Professionalism and Professionalization

true

(T,F): Professional socialization is an active process. It initiates the moment a potential student interacts with pharmacists, evaluates what they do, or actively seeks the information about the profession.

duty

:Pharmacists should be committed to serving patients even when it is inconvenient. Pharmacist is an advocate for appropriate care regardless of the circumstance.

inconsistent socialization

A process by which the individual acquires incompatible or conflicting behaviors, beliefs and values from formal and informal sources due to the absence of uniformity or agreement within the idealized group model into which he/she is being socialized

hub of the wheel spokes of the wheel tire

Hammer (2003) conceptualized professionalism by envisioning a bicycle wheel: The____________is a core set of values that includes altruism or service, caring, honor, integrity, and duty. The __________ are behaviors demonstrated by an individual such as respect, accountability, empathy, compassion. The ________ links all qualities of professionalism, includes dressing professionally, being punctual, acting courteously, and other aspects of professional component.

competence domain (professional capability)

Includes the following characteristics and is at the bottom of the pyramid. - Self-directed learning - Knowledge - Applied skill - Proactivity - Wisdom

character domain (personal reliability)

Includes the following characteristics and is at the top of the pyramid. - Honesty - Humility - Responsibility - Service - Moral courage

connection domain (interpersonal compatibility)

Includes the following characteristics and is in the middle of the pyramid. - Compassion - Empathy - Self-control - Kindness - Influence

Knowledge and skill of a profession Commitment to self-improvement of skills and knowledge Service orientation Pride in the profession Covenantal relationship with the client Creativity and innovation Conscience and trustworthiness Accountability of his/her work Ethically sound decision making Leadership

List the 10 broad traits of professionalism

altruism accountability excellence duty honor and integrity respect for others

List the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) six-tenets (or elements) of professionalism. These elements have been adapted in the context of pharmacy.

accountability

Pharmacists are accountable to their patient (for fulfilling the implied covenant that they have with their patients), society (for addressing the healthcare needs of the public), and their profession (for adhering to pharmacy's code of ethical conduct).

excellence

Pharmacists must be committed to lifelong learning and knowledge acquisition to serve patients. They should want to exceed expectations, producing quality work, fulfilling responsibilities, and commitment to helping patients and others. Pharmacy students must acquire core knowledge and skills of the profession. Must remains proactive and seek guidance and mentoring.

honor and integrity

Pharmacists must be fair, truthful, meet commitments, straightforward. Students must exhibit personal integrity and maintain academic honesty.

altruism

Pharmacists must serve the best interest of their patient above their own or employer. Patients well being should come before anything else, such as ability to pay, managerial opinions or self-interests. Students must listen, be patient, and be compassionate when interacting with patients to establish mutual trusts.

transformation

Professional socialization involves ________. From students to pharmacists. From students to professionals who understand the values, attitudes, and behaviors of the profession.

formal socializers informal socializers

Professional socialization is mediated by two types of "significant others", who serve as agents or models. These include __________ who are teachers (faculty) of various ranks. In the context of pharmacy, ________ may be pharmacist employers, fellow students, family and friends, etc.

demonstrated in practice structural characteristics beliefs

Professionalism can be defined by the way it is _______, by its _______, by the ______ held by those in the profession, or in a value-based manner.

competence domain (professional capability) connection domain (interpersonal compatibility) character domain (personal reliability)

Professionalism can be envisioned as a product of 3 hierarchical domains of performance that can be represented as 3 levels of a pyramid, The Professional Pyramid. List the 3 domains from bottom to top.

professional socialization.

Professionalism is the product of _________

disenchantment disenchantment

Reasons for inconsistent socialization: They may receive "mixed messages" from practitioners and faculty members about the professional aspects of pharmacy practice resulting in _______ The level of _________ is related to their experience in pharmacy practice. When students try to apply their knowledge and skills learned in the classroom in real world setting, only to be discouraged by pharmacists. With profit margins under pressure, pharmacists are likely to face an increase in strain related to filling more prescriptions, even at the expense of patient management. The level of idealism and optimism that students begin with may gradually diminish as reality falls short of expectations.

new educational alternatives transfer out of college of pharmacy

Results of inconsistent socialization: Students may opt for __________ and __________. Since pharmacists are often considered as an entrepreneur and professional, they may experience "role-straining", where their autonomy is restricted by state and federal laws leading to feeling of alienation, powerlessness, and meaninglessness.

"positively socialized" or "negatively socialized"

Students can be both _____ or ______ (also known as Inconsistent socialization).

professionalism.

The goal of professional socialization is the development of _______.

professionalization/professional socialization

The process of inculcating a profession's attitudes, values, and behaviors in a professional (APhA/ASP-AACP Task Force on Professionalism, 2000).

respect for others

They must respect patients, their families, health care professionals, etc. Students should consistently demonstrate respect for others, whether they are patients, peers, faculty preceptors, or healthcare providers. Respect for patients privacy. Respect for other healthcare providers when working in collaborative environment

professionalization/professional socialization

This is the process by means of which people selectively acquire the values and attitudes, the interests, skills, and knowledge of a professional - in other words, the culture - current in the groups in which they seek membership (Merton, Reader, and Kendall, 1957).

(e) all of the above

Which of the following are definitions of a professional: (a) of, relating to, or characteristic of a profession (b) engaged in one of the learned professions (c) characterized by or conforming to the technical or ethical standards of a profession (d) exhibiting a courteous, conscientious, and generally business like manner in the workplace (e) all of the above (f) a,b,c, only

professionalism

_______ can be defined as: the possession and/or demonstration of structural, attitudinal, and behavioral attributes of profession and its members." (Hammer, 2000)

Chisholm et al

_________(2006) developed an 18-item instrument - Pharmacy Professionalism Instrument - to measure professionalism among pharmacy students' using 6 tenets of ABIM as underlying framework.

professionalism

___________ can be defined as: "Active demonstration of the traits of a professional." (APhA/AACP White Paper on Student Professionalism)

professionalism

___________ can be defined as: "Conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person" (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary)

professionalism

describes a person's possession of ideal characteristics of a profession or a professional

professionalization and professional socialization

describes the process of becoming a profession and a professional

professionalization/professional socialization

represents the transformation of laymen into professionals through a process of learning to abandon old roles and self-conceptions and acquiring new ones.