Progressive Era Quiz
What is the result of that change?
-New Interconnected Economy
14th Amendment (DON'T NEED TO STUDY JUST KNOW BROAD INFO)
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
What was Roosevelt's thought on the idea of Hetch Hetchy
He wanted to conserve the valley and not make a dam
Smith-Lever Act
Under Wilson, provided money for agricultural extension education
Conservationists
promoted policies to protect land for carefully managed development (including Pinchot)
In the Progressive Era, states attempted to regulate the laborers working hours and conditions, but these regulations were resisted by the courts because of the ________
14th Amendment
"Bull Mouse" party
A name given to the Progressive Party (a third party) formed by Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the Presidential nomination of the Republican Party, it was named this because Roosevelt said that he felt "strong as a bull mouse"
Cheaper monthlies
like McClure's Magazine, these companies published credible newspapers and magazines that were half as expensive as the one's before them
Bakeshop Act
limited the bakers' workweek to sixty hours
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
made by William Taft; reduced tariff rates scarcely (barely) at all
Pinchot stressed that the city's needs are ________
more important than the fight for preservation; so he wanted the dam
John Muir
nation's leading preservationist and founder of the Sierra Club
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
prohibited shipment of impure (mixed with foreign matter) foods and drugs in interstate commerce and required honest labeling
Pure Food and Drug Act
restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines
The Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906
sought to restore some regulatory authority to the government by giving the ICC the power to oversee railroad rates
For Muckrakers, the more shocking _____ _____
the better
New Interconnected Economy
the relationship between the individual and the broader economic, political, and social community has changed
Naturalists
those committed to protecting the natural beauty of the land and the health of its wildlife from human intrusion
Roosevelt was known as a ________
trustbuster
Richard A. Ballinger
was a conservation corporate lawyer
Gifford Pinchot
Roosevelt's chief forester
Acts under the Square Deal
- Hepburn Act - Pure Food and Drug Act - Meat Inspection Act
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
- Louis Glavis, an Interior Department investigator, charged Ballinger with having once secretly allowed to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit - Glavis took the evidence to Gifford Pinchot, still director of the U.S. Forest Service and a critic of Ballinger's polices - Pinchot took the charges to the president - Taft investigated them and decided they were nothing - Unsatisfied, Pinchot leaked the story to the press and asked Congress to investigate the Scandal - the President discharged (fired) Pinchot - the President exonerated Ballinger (cleared) - but many progressives throughout the country supported Pinchot - the controversy aroused as much public passion as any dispute of its time
Hetch Hetchy and the idea of a dam
- Many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population - They saw Hetch Hetchy as an ideal place for a dam, which would create a large reservoir in for the city - San Francisco suffered a devastating earthquake and fire. Widespread sympathy for the city strengthened the case for the dam, and Roosevelt turned the decision over to Pinchot, who approved its construction
Why the "Progressives?" Why now?
- Panic of 1893 - growing awareness of what is going on...
How has the Government Responded to the Modern Corporation?
- Sherman Antitrust Act - Interstate Commerce Act
Was Roosevelt a trustbuster?
- Yes, he was, but Roosevelt was not a trustbuster at heart and he made a few highly publicized efforts to break up combinations - Ordered to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act - Filed for more than 40 more antitrust suits
Ida M. Tarbell
- a journalist recruited for McClure's magazine - Tarbell's earliest works were biographies on the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Abraham Lincoln - her most famous, and definitely most controversial piece was written about oil-refining companies in American called, "History of the Standard Oil Company "
The Jungle
- a novel in which an immigrant tries to pursue the American dream of acquiring a home and living a comfortable life - he eagerly takes a job in the meatpacking industry, but his optimism soon dissolves under the tough slaughterhouse work - he witnesses the greed and corruption in the industry and the deterioration of the lives of many workers - he is also shocked by the unhealthy handling of the meat - the novel presents graphic descriptions of diseased animals and rotting meat being sold to the American public - "The Jungle" disgusted many readers
The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
- an act which blocked the shipment of goods made by children -prohibited children under sixteen from working in dangerous locations like mines and quarries - prohibited children from working longer than eight hours a day - prohibited children from working at night
William Howard Taft
- assumed the presidency in 1909 - had been Theodore Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and his handpicked successor; progressive reformers believed him to be one of their own - Taft was also a restrained and moderate jurist, a man with a punctilious regard for legal process - by seeming acceptable to almost everyone, Taft easily won election to the White House in 1908 over William Jennings Bryan (Democrat)
Sherman Antitrust Act
- banned trusts and monopolies - only 18 suits brought before the court - 4 of them were against unions
Interstate Commerce Act
- creates ICC - supposed to regulate railroads - only brings 16 suits against railroads...the railroads win 15 of them...
What was Roosevelt's first target after becoming President?
- diminishing the power of the railroad industry
How has industrialization changed America?
- dramatic industrial growth - the creation of the Modern Corporation
Lincoln Steffens
- hired by McClure and served as a reporter and later managing editor of the magazine - examined corruption in the city of St. Louis, Missouri and the police departments of Minneapolis - he published his work and, like Tarbell, he increased sales of the magazine - wrote the Shame of the Cities
Worker's Compensation
- in 1900 industrial accidents killed 35,000 workers each year and injured 500,000 others - workers who were injured sued their employers in court and courts often ruled against the workers, declaring that they had assumed the risk of injury by taking the job - Workers' Compensation laws awarded set amounts of money for various injuries which relieved both the workers and the employers - Workers received money for injuries, and employers no longer needed to worry about being sued for work-related accidents - states establish Worker's Compensation Laws and in 1916 the federal government follows suit
Minimum Wage
- in 1912 Massachusetts passes a minimum wage law - in 1918 Congress passes minimum laws for D.C. - the supreme court rules these unconstitutional because they ruled that minimum wage laws infringed on the freedom of businesses and workers to form contracts as they saw fit - the supreme court then changed its views and set the first minimum wage at twenty-five cents an hour
Child Labor Act
- it was estimated that there were more than 2 million children employed in industrial settings - the Congress passed the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act...but was found unconstitutional in 1938
Roosevelt Leadership
- rarely openly rebelled against the leaders of his party - supported cautious, moderate change - believed that reforms were not for remaking American society but for protecting the American society against more radical changes - wanted to fix not remake the economy because he saw the economy as broken - wanted regulation (but not destruction) of trusts - wanted to give the federal government the control to investigate corporations, publicize their findings, and make make moderate changes
McClure's Magazine (Muckraking Company)
- the most famous of the cheaper monthlies - founded by Samuel S. McClure - McClure recruited some of the most talented young journalists of the time, including Ida M. Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens - established itself at the head of muckraking journalism
Progressivism
- the wide-ranging economic, social, and political movements that took place in the United States in the early 20th century - middle and upper-class reformers as well as laborers, small business owners, and farmers all worked together in the interest of improving the workings of society.
Northern Securities Company
- trust headed by JP Morgan that brought 5 railway companies under the leadership of one board of directors - Teddy Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break it up
Conservation vs. Preservation
-both advocate for protection, but they differ in how they handle this protection - conservation is the protection of natural resources while integrating reasonable development - preservation is the action of protecting something, in this case it is land/nature
Upton Sinclair
-joined the Progressive writers when he began an investigation (which is now famous) of the meatpacking business in Chicago, Illinois -in the city he witnessed miserable working conditions, poor wages, crowded immigrant housing, and unsanitary food processing, all of which became the basis of his 1906 novel "The Jungle"
Why were newspapers and magazines popular back in the 1800-1900s?
Because of the lack of alternative choices
What did the muckrakers mainly focus on?
Big corporations and large businesses
________ wanted to dam Hetch Hetchy
Conservationists (including Pinchot who made the decision to dam it)
Hetch Hetchy
Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club.
Roosevelt pushed for passage of the ________, which helped eliminate many diseases once transmitted in impure meat
Meat Inspection Act
________ was formed by Congress to promote the welfare of America's working children and investigate conditions in a number of states
National Child Labor Committee
________ were against the idea of the dam
Naturalists
________ did not want to dam Hetch Hetchy
Preservationists (naturalists; John Muir)
Many progressives had been unhappy when Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, an aggressive conservationist, with __________
Richard A. Ballinger
Why did Roosevelt hate the Muckrakers?
Roosevelt felt that the muckrakers' investigations emphasized the negative side of things, particularly with regard to big businesses, while ignoring the positive
Roosevelt and the Sherman Antitrust Act
Roosevelt invoked the Sherman Antitrust Act against a great new railroad monopoly in the Northwest, the Northern Securities Company
Early in his presidency, ________ spent four days camping in the Sierras with ________
Roosevelt; John Muir
The outcome of the Hetch Hetchy dam
San Franciscans approved the dam by a huge margin
In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to invoke the ________ which mainly targeted JP Morgan's enterprise
Sherman Antitrust Act
Who used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up the Northern Securities Company?
Teddy Roosevelt
Ida Tarbell wrote ________
The History of Standard Oil
Upton Sinclair wrote ________
The Jungle
Muckrakers
The Muckrakers were a group of influential journalists who were young, educated people during the beginning of the 20th century who revealed injustices and oversights in American society. They wanted to end all corruption between the government and monopolized businesses. Through their use of magazines they were able to spread their ideas across America faster than anyone had ever before
What act did the book, "The Jungle", bring about?
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Lincoln Steffens wrote ________
The Shame of the Cities
What were the Muckrakers goals from these articles and magazines?
They wanted to invoke moral outrage and prompt (persuade) citizens to take action
Did the muckrakers choose to write upon the negative aspects of public affairs or positive aspects of public affairs?
The muckrakers only wrote upon the negative aspects of public affairs and completely disregarded the positives
Who created the Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act of 1906?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who created the Pure Food and Drug Act?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who formed the Progressive Party?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who made the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who nicknamed the investigative journalists the Muckrakers?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who worked to dismantle the monopolies that existed in America?
Theodore Roosevelt
The Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all; fair bargain between companies and workers
________ was the ________ to President William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt;Vice President
What did the Muckrakes do?
They set out to investigate and reveal wrong-doing and persuaded the American society to fix social, economic and political problems
Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the 'League of Nations' - which the US wouldn't join because of Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate.
Lochner vs. New York Case
after being caught violating the Bakeshop Act, a bakeshop owner took his case to Supreme Court and used the 14th Amendment to argue that his rights were being infringed by the state because he should have the right to set how many hours he wants and maybe some workers want to work longer than 60 hours a week. The court held that maximum hours was unconstitutional
Panic of 1893
after the Panic of 1893, which was the first huge depression that the United States had and it occurred because of the railroad failure which also failed the economy and it made the United States realize how dependent the economy was on the railroads and they knew they had to change something which is where the progressives come in
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
an effort to regulate the railroad industry, but over the years, the courts had sharply limited its influence
When President William McKinley was ________ in September 1901, ________, 42 years old at the time, became the ________ man ever to assume the presidency up until that point
assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt; youngest
National Reclamation Act
backed by Roosevelt, it provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West
Modern Corporation
between 1898 and 1904, 5,300 individual companies had combined into just 318 trusts
History of the Standard Oil Company
book written by Ida M. Tarbell, it criticized Standard Oil's methods of eliminating competition
Roosevelt put much focus on the ________ in America
conservation of natural resources
Americans were fascinated by ________ and these books/articles became best sellers
corruption
Americans were fascinated by the ________ the muckrakers uncovered
corruption
Meat Inspection Act
eliminated diseases from impure meat
The Meat Inspection Act
eliminated diseases from impure meat; it was passed in the same year as the Pure Food and Drug Act (in 1906) and the government was beginning to take a role in regulating big businesses and large corporations
When a state tried to limit the number of hours a person worked in a day or a week, the state was ________
infringing on his or her liberty which would be going against the 14th Amendment
