Protein Synthesis
(RNA/amino) acids make up a protein.
amino
What is the monomer of a protein?
amino acid
The building blocks (monomer) of a protein.
amino acids
The three base sequence on a tRNA is called
an anti-codon
The bases on TRNA are called
anti-codons
What are the three bases on a tRNA molecule called?
anticodon
tRNA uses (anticodons/codons) to match to the mRNA.
anticodons
The location where the amino acids are assembled.
at the ribosome
A three-base code on mRNA for an amino acid is called a(n)
codon
Translation takes place in the (cytoplasm/nucleus).
cytoplasm
tRNA is found in the (nucleus/cytoplasm).
cytoplasm
Nucleotides in DNA are held together by
hydrogen bonds
(MRNA/rRNA) is used to carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.
mRNA
Transcription takes place in the (nucleus/cytoplasm).
nucleus
How are amino acids held together in a polypeptide?
peptide bonds
What forms (by the help of rRNA) between amino acids during translation?
peptide bonds
Describe splicing
pre-mRNA Removing introns (regions that don't code for proteins - junk DNA) and keeping the remaining exons (that do code for proteins)
A bunch of amino acids attached together is called a
protein
(tRNA/rRNA) makes up the ribosome.
rRNA
Proteins are made at the (nucleus/ribosome).
ribosome
Put the steps of protein synthesis in order.
step 1 DNA unzips, MRNA copy of the DNA is made step 2 DNA rejoins and M RNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosome. step 3 The mRNA codons pair up with the tRNA anti-codons step 4 Amino acids continue to be added until stop codon is reached
Nitrogen bases are read ____ bases at a time.
3
If a protein had 10 amino acids, how many nucleotides were transcribed?
30
If DNA is 40% Adenine, what percent is Thymine?
40%
The anticodon is attached to this type of RNA?
TRNA
Which RNA is used to bring the amino acid to the ribosome?
TRNA
What is protein synthesis?
The process cells use to make proteins.
Major function and location: tRNA
Brings the amino acids to the ribosome (transfer)
What is the function of TRNA?
Carries amino acids to the ribosome
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome
The bases on the MRNA strand are called
Codons
Major function and location: MRNA
Copies the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm (messenger)
Which of the following would be a complementary base pair in DNA?
Cytosine - Guanine
The three base sequence on mRNA is called
a codon
What is the end product of transcription?
a complementary copy of MRNA
What is the end product of translation?
a growing protein chain
What does the DNA nucleotide sequence determine?
* the amino acid sequenceand the specific protein
Translation
1. After MRNA leaves the nucleus it moves to a ribosome which consists of rRNA and proteins 2. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA. 3. tRNA molecules bring the complementary anticodon and amino acids to the ribosome
If DNA is 40% Adenine, what percent is Guanine?
10%
What is the start codon?
AUG
If given the following DNA code, what would be the corresponding mRNA code? TAC GGA CTC TGC ACT
AUG CCU GAG ACG UGA
Which of the following are correct when contrasting DNA and RNA? (Choose all that are correct) RNA is double stranded, DNA is single stranded DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose; RNA contains the sugar ribose DNA contains the base thymine, whereas RNA contains the base uracil DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded RNA contains the base thymine, whereas DNA contains the base uracil
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose; RNA contains the sugar ribose DNA contains the base thymine, whereas RNA contains the base uracil DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
Which is true regarding DNA and its importance?
Every organism of the same species has the same number of chromosomes and Every cell in an organism contains the exact DNA
Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
GCAT
Major function and location: rRNA
Helps form the ribosome where proteins are assembled (ribosomal)
Explain how a codon may NOT code for an amino acid.
If it's the start codon AUG Or a stop codon: UAG, UGA, UAA
Three processes in transcription and what they do
Initiation - enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA to unwind DNA. Elongation - addition of nucleotides to mRNA strand by RNA polymerase. Termination - the end of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon
Transcription
Initiation - enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA to unwind DNA. Elongation - addition of nucleotides to mRNA strand by RNA polymerase. Termination - the end of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon
What may occur after a polypeptide chain is synthesized?
It may undergo more processing like folding due to amino acid interactions. It may bind with other polypeptides or other molecules like lipids or carbohydrates. It may travel to the Golgi apparatus to be modified for whatever job it's needed.
The RNA that carries the DNA code to the ribsosome.
MRNA
Which RNA is used to make the codons?
MRNA
DNA is located in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)
Nucleus
MRNA is made in the (cytoplasm/nucleus).
Nucleus
Where does the first step of protein synthesis occur?
Nucleus
(DNA/RNA) can leave the nucleus.
RNA
(DNA/RNA) uses uracil instead of thymine.
RNA
How does the DNA code move from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are made?
RNA takes the code from the nucleus to the ribosome where the protein is assembled.
Describe the differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA: 1 nucleotide chain, Uracil, Ribose sugar DNA: 2 nucleotide chains, Thymine, Deoxyribose sugar
Where does the second step of protein synthesis occur?
Ribosome in the Nucleus
Reverse transcribe the following sequence: AUGAACUGA
TACTTGACT
What is the complementary strand of DNA to the sequence AGTAAC?
TCATTG
TRNA molecule
TRNA (transfer). - it carries an anticodon for the amino acid that it carries (sequence of 3 bases that are complementary to the codon) Lysine codon is AAG so anticodon on the tRNA is UUC
Which of the following describes the Central Dogma of Biology?
That the flow of genetic material in an organism is DNA --> RNA --> Protein
How does the DNA code of 4 bases (ATCG) convert into the amino acid chain that makes up a protein?
The code that is embedded into the DNA and RNA and ordered into an amino acid chain which is a protein.
What are the three characteristics of the genetic code?
The genetic code is UNIVERSAL (All living organisms use the same code Shows all organisms share a common evolutionary history) The genetic code is UNAMBIGUOUS. (Each codon codes for just one amino acid.) The genetic code is REDUNDANT (Most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. codons code for threonine)
What is a codon and how does it function?
The letters (ATCG) are combined in groups of three to form code "words" or codons. Each codon stands for (encodes) one amino acid (or a start/stop signal)
Translation
The process in which the genetic code in MRNA is read, one codon at a time, to make a protein. It occurs at the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Explain how RNA is read.
The start codon, AUG, begins translation The code is read in codons (3 base pairs) until a stop codon is reached
Why is splicing important before translation?
The three processes, splicing, editing, and polyadenylation modify the RNA. This allows a single gene to be used to make more than one protein
Transcription
The transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to MRNA. The process creates a strand of MRNA that is complementary to DNA
(Translation/Transcription) converts DNA into mRNA.
Transcription
MRNA is made during (transcription/translation).
Transcription
What is the first step of protein synthesis?
Transcription
What is the process of passing the genetic code from DNA to RNA?
Transcription
2 processes that make up protein synthesis: Transcription and Translation
Transcription - making MRNA from a DNA template. Occurs in the nucleus. MRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation - where the genetic code on the MRNA is read and made in to protein. Occurs on the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
The process of making protein (putting amino acids in the correct order from the RNA) is called
Translation
What is the second step of protein synthesis?
Translation
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, & UGA
Which nitrogenous bases are found in MRNA?
UAGC
(tRNA/MRNA) attaches the amino acids into a chain.
tRNA
(Translation/Transcription) converts MRNA into a protein.
translation
What step is is when the m RNA pairs up with the TRNA?
translation
tRNA is used in (translation/transcription).
translation