Progressive era

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

W.E.B Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 should be pushing for more and more political power more and more of a voice in our government so this is where the sort of first major conflict in the civil rights movement comes out between these two gentlemen

Municipal/State Reform City: Manager System

Might come from the field of engernring or urban development -operate whatever is in his control in a city No political decisions or being worried about being elected Be the same level as city council and ceremonial mayor

Robert La Follette

Most Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

American Birth Control League

Organization founded by Margaret Sanger 1921, which in 1942 changed its name to Planned Parenthood, that distributed birth-control information to doctors, social workers, women's clubs, and the scientific community, as well as to thousands of individual women.

In what respects did Progressivism accomplish the Populists Agenda?

Populist demands, such as the graduated income tax, secret ballot, and direct election of Senators, became law during the Progressive era

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods. -The outcome—the Hepburn Act of 1906—was his own personal triumph; it greatly enlarged the ICC's jurisdiction and forbade railroads to increase rates without its approval

Coercive Reforms: Woman's Christian Temperance Union

This is a religious organization that Carrie Nation leads is going to be powerful anti-alcohol groups in the United States takes this idea of that alcohol and especially the abuse of alcohol leads people to sin for behavior Saw society less moral, less religious because of alcohol

Eugenics Buck v. Bell

This is a supreme court case is basically going to legalize in some cases forced sterilization or even sterilization without people knowing prison are you at or suffering from mental illness in you may find yourself a restaurant just like many of the numbers enduring horrible things in prison and back of the bell basically said oh well if someone is mentally challenged or someone illness yeah it's OK to make sure those people don't reproduce

Jacob Riis

a Danish immigrant and photojournalist, published an eighteen-page photo essay called How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York, which appeared first in the February 1889 issue of Scribner's magazine, and the following year was published as a book. The photos documented the harsh living conditions of recent immigrants in New York City and inspired reforms such as the New York Tenement House Act of 1901, which required tenement housing to be cleaner, safer, and more spacious. -was not content to simply document the wretched conditions in New York disease-ridden tenements -he hoped that his photographs would shock a complacent public into calling for reforms -his photo essay led o improvements in sewers, garbage collection, and indoor plumbing

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Industrial Workers of the World

byname Wobblies, labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 groups. The IWW opposed the American Federation of Labor's acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers in craft unions. -Under Haywood's leadership, the IWW gained greater prominence as a revolutionary organization dedicated to controlling the means of production by the workers. Its tactics often led to arrests and sensational publicity; when IWW organizer Joe Hill was executed in 1915 on a disputed murder charge, he became a martyr and folk hero for the labour movement. The organization won its greatest victories in the mining and lumbering industries of the Pacific Northwest.

Square Deal

-Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers -Square Deal , description by U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt (served 1901-09) of his personal approach to current social problems and the individual. It embraced Roosevelt's idealistic view of labour, citizenship, parenthood, and Christian ethics. Roosevelt first used the term following the settlement of a mining strike in 1902 to describe the ideal of peaceful coexistence between big business and labour unions. The Square Deal concept was later largely incorporated into the platform of the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party when Roosevelt was its candidate in the 1912 presidential election.

Water and Garbage Systems

controlled as part of urban beautification, improved

Workmen's Compensation Act

created accident and injury protection for federal workers

Progressivism

sought to use government to help create a more just society. Progressives fought against impure foods, child labor, corruption, and trusts. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were prominent Progressive presidents. -After the collapse of the Populist Party, the reform spirit shifted to the cities where a new generation of middle and upper-middle-class reformers focused on a broad range of problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. he erm progressivism embraced a widespread, many-faceted effort o build a more democratic. The Progressive Era is usually dated from 1900 to America's entry into World War I in 1917. -Reject the laissez-faire government policies. -wanted the government to play an active role in public life. Progressives believed that complex social problems required a broad range of government responses. -were idealists who rejected the main tenets of Social Darwinism. - believed that conflict and competition would not inevitably improve society -believed that informed citizens could create a just society that would reduce poverty, regulate corporations, protect the environment, and elect honest leaders.

Recall

procedure, whereby voters can remove an elected official from office and a election, is held

United Mine Workers

A 1902 coal worker's strike called for an eight-hour work day and higher wages. TR invited both management and labor to the White House. When the owners refused to negotiate, Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and threatened the use of troops to settle the strike. It was the first time the government stepped in a labor dispute, but the result was improved conditions for the mine workers. Stunned by Roosevelts unprecedented threat, the owners reluctantly accepted federal arbitration.

Referendum

Having a existing law and try to get the law reverse by getting votes

To what extent is their recognition of a new role of government during the Progressive Era?

The development of new bureaucracies paved the way for the programs of the New Deal. Progressive failures, for example, trust-busting, forced the New Deal to deal differently with big business ***Theodore Roosevelt, a Progressive president, introduced modern presidency where the chief executive sets an agenda and lobbies public support to secure enactment. The government, during the Progressive era, struggled to remove special privileges so that all had equal access to opportunity***

Adamson Act of 1916

Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. Although directed at a single industry, railroads, the law was a significant victory for workers and a clear statement of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

National Woman's Party

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Niagara Movement

A group, led by W.E.B Dubois,of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909 -In 1905, a group of prominent Black intellectuals led by W.E.B. Du Bois met in Erie, Ontario, near Niagara Falls, to form an organization calling for civil and political rights for African Americans. With its comparatively aggressive approach to combating racial discrimination and segregation, the Niagara Movement served as a forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the civil rights movement. Founding of the Niagara Movement As the 20th century began, the promises of the 14th and 15th Amendments—civil rights for African Americans—had fallen well short. Reconstruction had failed, and the Supreme Court had sanctioned Jim Crow segregationist policies in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Against this background of widespread racial discrimination and segregation, Booker T. Washington became one of the era's most influential Black leaders. He argued that Black people should advance themselves through learning skills such as farming and carpentry, rather than look to legal and political means to advance as a group. "We shall not agitate for political or social equality," Washington declared in 1895, in a speech known as the Atlanta Compromise. "Living separately, yet working together, both races will determine the future of our beloved South." In 1905, Du Bois, then a professor at Atlanta University, and William Monroe Trotter, founder of the activist newspaper the Boston Guardian, issued a call to a select group of Black men who opposed Washington's accommodationist stance. In response to their call, 29 men from 14 states gathered in Buffalo, New York that summer. The group then headed across the border to Canada, meeting at the Erie Beach Hotel in Ontario, near Niagara Falls, from July 11-14, 1905. Historians have long assumed that Du Bois' group chose the Erie Beach meeting site after being refused accommodation in Buffalo due to racial discrimination. But more recent research by local scholars found that hotel managers in Buffalo did in fact comply with anti-discrimination laws at the time, making this explanation unlikely. According to Du Bois' own writings at the time, the group sought a "quiet place outside the city near the water where we can be to ourselves, hold conferences together" and have access to recreation; the Erie Beach Hotel apparently met these requirements. Goals and Growth of the Movement At their initial meeting, the founding members of the Niagara Movement adopted a constitution and by-laws and drafted a "Declaration of Principles" that dedicated the group to fighting for political and social equality for African Americans. "We refuse to allow the impression to remain that the Negro-American assents to inferiority, is submissive under oppression and apologetic before insults," the declaration read in part. "Persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty, and toward this goal the Niagara Movement has started and asks the cooperation of all men of all races." By 1906, the Niagara Movement had grown to some 170 members in 34 states. That August, the organization held its first public meeting in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, on the campus of Storer College. Its members chose the meeting site for its historical significance as the site of John Brown's anti-slavery raid in 1959; Storer was also founded as a Baptist school with a mission to educate former slaves. Despite some state-level success, including lobbying against the legalization of segregated railroad cars in Massachusetts, the Niagara Movement failed to gain much national momentum. The group suffered from limited financial resources and determined opposition from Washington and his supporters, as well as internal disagreement between Du Bois and Trotter as to whether to admit women. Trotter, who opposed letting women join the movement, left by 1908 to found his own organization, the Negro-American Political League. End of the Niagara Movement and Founding of the NAACP Though a 1907 meeting at Faneuil Hall in Boston attracted as many as 800 members, support for the Niagara Movement soon began to dwindle. Then, in the wake of a major race riot in Springfield, Illinois, in August 1908, Du Bois joined other prominent activists, including Mary White Ovington, in calling for a new civil rights organization with both Black and white members. The result was the NAACP, founded in February 1909 in New York City. Though the Niagara Movement held its final meeting in 1908, and formally disbanded in 1911, the majority of its members would continue the fight for civil and political rights for African Americans with the NAACP.

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Ida Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores African American journalist who led an antilynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. -Using the pen name Iola, Wells in 1891 also wrote some newspaper articles critical of the education available to African American children. Her teaching contract was not renewed. She thereupon turned to journalism, buying an interest in the Memphis Free Speech. In 1892, after three friends of hers had been lynched by a mob, Wells began an editorial campaign against lynching that quickly led to the sacking of her newspaper's office. She continued her antilynching crusade, first as a staff writer for the New York Age and then as a lecturer and organizer of antilynching societies. She traveled to speak in a number of major U.S. cities and twice visited Great Britain for the cause. In 1895 she married Ferdinand L. Barnett, a Chicago lawyer, editor, and public official, and adopted the name Wells-Barnett. From that time she restricted her travels, but she was very active in Chicago affairs. Wells-Barnett contributed to the Chicago Conservator, her husband's newspaper, and to other local journals; published a detailed look at lynching in A Red Record (1895); and was active in organizing local African American women in various causes, from the antilynching campaign to the suffrage movement. From 1898 to 1902 Wells-Barnett served as secretary of the National Afro-American Council. In 1909, she participated in the meeting of the Niagara Movement and the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) that sprang from it. Although she was initially left off the NAACP's controlling Committee of Forty, Wells-Barnett later became a member of the organization's executive committee; however, disenchanted with the NAACP's white and elite Black leadership, she soon distanced herself from the organization. In 1910 Wells-Barnett founded and became the first president of the Negro Fellowship League, which aided newly arrived migrants from the South. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights. The NAACP was created in 1909 by an interracial group consisting of W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Mary White Ovington, and others concerned with the challenges facing African Americans, especially in the wake of the 1908 Springfield (Illinois) Race Riot. Some of the founding members had been associated with the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group led by Du Bois. In 1910 the NAACP began publishing a quarterly magazine called The Crisis.

Direct Primaries

Anyone who wants run for office can put there name out there and people have the right to vote

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Preservation

Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

Muckrakers

Muckrakers were journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government. The work of muckrakers influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers. Some of the most famous muckrakers were women, including Ida Tarbell and Ida B. Wells. The term "muckraker" was popularized in 1906, when Theodore Roosevelt delivered a speech suggesting that "the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck . . ." Term the mucker" refers to the practices of investigative journalists and activists who brought the unpleasant "muck" of corruption in government and big business to the surface. Some of the most famous Progressive muckrakers were women. Muckrakers also sought to raise awareness of poverty and other social ills associated with industrialization.

What were the political, social, and economic changes coming at the national, state, and local levels during the Progressive Era? To what extent did these solve the political, social, and economic problems created by industrialization?

National Political: 17th Amendment; 19th Amendment Economic: 16th Amendment; "Trust-busting"; Hepburn Act; Tariff reduction; Federal Reserve Act; Federal Trade Commission Social: Meat Inspection Act; Pure Food and Drug Act; 18th Amendment State Political: Direct primaries; Australian ballot; initiative; referendum; recall; corrupt practices law; civil service tests Economic: regulation of public utilities; intrastate regulation of railroads Social: consumer protection laws - honest weights, unadulterated foods; child labor laws; workman's compensation; labor laws to protect women National Political: commission governments; city managers; "reform" mayors; civil service tests Economic: reduced transit fares; regulation of public utilities Social: city beautiful movement; settlement houses

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Jane Addams

A progressive social reformer and activist, Jane Addams was on the frontline of the settlement house movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Part of a new generation of college-educated, independent women that historians have called "New Women," she sought to put her education to greater use. For the next six years, she attempted to study medicine, but her own poor health derailed her. Addams found her true calling while in London with her friend Ellen Gates Starr in 1888. The pair visited Toynbee Hall, a settlement house on the city's East End that provided much-needed services to poor industrial workers. Addams vowed to bring that model to the United States, which was in the early years of escalating industrialization and immigration. In 1889, Addams and Starr founded Hull House in Chicago's poor, industrial west side, the first settlement house in the United States. -The goal was for educated women to share all kinds of knowledge, from basic skills to arts and literature with poorer people in the neighborhood. They also envisioned women living in the community center, among the people they served. Addams and Starr were joined in this effort by women who would become leading progressive reformers: Florence Kelley, Julia Lathrop, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Alice Hamilton, and Grace and Edith Abbott. Under Addams direction, the Hull House team provided an array of vital services to thousands of people each week: they established a kindergarten and day-care for working mothers; provided job training; English language, cooking, and acculturation classes for immigrants; established a job-placement bureau, community center, gymnasium, and art gallery. Addams expanded her efforts to improve society. Along with other progressive women reformers, she was instrumental in successfully lobbying for the establishment of a juvenile court system, better urban sanitation and factory laws, protective labor legislation for women, and more playgrounds and kindergartens throughout Chicago. In 1907, Addams was a founding member of the National Child Labor Committee, which played a significant role in passage of a Federal Child Labor Law in 1916. Addams led an initiative to establish a School of Social Work at the University of Chicago, creating institutional support for a new profession for women. Addams also served as president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections from 1909-1915, the first woman to hold that title, and became active in the women's suffrage movement as an officer in the National American Women's Suffrage Association and pro-suffrage columnist. She was also among the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Florence Kelley

American social reformer who contributed to the development of state and federal labor and social welfare legislation in the United States. Kelley became a resident at Jane Addams's Hull House settlement and quickly took her place among the most active and effective workers there. In 1892 she conducted parallel investigations into slum conditions in Chicago and into sweatshops in the tenements. Her reports, together with her contributions to Hull-House Maps and Papers (1895), presented a vivid picture of miserable working and living conditions. The Illinois law of 1893 that limited working hours for women, regulated tenement sweatshops, and prohibited child labour was in large part the result of her findings, and in consequence she was appointed to the post of chief factory inspector for Illinois. In 1899 Kelley moved to New York City to become general secretary of the new National Consumers League, which had grown out of Josephine Shaw Lowell's Consumers' League of New York. She retained the post until her death. She took up residence at Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement and set about the work of promoting federal legislation on hours-and-wages and child labor, as well as other reforms. She organized some 60 local and state Consumers' Leagues and traveled and spoke indefatigably for the cause. With Wald she led in organizing the New York Child Labor Committee in 1902, and in 1904 she was a founder of the National Child Labor Committee. Her efforts contributed greatly to the creation of the U.S. Children's Bureau in 1912. Within a short time, she became publications secretary of the league and then chairman of its committee on the legal defense of labour laws....Helen MarotWith Florence Kelley and Josephine Goldmark she drew up a report on child labor in the city that was the principal impetus to the passage of the Compulsory Education Act by the state legislature in 1903....Mary Kenney O'SullivanKenney also assisted Florence Kelley in her investigation of sweatshops and tenements in 1892. In April of that year Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, appointed her the federation's first woman general organizer. During the year she held the post, she organized garment workers in

Theodore Roosevelt

At age 42, Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president in American history. -Roosevelt quickly became a major voice in the Progressive movement. Like other Progressives, TR believed that government should be used to solve nations presiding problems. The dynamic force of hiss personality revitalized the presidency and established the White House as the focal point in America Life.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard." -and educator who was a founder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and *** Head education reformers, a leader of the progressive movement in education in the United States _Seperated students by grade level*** -John Dewey believed that a democratic society of informed and engaged inquirers was the best means of promoting human interests. To argue for this philosophy, Dewey taught at universities and wrote influential books such as Democracy and Education (1916) and Experience and Nature (1925).

Secret Ballots

In the late 1800s with partisanship, campaign finance and inequality soaring to all-time highs, the United States began to roll out the secret ballot. Proponents like John Stuart Mill claimed the secrecy of the ballot would curb the power of intimidating landlords and the rampant vote-buying funded by the wealthy. Now embraced as a 'cornerstone of modern democracy,' the secret ballot brought an immediate reduction to election violence, intimidation and bribery. It also curtailed the Robber Barons' vice-grip control over elections and diminished their hold on the democratic process. By curbing the government capture of the Gilded Age, the secret ballot opened the door for the Progressive Era. And despite the paucity of press on this topic, one thing is for sure, few other compelling reasons for this transition are offered. And the correlations and rationale that link the demise of inequality and corporate power to the simple introduction of voter secrecy are precise. And we expect, today, that reinstating congressional secrecy would have the same chilling effect on corruption.

Frank Norris

Muckraker during the Progressive Era; wrote "The Octopus" (1901) that described the power of the railroads over Western farmers. -American novelist who was the first important naturalist writer in the United States. -dealing with the economic and social forces involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of wheat. The Octopus which exposes the abuses of the railroad industry pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat-growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation. -From The Octopus on he adopted a more humanitarian ideal and began to view the novel as a proper agent for social betterment. In The Octopus and other novels, he strove to return American fiction, which was then dominated by historical romance, to more serious themes. Despite their romanticizing tendencies, his novels present a vividly authentic and highly readable picture of life in California at the turn of the 20th century.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -The NAACP or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was established in 1909 and is America's oldest and largest civil rights organization. It was formed in New York City by white and Black activists, partially in response to the ongoing violence against African Americans around the country. In the NAACP's early decades, its anti-lynching campaign was central to its agenda. During the civil rights era in the 1950s and 1960s, the group won major legal victories, and today the NAACP has more than 2,200 branches and some half a million members worldwide. Founding of the NAACP The NAACP was established in February 1909 in New York City by an interracial group of activists, partially in response to the 1908 Springfield race riot in Illinois. In that event, two Black men being held in a Springfield jail for alleged crimes against white people were surreptitiously transferred to a jail in another city, spurring a white mob to burn down 40 homes in Springfield's Black residential district, ransack local businesses and murder two African Americans. The NAACP's founding members included white progressives Mary White Ovington, Henry Moskowitz, William English Walling and Oswald Garrison Villard, along with such African Americans as W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett, Archibald Grimke and Mary Church Terrell. Niagara Movement Some early members of the organization, which included suffragists, social workers, journalists, labor reformers, intellectuals and others, had been involved in the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group started in 1905 and led by Du Bois, a sociologist and writer. In its charter, the NAACP promised to champion equal rights and eliminate racial prejudice, and to "advance the interest of colored citizens" in regard to voting rights, legal justice and educational and employment opportunities. A white lawyer, Moorfield Storey, became the NAACP's first president. Du Bois, the only Black person on the initial leadership team, served as director of publications and research. In 1910, Du Bois started The Crisis, which became the leading publication for Black writers; it remains in print today.

Anti-Saloon League

National organization, non religious, set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

What were the greatest achievements of the Progressive reformers?

The 1887 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was an early example of Progressive Reforms and other helpful laws followed (refer to the timeline below) Laws were passed to protect the public's health and welfare Anti-trust legislation was passed to prohibit monopolies Big Business and corporations were regulated as the process of arbitration was included in the negotiation process The Unionization of all the important industries The commission system of local government, replacing the mayor, city council and political machine was introduced The crusading 'muckrakers' raised awareness of social issues which led to the formation of pressure groups and reform The federal government started to act as mediators between opposing sides The number of hours that children were allowed work were limited, and education improved Laws were passed to protect the environment and address pollution The 17th amendment to the Constitution was ratified to counter Senate corruption The 18th Amendment was passed prohibiting the sale and manufacture of alcohol The 19th Amendment was passed that gave women the right to vote - refer to Women's suffrage

Socialist Party of America

This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel. During the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, socialism attracted many people in the United States. Socialists called for an economic system that removed greed from the people. Rather than working to attain the most wealth, socialists hoped that everyone in the U.S. would work together to benefit the common good. They also desired public ownership of utilities and transportation systems. Socialists did not want to necessarily make all people politically, economically, and socially equal; rather, they wanted to have people in the United States, as a whole, working together to benefit everyone. Some U.S. citizens would be deserving of more than other citizens, but no one in the U.S. should prosper by denying his/her fellow citizen the basic necessities of life. The socialists' message became especially welcome among the working class, including factory workers who endured harsh working and living conditions. In 1912, as many as one-third of the American Federation of Labor's members were in favor of socialism as a system of government. During the 1890s, several political parties formed that favored socialism. The Social Democratic Party, founded by Eugene V. Debs in 1898, and the Social Labor Party ranked among two of the more prominent organizations. These two parties united together in 1901 to form the Socialist Party. This new party favored the peaceful establishment of a socialist economic and political system within the United States, but not all socialists agreed with this approach, some favoring a violent revolution to overthrow capitalism's dominance in the United States. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, Eugene V. Debs dominated the Socialist Party. In the presidential election of 1912, Debs received 900,000 votes, amounting to six percent of the total votes cast. In the presidential election of 1920, Debs surpassed that number of votes by twenty thousand, but socialism's appeal had begun to decline. While socialists attained many local and state offices during the 1910s, socialists' opposition to World War I combined with President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's implementation of many socialist goals to help the U.S. during the Great Depression doomed the Socialist Party. Socialists and several socialist parties still exist today, but none have attained the success of the Socialist Party of the 1910s.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities. American journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher, a leading figure among the writers whom U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt called muckrakers. During nine years of New York City newspaper work ending in 1901, Steffens discovered abundant evidence of the ***corruption of politicians by businessmen seeking special privileges***. In 1901, after becoming managing editor of McClure's Magazine, he began to publish the influential articles later collected as The Shame of the Cities (1904), a work closer to a documented sociological case study than to a sensational journalistic exposé - raised rather than answered questions, jolting his audience into awareness of the ethical paradox of private interest in public affairs by comic irony rather than by moral indignation. He revealed the shortcomings of the popular dogmas that connected economic success with moral worth, and national progress with individual self-interest.

Standard Oil Co. v. U.S.

a Sup. Ct. case that got rid of the Standard Oil Trust ~ John D. Rockefeller owned the largest and richest trust in America. He controlled the nation's oil business and scorned congressional efforts to outlaw combinations in restraint of trade (i.e., antitrust). In 1909, a federal court found Rockefeller's company, Standard Oil, in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The court ordered the dissolution of the company. Question Did Standard Oil violate the Sherman Act? Conclusion Standard Oil lost, but White, for the majority, managed to amend the language of the Sherman Act such that only "unreasonable" contracts and combinations in restraint of trade would violate the law. Heretofore, the Act made all contracts and combinations in retraint of trade into law violations. In this case, the record shows that the Standard Oil trust was unreasonable.

Chapman Catt

a suffragette who was pres. of the National Women's Suffrage Association, & founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920

Ida Tarbell

a teacher, author, and journalist, published a series of articles in McClure's Magazine in 1902. These articles became the foundation for her book, The History of the Standard Oil Company, which was published in 1904, and depicted Standard Oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller as a greedy, miserly monopolist., how he used to eliminate competitors and build the Standard Oil Company into the "Mother of Trusts". Muckracking articles by Tarbell and others enabled the spirit of Progressive reform to mobilize public opinion to demand and support needed reformers. The book quickly became a bestseller and established Tarbell as an early pioneer of investigative journalism.

African-Americans: Booker T. Washington

educator and reformer, first president and principal developer of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University), and the most influential spokesman for Black Americans between 1895 and 1915. -Washington believed that the best interests of Black people in the post-Reconstruction era could be realized through education in the crafts and industrial skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise, and thrift. He urged his fellow Blacks, most of whom were impoverished and illiterate farm laborers, to temporarily abandon their efforts to win full civil rights and political power and instead to cultivate their industrial and farming skills so as to attain economic security. Blacks would thus accept segregation and discrimination, but their eventual acquisition of wealth and culture would gradually win for them the respect and acceptance of the white community. This would break down the divisions between the two races and lead to equal citizenship for Blacks in the end. -

Health and Safety Regulations

employers responsibilities to ensure employees have a safe working environment in relation to ICT And all oDo you know anything that's going to benefit peoples health and anything that benefits of safety and the outcome of triangle shirt waist fire

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

fatal conflagration that occurred on the evening of March 25, 1911, in a New York City sweatshop, touching off a national movement in the United States for safer working conditions. That floor and the two floors above were occupied by the Triangle Waist Company, a manufacturer of women's shirtwaists (blouses) that employed approximately 500 people. The flames, fed by copious cotton and paper waste, quickly spread upward to the top two floors of the building. Fire truck ladders were only able to reach six stories, and the building's overloaded fire escape collapsed. Many workers, trapped by doors that had been locked to prevent theft, leapt from windows to their deaths. The 129 women and 17 men who perished in the 18-minute conflagration were mostly young European immigrants. Though the owners of the factory were indicted later that month on charges of manslaughter, they were acquitted in December 1911; the owners ultimately profited from inflated insurance claims that they submitted after the tragedy. However, the uproar generated by the disaster led to the creation of the Factory Investigating Commission by the New York state legislature in June. Over the following year and a half, members of the commission visited factories, interviewed workers, and held public hearings. The commission's findings ultimately led to the passage of more than 30 health and safety laws, including factory fire codes and child labour restrictions, and helped shape future labour laws across the country.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them -Gifford Pinchot was an important figure in the American conservation movement. As the first chief of the US Forest Service, Pinchot tripled the nation's forest reserves, protecting their long term health for both conservation and recreational use.Unlike some other seminal figures of the conservation movement, Pinchot was more interested in the practical elements of conservation and less preoccupied with the spirituality of nature. He saw protecting the parks as a "social good" and recognized that national forests had value not only because of their beauty but also because of the resources they provided to citizens. Part of this recognition came from Pinchot's personal background. His family fortune had been earned in the sale of products coming from forests. Consequently, Pinchot was encouraged by his father to become a forester and had a unique recognition for the role that well-managed forests played in sustaining the livelihood of families that relied on natural resources for income.Pinchot also played an important role in beginning the Yale School of Forestry, encouraging his wealthy family members to donate to the school. At Yale, Pinchot became a leader in sustainable resource management. In 1900, he founded the American Society of Foresters to increase awareness of forestry and provide professional development opportunities for those interested in making a career of protecting woodlands. When Teddy Roosevelt created the position of chief of the US Forest Service in 1905, Pinchot was the obvious choice. Pinchot served in this role for five years under Roosevelt and then under President Taft until 1910. He worked to promote efficiency in resource use and to cut back on waste in the forests, utilizing the whole of felled trees.Pinchot clashed with other leaders of the environmental movement, including John Muir, in the debate over the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir.Pinchot also worked with the National Conservation Commission in 1910. The commission was started by Teddy Roosevelt and conducted over 200 studies on the lands of North America. For a brief period, Pinchot served as the chairman of its executive committee. Eventually, Pinchot left the world of forestry to aim for higher offices in politics, becoming the governor of Pennsylvania in 1922. However, he always remained a staunch advocate for conservation and natural resource management. His legacy can now be remembered via the Pinchot Institute for Conservation, a policy organization that advocates for his ideals and promotes clean water, air, and responsible resource management.

Eugene V. Debs

labour organizer and Socialist Party candidate for U.S. president five times between 1900 and 1920. -Debs left home at age 14 to work in the railroad shops and later became a locomotive fireman. In 1875 he helped organize a local lodge of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, of which he was elected national secretary and treasurer in 1880. He also served as city clerk of Terre Haute(1879-83) and as a member of the Indiana legislature (1885). From his earliest days, Debs advocated the organization of labour by industry rather than by craft. After trying unsuccessfully to unite the various railroad brotherhoods of his day, he became president (1893) of the newly established American Railway Union. Debs successfully united railway workers from different crafts into the first industrial union in the United States. At the same time, industrial unionism was also being promoted by the Knights of Labor. -During his prison term at Woodstock, Illinois, Debs was deeply influenced by his broad reading—including the works of Karl Marx—and grew increasingly critical of traditional political and economic concepts, especially capitalism. He also saw the labour movement as a struggle between classes. Sympathetic toward Populist doctrines, he campaigned for the Democratic-Populist presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan in 1896. After announcing his conversion to socialism in 1897, he led the establishment of the Socialist Party of America. Debs was the party's presidential candidate in 1900 but received only 96,000 votes, a total he raised to 400,000 in 1904. In 1905 he helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, but he soon withdrew from the group because of its radicalism.

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," Used against people of color and inter racial relationships

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.