definitions 2. Descriptions 3. Explanations 4. Statistics 5. Examples 6. Testimony

What are four essential tips for constructing an effective impromptu speech? (442 at top box)

1. Introduce and conclude 2. Support: stories/narratives, opinion, description, explanation and illustrations and excellent ways to support your claim 3. Organize: having basic framework 4. Audience knowledge: assess level of knowledge audience possess on topic

What are the types and purposes of different visual aids? (312)

1. Objects: concrete visual aids that can be inanimate (baseball) or animate (a person) -display visual aid only when you are discussing information, because it can impede your audience's ability to listen 2. Visual representations: a map, drawing, a diagram, a blueprint, a photograph 3. Numerial clarifiers: chart or a graph which can be used to simplify and explain complex numerical concepts, particularly numerical data

Describe the professional attire tips for interviews and everyday business attire (chapter 19, page 528)

1. Personal presence/attire: stake out location before go to interview, have back up clothes at work, dress a little better than your colleagues, dress to be invited, don't let your clothes detract from your qualifications 2. your online presence/social media: technology is blurring line from private life and professional life, you have one idendity

State three criteria for effective written workplace communication (pg. 537)

1. Skillfully identify your ideas 2. Skillfully organize your ideas 3. Skillfully present your ideas

adjusting ideas to people (informative) and adjusting people to ideas (persuasive)

1. adjusting ideas to people (informative) -give new information about topic -audience members more passive recipients of information -thesis should state "I intend to inform/expand your understanding of BLANK topic -more time spent on description and explanation of a topic -transitions emphasize information -the conclusion reiterates value of information 2. adjusting people to ideas (persuasive) -change audience's stance on a fact, value, or policy -audience has more active recipients since you are calling for action -thesis should state "I aim to convince you to change or support a particular stance on BLANK -more time spent on justification and refutation -transitions emphasize change -the conclusion reiterates values of change

Discuss the seven presentation pitfalls with PowerPoint.

1. blinded by the light: do not stand in a location where the projector light blinds you 2. No face in sight: presenter should know content so well that only quick glaces to the screen are needed 3. Is there just a head?: do not hide behind a podium 4. This is not the version of powerpoint I use on my computer: spend some time getting comfortable with keyboard and know how to start your presentation 5. But I don't know how to use a Mac (or PC): know whether you will have a Mac or PC available to use on presentation day 6. What did they say?: do not have too many visual aids or slides that you spend a few seconds on, allow time for your reader to take in your message 7. That's a lot of text!: Avoid putting too much tect on a slide or your audience will spend their time reading and not paying attention

What are the key elements to consider when designing a visual aid (e.g., PowerPoint, Keynote, handouts, etc.)? page 316

1. create visual aids after you outline what you are going to say 2. finish outlining your presentation early enough to allow for time to create, and practice with visual aids so it enhances performance 3. consider the purpose of your visual aid. Is it there to support or complement the words you are saying? bg vg v

What are the goals and techniques that make a strong conclusion?

1. reviews main points 2. restates the thesis 3. brings closure to the presentation

Straw personal fallacy (396)

A way to trip up an opponent is to distort, skew, or exaggerate their position. In doing so you avoid addressing actual argument and can make easy counterpoints so something they never said -Person 1: "Freshman at this university should be required to live on campus during their first year" -Person 2: "My opponent wants to force students to bankrupt themselves in mountains of student loan debt just to afford sub-standard living quarters, while the university profits from predatory pricing" -person 2 is using a distorted and exaggerated claim that is easy to defeat. person 1 does not want to force students into bankruptcy. person 2 is using mischaracterization of his original claim

Post hoc ergo propter hoc (396)

Argues that when things happen in a sequence, they are causally related. So, A happened, then B happened. Therefore A caused B. This can sometimes be true -"I flipped on the light switch, so the lights turned on" However, it is not always the case -"I rubbed my rabbit's foot before the test, and then I got an A". Although you did rub the rabbit's foot, your hard work and diligence in the classroom is what earned you the A

Explain the levels of influence (attitudes, beliefs, and values) and the difficulty of persuasion in each level (356)

Attitudes: learned disposition or feelings you have toward something, or likes and dislikes -attitudes can be fickle, they are directly related to behaviors ("I get so bored reading history.. or snowboarding makes me feel awesome") Beliefs: -understanding that something is true or false -more difficult to influence becauase they involve our convictions as to what is true or false, real or probable ("studying history will not help me get a tech job... or snowboarding is the highest paying winter sport") Values: -deeply felt, ethical stance toward something -most difficult to influence because they represent people's concept of what is right or worthwhile, can use values to determine what is good or bad ("the study of history is useless..or snowboarding is a way of life") Behaviors: what you do-ways in which you act on your attitudes, beliefs, and values (skipping history class (behavior) because you don't like it (attitude) or think it's important(value) is one example. Practicing five hours a day snowboarding (behavior) because you think you will have a shot at the olympics (belief) is another.)

How to the components of toulmin's model of argumentation work together? (393)

Claim: short statement or argument speakers use to state their positions "LeBron James is the best basketball player in the history of the NBA" Data: the evidence you provide for your argument, the data turns the claim from opinion into an argument "LeBron James is the best basketball player in the history of the NBA because he has scored the most points in NBA final history" Warrant: -leap made between data and claim -the most crucial part of toulmin's model, represents inferential leap made between the data and the claim. This is an unstated explanation of how the data presented supports the claim "The NBA finals feature the best players, and so scoring the move against them means that they are the best of the best"

Describe the differences between a formal and delivery outline

Delivery: A brief outline intended to jog your memory of your written content when you deliver your presentation Formal outline: A detailed and complete outline intended to help you prepare your speech

Definitions: when using denotative and connotative definitions, consider the following tips (411)

Denotative and connotative meanings 1. use definitions sparingly: rookie presenters tend to use definitions as time-fillers rather than as effective forms of support. They also end up defining terms that are already clear to the audience. Only use definitions if they enlighten your audience on the meaning of unclear words or phrases 2. make sure your definition is clear: unclear information loses your audience's attention. You want to make sure your definition is easily understandable to your audience members. Break the idea down for them in a way that is on their intellectual level 3. Keep your definition consistent throughout your speech: this rule is especially true for acronyms. For example, if you define "MVP" as a minimum variable product in your speech but later talk about Carlos as the real MVP (most valuable player) on your team, your audience will walk away confused

Describe what advice you would give to someone who is going to give a public presentation

I would urge the presenter to follow some of the auditory and visual aspects of delivery such as pitch, inflection, rate, had gestures, appearance and attire. I would also encourage the use of a lectern because it gives the speaker a place to put notes or an outline for the presentation (eye gaze, appearance, fluency)

Ad homineum

Name-calling in order to discredit your opponent's position. Rather than attacking their argument, you make your argument against the person -When female celebrity speaks out for women's rights, they are met with attacks like "who are you to tell us what women do? you wear skimpy clothes and dance around for money" -These arguments do not address the content of the message, but rather seek to discredit the perosn for other reasons

using narrative versus objective evidence (238)

Narrative objective: refers to stories that people tell about their own or others' experiences Objective evidence: the numbers, statistics, and ratios that experts in the field have discovered. it is objective and is not laden with opinions or circumstantial evidence based on an individual's social network or personal experience Benefits of narrative evidence: -can be emotional -story-telling quality, known as pathos, helps to draw your audience into your speech and makes it real for them -allows listeners to connect with the topic in a personal way and helps them to imagine more realistically what you are talking about -(drawbacks: isoated incidents, just because something happened to one person doesn't mean its true for all people) Benefits of objective evidence: -logos, helps to paint global picture of your topic -shows on a larger scale how much, how many, how often -expert testimony: statement made by an expert in his or her field of expertise (establish global picture of topic through what experts have found to be true) -(drawbacks: can often be dry and hard to grasp..for example, telling the fact that every day 832 people suf 50-foot waves or higher) **Narrative evidence allows listener to personally connect with topic, while objective evidence helps listeners understand the logic of the topic and how the evidence supports the larger picture

Non Sequitur (396)

Occurs when a conclusion does not follow from the premises stated before it. It is often used by political speakers to pivot the argument to a more benefical area for them -if a reporter asks a candidate why they should be taken seriously when they are flip-flopping on issues, the candidate might respond "I'm very steady and constant. Just ask my wife of 42 years. You can't be much more constant than that" -This conclusion has no bearing on candidates flip-flopping on issues, but steers the converstaion away from them

Hasty generalization (396)

Occurs when an argument's conclusion is based on far too little evidence. A person takes an individual incident and uses it to make a judgement on a much larger group -If you saw your grandmother playing video games and said to a friend "grandmas play alot of video games"

Define Professionalism and classify what it means to display professionalism in the classroom and in the workplace

Professionalism: set of qualities and characteristics that represent perceptions of your competence and character judged by your key constituents (clients, supervisors, subordinates, colleagues) -competency, accountability, self-regulation Classroom: punctual, using technology appropriately, completing assignments on time, respectful language, open to new ideas, and abiding by university honor code Workplace: willing to come in early/work late, willingness to take responsibility, meet deadlines, make a positive impact on organization, increase company revenue or reputation

What is Aristotle's syllogism? How is it distinct from an enthymeme? (392)

SYLLOGISM: type of deductive reasoning where certain premises, or statements presumes to be true, build or follow one another to a logical claim or conclusion -premise: all men are mortal -minor premise: socrates is a man -claim/conclusion: socrates is mortal -ANOTHER EXAMPLE, 1. major premise: all Americans with pre-existing medical conditions should have access to health insurance 2. minor premise: my daughtre was born in a Texas hospital with Type 1 diabetes 3. my daughter deserves access to health insurance because it was not her choice to be born with a pre-existing condition ENTHYMEME: one of the premises (either the major or minor) is left unstated. This unstated premise must be filled in or deduced by the audience, which requires audience members to actively engage in the speakers arguments. -effective because audiences have to play along with speaker in order to understand arguments presented to them -major premise: socrates passed away because he is a man -unstated premise: all men are mortal -ANOTHER EXAMPLE, a classmate says "All seniors get top priority for picking their course schedule. This semester I have the perfect schedule!". The minor premise implied here is your classmate is a senior

Explanations (417)

Show how something is done or why it exists Comparison: Identifies the similarities and differences between two idea or objects, usually link new to old (analogy: comparisons made between two objects or ideas in which your audience's previous knowledge of one idea provides a basis for understanding the other) -literal analogy: comparison of two or more objects or ideas having overtly similar characteristics. for example, you could use a literal analogy to compare two cities that share common attributes "Austin is like Nashville. both cities have vibrant live music scenes" -figurative analogy: compares two ideas or objects that have distinctly different overt characteristics, but the two share similar qualities or act in similar ways. there are two main forms of figurative analogies. in the first form, two common objects or ideas are compared to exemplify some common principle underlying both (political election and horse race). in the second form, something complex or unfamiliar is compared to something found every day (how sculptor works with his unique materials to how a person conducting a small group meeting must be sensitive to each participant's special gifts and weaknesses) Division: breaking down a subject and analyzing its various parts, use when exploring the complex social issue, large government agency or scientific reaction Interpretation: tell your audience what your subjects main elements mean, represent, or signify -compares explanation of a subject to other people's explanations -begins by stating relevant facts and issues associated with the subject and then offer a critical analysis of other interpretations that you deem inadequate or faulty. -for example, if giving speech on President Trump's 2017 announcement that the US would recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, you may argue that the president made this announcement 1. make a statement to foreign leaders 2. be controversial and gain news coverage 3. distract the American public form other issues, like tax cuts and healthcare

commitment and consistency (pg 359)

We want to act in accordance with the words we say and the values we hold -if you have ever backed out of a commitment, you have likely experienced a noxious feeling that arises in your stomach -the audience is likely to support speech topics that are in line with the attitudes, beliefs, and values -foot-in-the-door technique: convincing an audience to volunteer for a cause. for example, you want to persuade your audience to volunteer once a month at the austin homeless shelter. you can begin your presentation by saying "raise your hand if you think more should be done to help the homeless". those who raise their hands have voluntarily and publicly committed to and idea of helping the homeless. once tthey have done this, they will want to show their commitment and will be more likely to agree to your request for action

Using motivationally relevant evidence

What type of evidence will this audience demand? -as a member of the audience, what would I expect as support for this claim to accept it? what motivates you to accept the argument may well motivate the audience -for example, a claim regarding relative costs of competing plans suggests things like graphs or charts. if the audience members are able to say "yes, but .." after hearing your evidemce, then you have not motivated them to accept your claim What evidence will generate the best response? -pose the question once you have determined the type of evidence required by your argument -for example, if you've decided to use expert testimony, whom would you quote? a speech should meet the following criteria for supporting materials 1. concreteness: when discussing abstract ideas you should follow them up with specific definitions, examples, and explanations so your audience doesn't walk away confused 2. variety: what if for thanksgiving dinner your family only served dressing? that speech with one type of supporting evidence will be dull. using one type of evidence means you're likely only covering one type of appeal (for instance, your speech only has narrative examples, you are only hitting emotional appeal) 3. proximity: the most effective supporting evidence hits close to home with your listeners. pick evidence that is relevant to them and is immediate to their everyday experience. the more you can localize evidence (taking a national problem and applying it to Austin), the more you will resonate with your audience members 4. suitability: supporting material is appropriate for the speaking context, the audience, and you

Descriptions (413)

a statement that provides detail to your idea and helps your audience understand the characteristics and qualities of your topic Pictorial description: creates a mental picture of your subject. try to get your audience to visualize, understand, and experience what you are describing -emotive terms (relating to emotion) to evoke certain feelings from your audience -"located on the north wings first floor, the old supreme court chamber sits next to the senate wing of the capital" Objective description: offers facts relating to your subject, a present brief account of your subjects evolution, depict your subjects main qualities or portray the different characteristics of its main subtypes (provide unbiased accounts of facts relating to a subject) -for example, "according to the U.S. justice department, domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women, more so than muggings, stranger rapes, and car accidents combined"

Inductive reasoning

argument that begins with a specific observation that is then applied to a generalizable claim ("I am a student at UT. I was in the top 10 percent of students at my high school. All students at UT must have been in the top 10 percent of their high school"). The conclusion is probable, but not definitive

Define argumentation and its benefits

argumentation: process by which logic and critical reasoning are structured and applied orally or in written form (there must be opposing participants willing to actively listen, process, and reflect critically on positions that are put forward) benefits: reveals weaknesses in their personal worldviews and strengthens their current knowledge, without argumentation, social change or persuasion is not possible -allows participants to better understand those they disagree with -provides opportunity for both sides to adjust their viewpoints

articulation, pronunciation, and stress

articulation: to speak intelligibly and distinctly so that listeners understand the words you are saying (saying each syllable of each word clearly and distinctly) pronunciation: the accurate clustering of a group of letters to make the correct sounds that form a particular word stress: the emphasis or inflection paced on a specific word or phrase (Fast food isn't going to kill you with the emphasis on either fast or food so that each time you read it, the sentence sounds different)

specialized knowledge

being especially skilled or having a lot of experience in a particular position/industry

Identify organizational styles for both informative and persuasive speaking. Pay attention to the examples and how to organize points in each type of outline

chronological, spatial, topical, familiarity/acceptance, elimination, problem-cause-solution, monroe's motivated sequence, refutation

Define informative communication.

communication that builds awareness or deepens understanding of some phenomena

Elevator Speech

elevator speech: a very short speech designed to effectively introduce yourself or an idea, given in roughly the amount of time it takes for an elevator to get you from the floor you're on to your destination -business card passed out when you want to be noticed or remembered -elevator speeches are designed to give to one person, in contrast to impromptu speeches which can be given in front of large audiences -choosing whether to deliver an elevator speech is not usually up to the speakers choice, while impromptu speeches are given when prompted by another person, audience, or situation

Examples (420)

examples illustrate a particular instance of your subject, can make subject more vivid and clear Factual examples: illustrates real person, object or event. it not only confirms the existence of something, but also helps your audience recall or imagine similar instances (empathizing with a real person). for example, when giving a speech on the harm of illegal graffiti, you may elaborate on how your family owns a restaurant and had to shell out thousands of dollars to pay for graffiti vandalism on your building Hypothetical example: illustration that creates an imaginary situation that allows your audience to visualize what might happen under similar circumstances. for instance, "imagine you own a business here in Austin and it has been vandalized by graffiti artists and your family must pay thousands to fix it". -make sure it is consistent with the known facts about the subject -best time to use this example is when factual example is not available and you want your audience to focus on general characteristics of the example rather than the particular people, places, or objects

identify the five modes of speech delivery and be able to discuss the differences between them

extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, memorized and mediated delivery

What are the important aspects of visual delivery?

eye gaze, facial expressions, body posture and movement, hand gestures, appearance and attire

fluency and pausing

fluency: smoothness and regulating how the flow of your speech is perceived. A fluent speaker has engaging content and transitions that glide effortlessly from point to point pausing: how we deal with and make meaning of silences (if you are talking about sorrowful subject, a deliberate pause may heighten emotional appeal) -vocal fillers: such as "er", "um", "uh", "like", are sounds and words that we use to fill a period of silence. --Best way to eliminate excessive use of vocal fillers in your delivery. --practice getting rid of untended pauses. -while intentional pauses can help the audience engage with different parts of your message, unintended ones make you look unprepared and uncertain

dealing with objects (chapter 16, page 442)

given an object and must formulate a thesis statement about something it deals with and then talk about it. Ex: playing card could spark a presentation on gambling or the number/face on the card. -for example, UT student reached into bag and pulled out red colored pencil. the student identified the subject as "revisionism"-that we use red pencil and their liek to indicate when someone has done something wrong

5 basic sections of strong elevator speech

introduction, hook, reference, query, conclusion/farewell 1. Introduction: first grab targets' attention. The best way to do this is to call the person by their name "professor Cambell?". next, if the person does not know you give them your name and a way to understand who you are and why you have chosen to talk to them 2. Hook: find a way to pique your listener's interests. this hook should answer the question "what makes you or your idea interesting and important for your listener at this moment?" 3.

Statistics (419)

numberical data that helps bolster your ideas, they appeal to logic and can sometimes backfire because they can be difficult for your audience to understand descriptive statistics: provide measurements that illustrate subjects most significant qualities, such as size or frequency, allow the audience to understand how something has changed over time Inferential statistics: provide the support that leads to claim that goes beyond evidence collected 1. soft inference: measurement of statistical calculation, do not perform analysis on statistics themselves, but use the data about one population to infer a claim about another 2. scientific inference: correlative study- measures relationship between two or more variables and tells you whether these variables are related and the direction of the relationship (for example, this type of study could investigate whether a relationship exists between the scores made on the scholastic aptitude test and the scores on the intelligence quotient. experimental study-studies manipulation of variable on different groups (a test that studies the effectiveness of new medicine)

pitch and inflection

pitch: how high or low a voice sounds to the audience inflection: how the pitch moves up and down, and how we make patterns with pitch ranges (know the difference between someone asking you a question or making a general statement) - how the pitch moves up and down (often associate pitch with age range, high pitch=young child, low pitch=strong and serious) -monotone voice with minimal inflection can be tedious to listen to, whereas a voice with changing infelction keeps an audience engaged -if you end every sentence with rising inflection, as we often do when asking questions, you may sound less confident -audiences associate rise in pitch with happiness, excitement, or anger: on the other hand, a drop in pitch conveys grief or seriousness. we subconsciously adjust our pitch to fit our EMOTIONS.

body posture and movement

posture: refers to the position in which people hold their body -good posture sends the audience the message that the speaker is confident and has something important to say movement: body movement that is not associated with the message content is distracting (body movement can enhance a delivery if it reinforces the message)

managing up

proactively keeping your manager informed of what you are working on, the status of your projects, and where you might be running into roadblocks

Testimony (421)

quotation by someone who is either an authority on your subject, a witness whose personal experience provides insight into your subject, or who is considered to be a trusted source of social wisdom Authoritative testimony: statement or group of statements given by a credible authority or expert (statement on heart attacks=cardiologist). the best time to use this testimony is when explaining a casual relationship, justifying a value or principle, making a prediction, offering a solution to a problem, advocating a policy proposal, or giving an opinion that goes against authority or your audience's prior beliefs Lay testimony: opinion or feelings of someone who recalls the experience of some personal involvement with or sentiments about a subject. in cases where an individual expresses how they have been affected by the experience, there can be a strong emotional appeal with your audience. for example, if you were giving a speech on hurricane Harvey, interviewing and getting quotes from people whose homes were damaged could be a powerful source of evidence. however, these people are not considered experts Nominal testimony: a general statement made by a well-known person that can be related to your subject. the person providing the testimony may have no expert knowledge of your subject or any direct experience with it. instead it relies on "good name" of the person and general belief that he/she posesses a unique insight into people and the world. rely on general observations made by famous people, not always necessary to cite the date or bibliographic information with oral citation -----when using testimony: 1. aim for expert testimony: lay and nominal testimony can be emotionally enticing to audience members, but make sure to seek out sources who are expert on topic 2. quote the testimonies accurately: you need to truthfully characterize your sources' words. do not pull their quotes out of context and misrepresent their ideas

identify and describe the six principles of persuasion

reciproaction, commitment and consistency, social proof, liking, authority, and security

Define rhetoric and why it is an important part of civic life (353)

rhetoric: works to advance our understanding of how human beings use language to influence one another -persuasion is a part of living, where one tries to influence others (process of influence) -means of satisfying a need to deal with one's environment -use persuasion to deal with your community, job or family members

organizing the body: some final rules (chapter 10, 284)

rule 1: don't overlap your main points: overlap happends when there is a repetition of material, gives the impression that the speaker is saying the same thing again and again.. -for example, say you are giving a topical, informative speech on how to stay organized in college, and your main points are 1. write things down, 2. take notes, 3. make to-do lists.. clearly these points are redundant, if you find yourself with overlapping main points, it is an indicator that you should organize your speech differently or brainstorm more distinct ideas rule 2: create feasible main points with a similar scope: should be able to cover each of your main pointsin detail in the time allotted for the presentation.. -for example, if you were giving a speech on music festivals in Austin, talking about ACL and SXSW in the body of your speech is far too much to cover for a five minute presentation. -main topics need to be similar in scope..spend the same amount of time on each main point and give each point the same level in terms of broadness or narrowness

Be prepared to describe the differences between self, message and audience-focused delivery.

self-focused: -focus on delivery, forget about the audience, tend to concentrate on what you are doing -your energy is devoted to un-engaging aspects of your speech -for example, instead of creating a relationship with your audience by focusing on their needs, you tend to concentrate on what you are doing (how does your word sound, how does your slide look, is your eye contact good enough) message focused: -over-prepared on substance but barely aware of an audience, talking at the audience rather than to them, too focused on message & fail to recognize audience reaction -creates a rift between himself/herself and the audience, which makes for a stiff and uninviting speech -concentrates on content and is lost without a written script -speaker talking at the audience rather than to them -for example, rigid rules, if you are too focused on the message and making sure it is presented exactly how you practice, you fail to recognize the audience's reaction to your presentation and may lose their interest audience focused: -interact w/ audience, the audience feels apart of the speech, the audience feels engaged and appreciated -use delivery as a tool to help shape your interaction and involve the audience -having a "conversation" with your audience and relating your ideas in a simple and professional manner

multitasking

simultaneous execution of more than one program or task at the same time by a single perosn

Jina's informative speech was filled with too many "ups", "ers", and "likes". Jina also delivered her speech in a monotone voice. What two things should Jina work on in the future to improve her speech delivery?

speed up her delivery and add more emotional content

What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion and why is it important when considering visual aids? pg 314

states the effective speakers should adjust their message based on the level of involvement of the audience -theory that explains how individuals vary messaged based upon levels of involvement of the listener or audience -the speaker selects between two routes for persuasion based upon the level of involvement of the audience: the central route and the peripheral route -central route: individuals should make strong, detailed arguments when trying to persuade highly involved audiences -peripheral route: individuals should focus on credibility, likeability, and attractiveness when trying to persuade uninvolved audiences -when audience members are deeply involved in a topic, speakers should use detailed, well-constructed arguments to persuade highly involved audiences -in contrast, some audience members are not as involved in your topic.. speakers should use the peripheral route and focus on how the message is packaged instead of the details of the message

Using statistics (237)

statistics: facts or occurrences that are presented numerically, presented in two different forms 1. descriptive statistics: quantitative representations of measurements or properties, such as averages, ratios, percentages, sizes or frequency 2. inferential statistics: -data used to help reach a conclusion and make predictions -use to make claims about other groups or populations, such as collecting a survey from one class of students and generalizing that the conclusions you draw from their data may apply to other classes or future actions of the sampled group

Fallacies

the argumentative claim made with invalid reasoning or unsound logic that render an argument false or misleading -we've all used fallacies before, but probably not with the intention of misguiding people -sound believable but rely on false or invalid premises and hinder our ability to effectively argue -can occur when we do not provide adequate data for a claim we are making or when emphasizing a weaker element of our argument

facial expressions

used to signal emotions to others and how the audience should feel about the speaker's message -enhance a speaker's verbal by displaying meaning (think of telling a scary story and looking scared with big eyes) and displaying emphasis (by raising the eyebrows or tensing the face)

Liking

we are more willing to say "yes" to someone we like (door-to-door fundraisers in the neighborhood) -take the first move and show others that you like them. people like those who like them -if you say something nice about someone else, they are more likely to be receptive to the idea of saying "yes" to your request

social proof

when we are uncertain about what to do, we have a tendency to follow the lead of others (if someone tells a joke and you dont understand it, you are likely to laugh) -social proof as a means for persuasion=if you want to promote biking around campus, it will help to point out how many other UT students are already using biles on campus

dealing with subjects (chapter 16, page 442)

you are given a subject of a general nature and the task is to establish a central claim or argument about that subject. -for example, if given the subject "teachers," the following central claim might be developed as the thesis "teachers are some of the most influental people in our lives and they are underappreciated" -analyze audience when establishing central claim about subject -if speech is informative, present 2-3 ways in which teachers have tough job -if speech is persuasive, provide 2-3 reasons why teachers are underappreciated