Pronouns

Personal pronouns

I/me you, he/him, she/her, it, we/us, you, they/them Cannot be followed by a noun, so never a determiner

THEIR anyone who does not have a valid ticket for THEIR journey....

THEIR Form: possessive adjective/determiner Third person plural PLURAL possessive used as referent for singular pronoun 'anyone' Meaning/use: defines whose journey Abstract type of possession - does not belong to an individual Gender neutral Anaphoric reference Refers to anyone who does not have a ticket Substitutes and avoids repetition

THIS THIS means that anyone who does not have.....

THIS Form: Singular demonstrative pronoun. Meaning/use: replaces a clause Refers to a longer segment of text/clause Anophoric reference which creates COHESION with a previous sentence and avoids repetition. (Not included in this example).

WHO anyone WHO does not have a relevant ticket...

WHO Form: relative pronoun Introduces a defining relative clause There is no comma before it Cannot be omitted Can be replaced with THAT Meaning/use: defines a person (not things)/which group of people are affected Refers to the indefinite pronoun anyone Anaphoric reference Subject of the relative clause

Interrogative pronouns

What, who, whom, which Like interrogative pronouns, interrogative determiners ask questions. The three interrogative determiners in English grammar are: what which whose (possessive interrogative determiner) Interrogative determiners are determiners that formulate direct or indirect questions and exclamations. Like other determiners, interrogative determiners perform the grammatical function of determinative.

Reciprocal pronouns

each other, one another

Possessive pronouns

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun following it in order to show possession. Possessive determiners are different from possessive pronouns - mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their. Possessive pronouns can stand alone and are not followed by nouns. Possessive determiners, on the other hand, are followed by nouns. Compare: This is my house. (my is a possessive determiner. It is followed by the noun house which it modifies) Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive pronoun. It is not followed by a noun.)

Reflexive pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Cannot be followed by a noun, so never a determiner

Indefinite pronouns

one, some, any, others, somebody, something, someone, anybody, anything, nothing English has a large set of words which refer to indefinite quantities, or to definite but unknown people and objects. If they occur alone, they are pronouns, if they occur in front of a head noun, they are determiners. Here is a list of some of the most common. Their use is determined by slightly different rules. See below. Much, (a) little, all, some/any, a lot, many, several, others, loads of, (a) few, somebody/anybody, something/anything, someone/anyone, somewhere/anywhere, nobody, no, none, either, neither. Several cars had ended up in the snowdrifts. --- (determiner in front of a countable plural noun) A lot of work had been put into the project. --- (determiner in front of an uncountable noun) Nothing could stop him from trying. --- (pronoun) I'd prefer some wine, please. --- (determiner in front of an uncountable noun) There isn't much hope of finding them. --- (determiner in front of an uncountable noun) Have you met any relatives yet? --- (determiner in front of a countable noun) No, I haven't seen any? --- (pronoun) English has double sets of words corresponding to the Norwegian 'noe/noen' Their use follows this pattern. Some-words are used in positive declarative sentences or when we expect an affirmative answer (yes) to an interrogative. Any-words appear in interrogative and negative contexts. I left some of them for him to look at. Has anything been done yet? She'd never heard anything like it. Do you know if anything has happened to him? (speaker is neutral) Do you know if something has happened to him? (speaker expects an affirmative answer) This is totally different from anything I've seen so far. (sentence is indirectly negative)

Demonstrative pronouns

this, that, these, those Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used as demonstrative pronouns. When they are used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they modify. Compare: This is my camera. (Demonstrative used as a pronoun, subject of the verb is) This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a determiner modifying the noun camera.)

Relative pronouns

who, whom, which, that