Protostomes

189. Homo erectus has been shown to dispersed from A. Africa. B. Asia. C. South America. D. Europe. E. North America.

A. Africa.

Which one of the following incorrectly pairs a vertebrate group with its major evolutionary innovation? A. Amphibians—paired lateral fins B. Dinosaurs—bipedalism C. Placoderms—jaws D. Sharks—teeth E. Ostracoderms—cartilaginous endoskeleton

A. Amphibians—paired lateral fins

32. Select the following phylum that includes protostome animals that are segmented, bilaterally symmetric, and have a chitinous exoskeleton. A. Arthropoda B. Annelida C. Mollusca D. Brachiopoda E. Platyhelminthes

A. Arthropoda

219. ______________ consist(s) of elongated supporting cells with unevenly thickened cells walls, usually located in strands beneath the epidermis. A. Collenchyma B. Parenchyma C. Sclerenchyma D. Sieve elements E. Tracheary elements

A. Collenchyma

174. Because of its association with tools, the earliest human was called ____________ meaning "handy man." A. Homo habilis B. Homo erectus C. Homo sapiens D. Neanderthal E. Cro-Magnon

A. Homo habilis

98. The most successful class of arthropods is A. Insecta. B. Arachnida. C. Crustacea. D. Chilopoda. E. Merostomata.

A. Insecta.

226. Which of the following statements correctly describes the vascular cambium? A. It develops between the primary xylem and the primary phloem in dicots. B. It occurs only in monocot stems. C. It is important in the elongation of roots. D. It is formed by the ground meristem. E. It is responsible for all cell types that result from primary growth.

A. It develops between the primary xylem and the primary phloem in dicots.

41. Which one of the following statements about origins of animals is false? A. Most taxonomists agree that the origin of the metazoans is polyphyletic. B. The multinucleate hypothesis states that metazoans arose from multinuclear protists. C. The colonial flagellate hypothesis states that metazoans arose from choanoflagellate-like protists. D. The polyphyletic origin hypothesis states that the sponges evolved independently from the eumetazoans. E. Molecular data shows that metazoans are more closely related to flagellates than to ciliates.

A. Most taxonomists agree that the origin of the metazoans is polyphyletic.

67. Which one of the following taxa is not part of the grouping of clades called the Spiralia? A. Nematoda B. Rotifera C. Bryozoa D. Annelida E. Mollusca

A. Nematoda

2. Of the following combination of statements about protostomes and deuterostomes, which choice is correct? A. Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore. The anus or anal pore of protostomes develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development. B. Protostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore. The mouth of protostomes develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development. C. Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore. The anus or anal pore of protostomes develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore and the anus develops secondarily later in their development. D. Protostomes are animals in which the mouth or anus develops from the blastopore, depending on the species. Deuterostomes are animals in which the mouth and anus develops from the blastopore, depending on the species.

A. Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore. The anus or anal pore of protostomes develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development.

48. The vase-like body of a simple sponge is likely to contain all of the following materials or layers except A. a digestive cavity lined with enzyme-secreting cells. B. mesophyl, a protein-rich matrix. C. a somewhat contractile outer epithelium. D. specialized collar cells or choanocytes. E. spicules or a spongin skeleton, or both.

A. a digestive cavity lined with enzyme-secreting cells.

145. In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have A. a distinctive head or skull. B. an open circulatory system. C. gills. D. scales. E. a tunic.

A. a distinctive head or skull.

141. Which of the following is considered the key innovation that started chordates along the evolutionary path that led to vertebrates? A. a flexible rod to which muscles are attached which allowed moving their backs laterally B. an internal endoskeleton development C. a skin covering the entire body to prevent desiccation D. a hard shell encasing the body E. amniotic egg

A. a flexible rod to which muscles are attached which allowed moving their backs laterally

9. Solid worms that lack a body cavity are known as A. acoelomates. B. pseudocoelomates. C. triploblastic. D. coelomates. E. diploblastic.

A. acoelomates.

139. One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the A. amniotic egg. B. allantois egg. C. chorionic egg. D. diploid egg. E. swim bladder.

A. amniotic egg.

117. All of the following are characteristics of spiders except A. antennae (1 pair). B. walking legs (4 pair). C. chelicerae (1 pair). D. pedipalps (1 pair). E. cephalothorax and abdomen.

A. antennae (1 pair).

217. Primary growth in plants originates in A. apical meristems. B. lateral meristems. C. vascular cambium. D. cork cambium. E. tracheids.

A. apical meristems.

29. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the phylum Nematoda? A. asymmetry B. protostome C. coelomate D. triploblastic E. determinate cleavage

A. asymmetry

121. Most of the familiar animals seen along the seashore are echinoderms, which include all of the following except A. barnacles. B. brittle stars. C. sand dollars. D. sea cucumbers. E. sea urchins.

A. barnacles.

154. Reptiles can maintain their internal body temperature by A. behavioral mechanisms. B. drinking warm or cool water. C. eating and oxidizing more food. D. an effective insulating covering. E. rerouting blood to distribute heat.

A. behavioral mechanisms.

99. In some arthropods tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax known as a A. cephalothorax. B. fused corpora. C. headless mite. D. larval instar. E. thoracotomy.

A. cephalothorax.

55. The stage in the fluke's life history in which it escapes from the snail and is ready to enter the intermediate or final host is the A. cercariae. B. fertilized eggs. C. miracidia. D. rediae. E. sporocytes.

A. cercariae.

129. Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan structure with its typical function? A. ctenidia—secretion of the shell (when present) B. visceral mass—houses organs of digestion, excretion, reproduction C. foot—locomotion D. nephrostome—collection of nitrogenous wastes E. radula—feeding organ

A. ctenidia—secretion of the shell (when present)

13. Which of the following terms is mismatched with its meaning or characteristics? A. diploblastic—ectoderm and mesoderm B. triploblastic—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm C. Parazoa—lacks symmetry; no tissues D. Eumetazoa—definite symmetry; tissues organized E. Chordate—animal with notochord

A. diploblastic—ectoderm and mesoderm

46. Which of the following is the key transitions in body design that are responsible for most of the differences of Eumetazoa? A. distinct tissues B. radial to bilateral symmetry C. no body cavity to body cavity D. unsegmented to segmented bodies E. protostome to deuterostome development

A. distinct tissues

The class Arachnida includes all of the following except A. dragon flies. B. mites. C. scorpions. D. spiders. E. ticks.

A. dragon flies.

153. Which of the following is not one of the membranes of the reptilian amniotic egg? A. ectoderm B. chorion C. amnion D. yolk sac E. allantois

A. ectoderm

163. Which one of the following is characteristic of all mammals and not of any other living vertebrates? A. hair B. maternal care C. a four chambered heart with pulmonary circuit D. endothermy E. live birth

A. hair

88. The sexual reproduction of earthworms characteristically is A. hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing. B. hermaphroditic but self-fertilizing. C. normal type between individuals who remain as males and females throughout their life time. D. normal appearing, but individuals change sex periodically. E. normal appearing, but individuals reproduce only once in their lives.

A. hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing.

165. Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their A. laying of shelled eggs. B. milk-producing glands. C. fur. D. carnivorous nature. E. containing a pouch for young to live.

A. laying of shelled eggs.

123. A sieve-like plate on the echinoderms surface through which water enters the vascular system and flows to the ring canal through a tube is called A. madreporite. B. ampulla. C. nerve ring. D. skin gills. E. endoskeleton.

A. madreporite.

211. The tissue layers in the middle of a leaf, between the upper and lower epidermis, are called the A. mesophyll tissue. B. ground tissue. C. protoderm tissue. D. parenchyma. E. collenchyma.

A. mesophyll tissue.

33. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Ctenophora? A. often bioluminescent marine animals B. protostome C. coelomate D. deuterostome E. Parazoa

A. often bioluminescent marine animals

166. The only marsupial mammal living in North America is the A. opossum. B. raccoon. C. ring-tailed cat. D. weasel. E. wombat.

A. opossum.

206. Cell division in the apical meristems at the tips of a plant that results in increases in height or length is called A. primary growth. B. secondary growth. C. vascular cambium growth. D. mitotic growth. E. herbaceous growth.

A. primary growth.

247. Primary xylem and phloem are produced by the A. procambium. B. protoderm. C. leaf primordial. D. ground meristem. E. proembryo.

A. procambium.

21. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Mollusca? A. protostome B. pseudocoelomate C. Parazoa D. diploblastic E. asymmetry

A. protostome

26. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Cnidaria? A. radial symmetry B. pseudocoelomate C. Parazoa D. triploblastic E. protostome

A. radial symmetry

224. Which of the following cell types is most efficient at conducting water horizontally in woody tissues? A. rays B. tracheids C. vessel elements D. fibers E. sieve tubes

A. rays

214. Which of the following cell types is not designed for transport? A. sclerenchyma B. xylem vessel members C. sieve tube members D. tracheids E. sieve cells

A. sclerenchyma

146. It is generally accepted that the vertebrates that evolved during the early Devonian period are the A. sharks and bony fish. B. hominoids. C. birds. D. dinosaurs. E. mammals.

A. sharks and bony fish.

106. Air passage into the trachea of most insects is controlled by the closing and opening of valves, which operate special openings called A. spiracles. B. ocelli. C. ommatidia. D. book lungs. E. Malpighian tubules.

A. spiracles.

4. Protostomes develop through A. spiral cleavage. B. radial cleavage. C. axial cleavage. D. polar cleavage. E. protocleavage.

A. spiral cleavage.

172. Bony fishes possess three features not found in other fish. Select the best choice from those listed below to complete the following sentence. Bony fishes have A. swim bladders, a lateral line system, and gill covers called opercula. B. swim bladders, scales, and a complete digestive system. C. swim bladders, movable fins, and a closed circulatory system. D. swim bladders, gills, and movable jaws.

A. swim bladders, a lateral line system, and gill covers called opercula.

82. Which of the following are not found in a bivalve? A. tentacle, radula, and distinctive head B. large wedge-shaped foot C. mantle enveloping the internal organs D. two large adductor muscles E. complex gills

A. tentacle, radula, and distinctive head

244. The name of the cambium that ultimately gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem is the A. vascular cambium. B. cork cambium. C. cortex cambium. D. secondary cambium. E. primary cambium.

A. vascular cambium.

239. If you examined a cross section of a woody stem under the microscope and located the vascular cambium, everything inside of the vascular cambium ring (towards the center of the stem) would be A. xylem (primary and secondary). B. xylem (only primary). C. phloem (primary and secondary). D. phloem (only secondary). E. phelloderm.

A. xylem (primary and secondary).

243. A friend who is not a biologist tells you that she grows irises from iris roots. You explain to her that the "root" she is planting is not a root, but instead is called a rhizome. "Why?" she asked. You explain. A. "A root grows vertically, not horizontally." B. "A rhizome has nodes and internodes and is really a modified stem that can exist underground." C. "A root stores nutrients, rhizomes are underground stems that do not store nutrients." D. "A rhizome, although a modified stem, acts as a root does. In other words a rhizome is a stem-root combination." E. "A rhizome is a modified root that is able to grow leaves."

B. "A rhizome has nodes and internodes and is really a modified stem that can exist underground."

241. Which statement concerning root hairs is not correct? A. Root hairs are tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells. B. A root hair is isolated from its epidermal cell with a cross wall. C. Root hairs generally live only a few days before being sloughed off. D. Root hairs increase the absorption of water and minerals. E. Root hairs are located in the zone of maturation of a root.

B. A root hair is isolated from its epidermal cell with a cross wall.

198. To which group of fishes does the following description apply: swim bladder, bony skeleton, and paired fins supported by bony rays. A. Sarcopterygi B. Actinopterygi C. Chondrichthyes D. Placodermi E. Acanthodii

B. Actinopterygi

68. Which one of the following taxa is not part of the grouping of clades called the Platyzoa? A. Platyhelminthes B. Annelida C. Rotifera D. Gastrotrica E. Micrognathozoa

B. Annelida

173. A friend or yours visited a natural history museum that had a replica of the Archaeopteryx. She told you the characteristics of Archaeopteryx that she either noticed or read at the display. Which one did she misread? A. Archaeopteryx had features, as do modern birds. B. Archaeopteryx lacked teeth as do modern birds. C. Archaeopteryx had solid bones, unlike the hollow bones of modern birds. D. Archaeopteryx had wings as do modern birds. E. Archaeopteryx had a long tail, unlike modern birds.

B. Archaeopteryx lacked teeth as do modern birds.

135. Which one of the following associations between structures and arthropod groups possessing them is incorrect? A. Malpighian tubules—adult insects B. Book lungs—larval insects C. Uropods—decapod crustaceans D. Spinnerets—spiders E. Chelicerae—horseshoe crabs

B. Book lungs—larval insects

65. All of the following statements about Cnidaria are correct with the exception of A. Cnidarians can have two body forms, polyp and medusa. B. Cnidarians are triploblastic, having ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. C. Cnidarians have radical symmetry. D. Cnidarians do not have circulatory, respiratory, or excretory systems. E. Cnidarians have specialized cells called cnidocytes with nematocysts inside.

B. Cnidarians are triploblastic, having ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

44. Radially symmetrical marine animals that propel themselves through the water by means of eight comb-like plates of fused cilia belong to the Phylum A. Cnidaria. B. Ctenophora. C. Platyhelminthes. D. Eumetazoan. E. Parazoa.

B. Ctenophora.

222. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of phloem? A. It contains elongated conducting cells. B. It is the main tissue that conduct waters in most plants. C. It contains two types of cells, sieve cells and sieve tube members. D. Some of its cells lack a nucleus at maturity. E. Some of its cells contain clusters of pores.

B. It is the main tissue that conduct waters in most plants.

42. Two phyla that belong to the Ecdysozoan clade are A. Platyhelminthes and Nematoda. B. Nematoda and Arthropoda. C. Annelida and Mollusca. D. Mollusca and Arthropoda. E. Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda.

B. Nematoda and Arthropoda.

130. Which one of the following incorrectly matches a molluscan group with a feature characterizing that group? A. Gastropoda—torsion B. Nudibranchs—extensive gills in mantle cavity C. Bivalvia—reduced head and no radula D. Polyplacophora—eight calcareous plates E. Cephalopoda—closed circulatory system

B. Nudibranchs—extensive gills in mantle cavity

171. The following classes or superclasses of fish are matched with an example. Select the mismatched pair. A. Chondrichthyes—sharks B. Placodermi—lobe-finned fish C. Agnatha—jawless fish D. Myxini—hagfish E. Osteichthyes—bony fish

B. Placodermi—lobe-finned fish

35. Select the following phylum that includes animals that are unsegmented, acoelomate, and have a digestive cavity with a single opening. A. Annelida B. Platyhelminthes C. Nematoda D. Cnidaria E. Rotifera

B. Platyhelminthes

253. How could you distinguish between a root hair versus a very small root? A. Root hairs are white, roots are brown. B. Root hairs are single cells, roots are multicellular. C. Root hairs only absorb water, not nutrients like roots. D. Root hairs do not have a cuticle. E. The epidermis of a root hair is thinner than the epidermis of a root.

B. Root hairs are single cells, roots are multicellular.

119. If you examine a spider and an ant, you notice quickly that they are arthropods but they have different characteristics. Select the incorrect choice of characteristics. A. Spiders have a cephalothorax and abdomen; insects have a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. B. Spiders and insects have a tracheal respiration system. C. Spiders are strictly carnivorous; insects can be carnivorous or herbivorous depending on the species. D. Spiders and insects have open circulatory systems. E. Spiders do not have wings; many insects do have wings.

B. Spiders and insects have a tracheal respiration system.

59. Which of the following is not true about pseudocoelomates? A. They possess an internal body cavity called a pseudocoel. B. They contain a bony skeleton. C. They possess a complete, one-way digestive tract. D. The pseudocoel permits resistance to muscle contraction. E. They lack a defined circulatory system.

B. They contain a bony skeleton.

74. The three phyla, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida, have which feature in common? A. nephridia B. a lophophore C. a radula D. setae E. a muscular foot

B. a lophophore

113. Insects are characterized by all of the following except A. Malpighian tubules and trachea. B. a nymph developmental stage. C. three body sections—head, thorax, and abdomen. D. three pairs of legs attached to the thorax, and one pair of antennae. E. one or two pairs of wings.

B. a nymph developmental stage.

92. All of the following are either structures or characteristics of members of the Class Bivalvia of the Phylum Mollusca except A. the mantle. B. a radula. C. a shell. D. gills. E. open circulation.

B. a radula.

200. You dissect a specimen of a vertebrate during an anatomy laboratory. It has the following characteristics: lungs, abundant blood capillaries in the skin, a three-chambered heart, a pulmonary circuit, and it has four walking legs. You conclude that the animal belongs to which vertebrate group? A. lung fish B. amphibian C. reptile D. placental mammal E. marsupial mammal

B. amphibian

164. The only mammals that fly at night to obtain insect food or fruit to eat and navigate by sonar are A. marsupials. B. bats. C. monotremes. D. moles. E. birds.

B. bats.

27. Which one of the following terms does not apply to adults in the phylum Echinodermata? A. triploblastic B. bilateral symmetry C. coelomate D. deuterostome E. Eumetazoa

B. bilateral symmetry

80. Trochophores, the free-swimming larvae of many mollusks, are propelled through the water by A. flagella. B. cilia. C. flame cells. D. nephridia. E. the radula.

B. cilia.

157. Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do? A. turtles B. crocodiles C. lizards D. snakes E. tuataras

B. crocodiles

102. Nauplius, a unique kind of larva, is characteristic of A. mites. B. crustaceans. C. horseshoe crabs. D. insects. E. chelicerates.

B. crustaceans.

22. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the phylum Chordata? A. Eumetazoa B. diploblastic C. bilateral symmetry D. deuterostome E. coelomate

B. diploblastic

142. The chordates include all of the following except A. Amphioxus. B. echinoderms. C. mammals. D. birds. E. amphibians.

B. echinoderms.

155. All living reptiles are A. cold-blooded. B. ectothermic. C. endothermic. D. poikilothermic. E. thermostatic.

B. ectothermic.

108. Chelicerae function as A. eyes. B. fangs or pincers. C. jaws or mandibles. D. teeth. E. wings.

B. fangs or pincers.

56. Schistosomiasis is a serious disorder afflicting humans mainly in tropical regions; it is caused by a A. carp or goldfish. B. fluke. C. nematode. D. snail. E. tapeworm.

B. fluke.

Various modifications in leaves can make plants better adapted to their habitats. Which of the following is not an evolutionary modification of leaves? A. floral leaves B. fruit-bearing leaves C. spines D. reproductive leaves E. insectivorous leaves

B. fruit-bearing leaves

208. Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are all types of cells in the A. meristem tissue. B. ground tissue. C. vascular cambium tissue. D. cork cambium tissue. E. epidermal tissue.

B. ground tissue.

230. Compound leaves A. have two or more petioles per blade. B. have a blade divided into leaflets. C. are toothed at the edges. D. are alternately arranged. E. have palmate venation.

B. have a blade divided into leaflets.

181. Apes and humans together make up a group called A. hominids. B. hominoids. C. Homo sapiens. D. habilis. E. prosimians.

B. hominoids.

207. Secondary growth of plants results from cell division in which type of meristem? A. intercalary meristem B. lateral meristem C. primary meristem D. secondary meristem E. stele meristem

B. lateral meristem

147. Amphibians are thought to have evolved from A. ray-finned fish. B. lobe-finned fish. C. spiny fish. D. skates and rays. E. annelids.

B. lobe-finned fish.

31. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Bryozoa? A. radial symmetry B. lophophore C. Parazoa D. deuterostome E. radial cleavage

B. lophophore

70. In mollusks, the folds of tissue that arise from the dorsal body wall and enclose a cavity surrounding the visceral mass are called the A. foot. B. mantle. C. nephridia. D. radula. E. lophophore.

B. mantle.

233. The most distinctive characteristic of leaf mesophyll cells is that they are filled with A. central vacuoles. B. many chloroplasts. C. oxygen bubbles. D. veins. E. stomata.

B. many chloroplasts.

38. Which one of the following features of animals is unique to animals? A. cells organized into tissues B. movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue C. heterotrophism D. cells without walls E. embryonic development

B. movement associated with muscle tissue and nervous tissue

79. The nitrogenous waste in mollusks is removed by A. flame cells. B. nephridia. C. Malpighian tubules. D. incurrent siphon. E. flagella.

B. nephridia.

104. Eyes with single lenses that respond to light and darkness are found in many arthropods; these are the A. compound eyes. B. ocelli. C. apposition eyes. D. ommatidia. E. superposition segments.

B. ocelli.

210. The slender stalk that connects the flattened leaf blade to the stem in most dicots is the A. meristem. B. petiole. C. stele. D. receptacle. E. vein.

B. petiole.

246. The pattern of leaf arrangement on a stem is called A. protodermis. B. phyllotaxy. C. nodular termini. D. meristematic spacing. E. axillary arrangement.

B. phyllotaxy.

245. In leaves where the blade is divided into leaflets, if the leaflets are arranged in pairs along a common axis, they are classified as A. palmately compound. B. pinnately compound. C. alternately arranged. D. oppositely arranged. E. midrib arranged.

B. pinnately compound.

204. In addition to hair and mammary glands, several other adaptations are seen in many mammals. Select from the following list characteristic tissue. A. four-chambered heart B. placenta C. diaphragm D. skin stretched between the four fingers to form wings E. specialized teeth

B. placenta

37. Which one of the following is not the type of evidence used in a traditional classification of animals? A. coelom type B. rRNA sequences C. symmetry D. number of embryonic tissue layers E. fate of the blastopore

B. rRNA sequences

249. Which of these is not a function of the root cap? A. gravity perception B. rapid cell division C. protects the root tip D. helps push away soil particles as the root grows E. releases a slimy lubricant fluid

B. rapid cell division

83. The cephalapod mollusks have A. a muscular foot. B. tentacles. C. two siphons. D. setae. E. jointed appendages.

B. tentacles.

51. Anthozoan corals are characterized by all of the following except A. some may have hard calcium carbonate exoskeletons. B. the coral animals are always found in nutrient-rich waters. C. some participate in the formation of shallow-water limestone ridges. D. many harbor symbiotic algae. E. they are a class of cnidarians.

B. the coral animals are always found in nutrient-rich waters.

188. All of the following about Homo habilis is true except A. the species lived in Africa for 500,000 years and then became extinct. B. the species coexisted with dinosaurs. C. the species was replaced by a new kind of human, which had a larger brain. D. the species was small in stature. E. the species was associated with tools.

B. the species coexisted with dinosaurs.

229. Annual rings in a tree trunk result from A. deposition of colored materials in the oldest cells. B. the variation in cell size due to different growth conditions throughout a year. C. the alternation of xylem and phloem produced in one year. D. the kinds of cells, parenchyma or sclerenchyma, produced by the cambium. E. the proportion of wood cells and cork cells in the xylem.

B. the variation in cell size due to different growth conditions throughout a year.

183. Chimpanzees are considered to be our closest ancestors because A. they have prehensile tails. B. their hemoglobin molecule differs from the human by only one amino acid. C. their upper/lower limbs equally account for bearing the body weight. D. they have flat, spreading noses. E. they are a highly social species.

B. their hemoglobin molecule differs from the human by only one amino acid.

162. Mammals are thought to have evolved from A. thecodonts. B. therapsids. C. dinosaurs. D. marsupials. E. archosaurs

B. therapsids.

136. The mucous sheet produced by the endostyle traps the microscopic food particles in the water. This sheet is located in the pharynx of what animal? A. arrow worm B. tunicate C. acorn worm D. lancelet E. crinoid

B. tunicate

225. Root hairs grow actively in which area of the developing roots? A. root cap B. zone of maturation C. zone of elongation D. zone of cell division E. endodermis

B. zone of maturation

132. Which one of the following statements about the phylum Brachiopoda is false? A. Brachiopods are often misidentified as bivalves. B. Brachiopods were much more diverse in the past. C. As in bivalves, the valves in brachiopods are lateral (left and right) to the body axis. D. Most brachiopods are sessile (attached). E. The lophophore resides within the brachiopod's shells.

C. As in bivalves, the valves in brachiopods are lateral (left and right) to the body axis.

93. Select the mismatched pair of Phylum Mollusca classes and their examples. A. Polyplacophora—chitons B. Gastropoda—slugs C. Bivalvia—snails D. Cephalopoda—nautilus E. Gastropoda—nudibranchs

C. Bivalvia—snails

7. In which phylum of marine animals did symmetrical body plans first evolve? A. Radiata B. Ctenophora C. Cnidaria D. Echinodermata E. Parazoa

C. Cnidaria

184. Modern-humans share the greatest similarities with which one of the hominids? A. Australopithecines B. Neanderthals C. Cro-Magnons D. prosimians E. primates

C. Cro-Magnons

96. Which class of arthropods contains members with two pairs of antennae and legs on their abdomen and thorax? A. Insecta B. Arachnida C. Crustacea D. Chilopoda E. Merostomata

C. Crustacea

30. Select the phylum that includes deuterostome animals that are exclusively marine and have radial symmetry as adults. A. Porifera B. Rotifera C. Echinodermata D. Chordata E. Cnidaria

C. Echinodermata

169. In humans one pair of pharyngeal pouches become the tube-shaped organ called the A. esophagus. B. trachea. C. Eustachian tube. D. bronchial tube. E. pharynx.

C. Eustachian tube.

175. Our own species, ___________, appears to have evolved in Africa less than 200,000 years ago. A. Homo habilis B. Homo erectus C. Homo sapiens D. Homo hominis E. Homo australopithecus

C. Homo sapiens

107. The excretory structures of terrestrial arthropods are slender projections from the digestive tract that are attached at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. These are called A. flame cells. B. kidneys and bladders. C. Malpighian tubules. D. nephridia. E. ocelli.

C. Malpighian tubules.

39. Which one of the following statements about molecular systematics and its role in the classification of animals is false? A. Clades consist of monophyletic taxa sharing the same gene sequences. B. Different molecules sometimes support different taxonomic relationships. C. Molecular data suggests that arthropods and annelids are part of the same clade. D. Molecular data suggests that a new group of "molting" animals, the Ecdysozoa, is monophyletic. E. Combining data from many different molecules gives the best picture of phylogenetic relationships.

C. Molecular data suggests that arthropods and annelids are part of the same clade.

69. The phylum that includes snails, clams, oysters, and octopuses is the A. Ectoprocta. B. Brachiopoda. C. Mollusca. D. Annelida. E. Phoronida.

C. Mollusca.

40. Which one of the following statements about segmentation is false? A. Segmentation can produce redundant systems. B. Segmentation can enhance locomotion. C. Only three phyla show true segmentation. D. The evolution of segmentation is highly convergent. E. Although fusion of segments is common, a study of embryology makes segmentation evident.

C. Only three phyla show true segmentation.

212. What is a distinctive characteristic of monocot stems compared to dicot ones? A. The ground tissue is arranged in concentric rings. B. The vascular cambium is divided into segments. C. The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue. D. The xylem and phloem are located in separate vascular bundles. E. The epidermis surrounds the ground tissue.

C. The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue.

Which of the following is not true about sclerenchyma? A. These cells have thick, tough secondary walls. B. They may lack living protoplasts when mature. C. These cells are mainly to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the leaf. D. Their secondary walls may be impregnated with lignin. E. Two examples are fibers and sclereids.

C. These cells are mainly to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the leaf.

10. Which of the following is not true about animals? A. They constitute millions of species. B. They are very diverse in form. C. They were some of the first organisms on the earth. D. They show great mobility. E. They are found in every conceivable habitat.

C. They were some of the first organisms on the earth.

201. Which one of the following does not match a component of the amniotic egg with its primary function? A. shell—porous, protective covering B. chorion—exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water C. amnion—encloses embryo within an oxygen-filled cavity D. allantois—segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo E. yolk sac—provides food for the embryo

C. amnion—encloses embryo within an oxygen-filled cavity

151. All of the following features contributed to the successful invasion of land by amphibians except A. legs. B. lungs. C. amniotic eggs. D. a redesigned heart. E. a mechanism that prevents drying of the skin.

C. amniotic eggs.

90. The medicinal leech, once used to withdraw "unhealthy" blood from patients, produces which of the following to ensure blood flow from the host? A. antibiotics B. antibodies C. anticoagulant D. blood clots E. suture material

C. anticoagulant

16. A zoologist studies an animal that is a deuterostome. Which of the choices makes the sentence that follows incorrect? You know that deuterostomes A. are bilateral symmetrical. B. evolved from protostomes. C. are animals in which the blastopore develops into the mouth. D. are animals in which any cell can develop into a complete organism. E. are coelomates.

C. are animals in which the blastopore develops into the mouth.

186. 209. of the hominids? A. large brain development B. walking upright C. bipedalism D. development of lower limbs longer than forelimbs E. manufacture and use of tools

C. bipedalism

158. The most successful terrestrial vertebrates that invaded the air are A. insects. B. pterosaurs. C. birds. D. bats. E. flying monkeys.

C. birds.

6. A biologist discovered a new animal. Upon studying embryonic development, she observed radial cleavage with the blastopore developing into an anus. This animal was categorized as a A. parazoan. B. radiata. C. deuterstome. D. protostome. E. pseudocoelomate.

C. deuterstome.

125. Reproductive modes of echinoderms include all of the following except A. breaking into parts and regenerating new animals from them. B. breaking into equal parts which become two whole animals. C. developing from trochophore larvae. D. external sexual reproduction produces fertilized eggs. E. fertilized eggs develop into free-swimming, bilaterally symmetrical larvae.

C. developing from trochophore larvae.

5. In animals that display indeterminate development A. embryonic cells have a predetermined fate. B. bilateral symmetry cannot develop. C. early embryonic cells, if separated from the embryo, can develop into complete organisms. D. embryonic cells show spiral cleavage. E. the blastopore develops into the mouth.

C. early embryonic cells, if separated from the embryo, can develop into complete organisms.

62. The human disease, trichinosis, is contracted through A. walking barefoot in soil containing larvae. B. eating fertilized eggs. C. eating undercooked or raw pork. D. eating raw beef. E. none of these.

C. eating undercooked or raw pork.

140. Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called A. ectothermic. B. poikilothermic. C. endothermic. D. heterothermic.

C. endothermic.

61. Trichinella nematodes reach muscle tissue, forming resistant cysts, after A. entering the circulatory system following penetration of the skin of the foot. B. entering the circulatory system following penetration of the intestinal wall. C. entering the lymph channels following penetration of the intestine. D. entering the lymph channel following penetration of lung tissue. E. none of these.

C. entering the lymph channels following penetration of the intestine.

84. Which of the following organs of cephalopods resemble those of the vertebrates? A. arms B. nephridia C. eyes D. digestive tissues E. foot

C. eyes

187. The hominid australopithecines are generally accepted to be different from modern-humans because A. only humans are bipedal. B. the human skull is apelike in appearance with a strongly projecting face. C. human brains on an average are at least twice as large in size. D. human arms are longer than legs. E. only humans are meat-eaters

C. human brains on an average are at least twice as large in size.

232. Axillary buds are produced A. at the tip of a stem. B. in roots. C. in the angle between a petiole and a stem. D. by lateral meristems. E. in the cork cambium.

C. in the angle between a petiole and a stem.

97. The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of A. bilateral symmetry. B. coelomic body architecture. C. jointed appendages. D. segmentation. E. three primary types of tissues.

C. jointed appendages.

60. Which of the following is not a characteristic of rotifers? A. bilaterally symmetrical B. corona is food gathering organ C. live on mouthparts of lobsters D. complete gut with mouth and anus E. most occur in fresh water

C. live on mouthparts of lobsters

1. Which of the following features in embryonic development of deuterostomes does not represent a major difference from protostomes? A. pattern of blastopore formation B. radial cleavage pattern for cell division C. number of primary germ layers D. The first cleavage divisions of the fertilized embryo produce identical daughter cells, and any single cell, if separated can develop into a complete organism. E. The coelom is normally produced by an invagination of the archenteron.

C. number of primary germ layers

103. Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called A. apposition segments. B. ocelli. C. ommatidia. D. retinas. E. simple eyes.

C. ommatidia.

178. All of the following features are true of Anthropoids except A. they include monkeys, apes, and humans. B. almost all were diurnal. C. opposable thumbs. D. living in groups with complex social interactions. E. changes to eye design and increase in brain size.

C. opposable thumbs.

255. In the vascular bundles of most dicot stems, primary phloem differentiates toward the ________ while primary xylem differentiates toward the _________. A. middle; outside B. cork cambium; vascular cambium C. outside; middle D. shoot tip; roots E. middle; middle

C. outside; middle

57. The long, flat bodies of tapeworms are made up of repeating segments known as A. antheridia. B. gut blocks. C. proglottids. D. scolex. E. miracidia.

C. proglottids.

215. The WEREWOLF gene (WER) helps to determine the differentiation of what cell types? A. the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles B. fibers in the outer portions of the stem C. root epidermal cells with and without root hairs D. various layers of ground tissue in the root E. formation of trichome hairs on leaves

C. root epidermal cells with and without root hairs

240. Of the following structures, which one is not a specialized cell of the epidermis? A. guard cells B. trichomes C. sclereids D. root hairs E. oil glands

C. sclereids

75. The mollusks include all of the following except A. clams. B. oysters. C. shrimps. D. snails. E. squids.

C. shrimps.

213. Xylem tissue may contain each of these cell types except A. vessel members. B. tracheids. C. sieve cells. D. fibers. E. rays.

C. sieve cells.

199. Which one of the following was not an adaptation seen in the sharks (Chondrichthyes)? A. lateral line system B. internal fertilization and internal development C. swim bladder D. teeth E. calcified cartilaginous skeleton

C. swim bladder

49. All of the following are true about Cnidarians except A. they are widespread and abundant especially in shallow, warm-temperature or subtropical waters. B. they are basically gelatinous in composition. C. their bodies are made up of distinct organs. D. they exist either as polyps or medusae. E. they contain specialized cells called "cnidocytes" within which nematocysts are found.

C. their bodies are made up of distinct organs.

190. Homo erectus and the modern humans differ in A. social behavior. B. living as tribes. C. their brain size. D. their upright posture. E. opposable thumbs.

C. their brain size.

150. Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because A. their ancestors were fish. B. their food organisms live in water. C. their reproduction depends on water. D. they can escape from predators by jumping into the water. E. they obtain oxygen from water through gills.

C. their reproduction depends on water.

252. A major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is the organization of the ____________ system. A. plant B. conducting C. vascular tissue D. secondary E. ground

C. vascular tissue

258. Which of these can found in oak wood but not in pine wood? A. secondary xylem B. secondary phloem C. vessel members D. tracheids E. ray cells

C. vessel members

236. A birdhouse is nailed into a tree 6 feet up from the ground. If the tree grows about 2 feet taller each year, where will the birdhouse be 25 years later? A. 50 feet B. 56 feet C. 26 feet D. 6 feet E. 4 feet

D. 6 feet

63. 70. Which of the following nematode parasites lives in the lymphatic system of humans where they may cause obstruction resulting in severe swelling called elephantiasis. A. Ascaris B. Trichinella C. Necator D. Filaria E. Enterobius

D. Filaria

228. What is the function of the Casparian strip in the root? A. It protects the surface of the root but allows water to be absorbed. B. It allows for horizontal transport of water and nutrients. C. It is the portion of the root that contains numerous root hairs. D. It is an internal water-proofed layer that prevents water and minerals from moving through intercellular spaces on their way to the vascular tissue. E. It seals the surface of roots that have been damaged.

D. It is an internal water-proofed layer that prevents water and minerals from moving through intercellular spaces on their way to the vascular tissue.

115. An entomologist has been conducting research on the Malpighian tubules of hornets. He is interested in their function. Which of the following statements about Malpighian tubules is not correct? A. Malpighian tubules empty waste into the hindgut. B. Malpighian tubules are slender projections from the digestive system. C. Malpighian tubules collect and filter body fluids of some arthropods. D. Malpighian tubules are a part of the tracheal system used by some arthropods for respiration. E. Malpighian tubules allow for reabsorption of needed salts and water.

D. Malpighian tubules are a part of the tracheal system used by some arthropods for respiration.

218. Which of the following is not true about meristems? A. They can be apical or lateral. B. Meristematic cells divide into two cells, one of which remains a meristem cell and another that becomes a plant body cell. C. Apical meristems give rise to three types of embryonic tissues. D. Meristematic cells fuse with other cells. E. They are responsible for primary and secondary growth.

D. Meristematic cells fuse with other cells.

14. Select the correct choice to answer the following question. What are the three animal phyla that dominate animal life on land? A. Cnidaria, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes B. Porifera, Arthropoda, Nematoda C. Nematoda, Chordata, Cnidaria D. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata E. Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda

D. Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata

15. Bilateral symmetrical animals have evolved three body cavity plans. Each of the following statements is correct with the exception of one. Select the exception. A. Acoelomates have no body cavity. B. Coelomates have a body cavity lined with mesodermal cells. C. Coelomates have a fluid filled cavity that develops entirely within the mesoderm. D. Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is located between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

D. Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is located between the ectoderm and the endoderm.

20. Which of the following is not correct regarding the origin of parazoans and eumetazoans? A. The common ancestor was a protist. B. The common ancestor was a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. C. Cells within sponges resemble choanoflagellate protists. D. Sponges evolved independently from eumetazoans. E. Metazoans represent a monophyletic group.

D. Sponges evolved independently from eumetazoans.

237. Which statement about secondary growth in plants is not correct? A. Secondary growth in plants is a result of lateral meristems. Trees and shrubs have active lateral meristems. B. Secondary growth in plants increases the girth (diameter) of woody plants. C. Secondary growth in woody plants results because there are two cylinders of actively dividing cells. The cylinders are cork cambium and vascular cambium. D. The cork cambium produces secondary phloem while the vascular cambium produces secondary xylem. E. Only some plants have secondary growth.

D. The cork cambium produces secondary phloem while the vascular cambium produces secondary xylem.

118. A marine biologist makes a presentation about crustaceans to your biology class. He explains that he has recently received an NSF grant to study sessile crustaceans. You are only aware of one group of sessile crustaceans. This crustacean must be A. a lobster. B. a crayfish. C. a shrimp. D. a barnacle. E. the nauplius.

D. a barnacle.

23. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Platyhelminthes? A. spiral cleavage B. protostome C. diploblastic D. acoelomate E. radial symmetry

D. acoelomate

52. Phylum Platyhelminthes is characterized by all of the following except A. bilateral symmetry. B. solid bodies with an inner digestive cavity. C. flat ribbon-shaped bodies with dorso-ventral parts and anterior head. D. all are free-living. E. possess an excretory system.

D. all are free-living.

110. Spiders are characterized by all of the following except A. they are particularly important as predators of insects and other small animals. B. many use silk webs to catch their prey. C. many display elaborate courtship behavior. D. all forms are harmless to humans. E. they live in diverse habitats on land and some even in water.

D. all forms are harmless to humans.

18. Molecular data confirm that cnidarians branched off from the rest of animals before ____________ evolved. A. echinoderms B. Porifera C. mollusks D. bilaterial symmetry E. arthropods

D. bilaterial symmetry

256. You go to a fancy restaurant and ask for some petioles on your salad. What does the waiter bring you? A. carrots B. brussel sprouts C. lettuce D. celery E. chives

D. celery

101. Spiders and certain other arthropods which lack jaws or mandibles are placed in a subphylum called A. Agnathae. B. Amandibulata. C. blood suckers. D. chelicerates. E. mandibulates.

D. chelicerates.

43. Sponges are unique in possessing special flagellated cells whose beating drives water through the body cavity. These specialized cells are known as A. cnidocytes. B. planulae. C. nematocysts. D. choanocytes. E. spicules.

D. choanocytes.

72. The organ that is responsible for secreting cocoons in the oligochaetes is known as the A. nephridia. B. setae. C. radula. D. clitellum. E. lophophore.

D. clitellum.

250. In an experiment, some herbaceous, nonwoody plants were exposed to frequent windy conditions or mechanical shaking for several hours per day. The flexibility of these plants was due to the _____________ cells. A. parenchyma B. aerenchyma C. periderm D. collenchyma E. sclerenchyma

D. collenchyma

242. You are eating a stalk of celery. As you bite into the celery, you notice strings hanging down from the end. These strings are A. parenchyma tissue. B. phloem tissue. C. sclerenchyma tissue. D. collenchyma tissue. E. xylem tissue.

D. collenchyma tissue.

50. Which of the following belongs to the phylum Ctenophora? A. hydra B. jellyfish C. anemones D. comb jellies E. corals

D. comb jellies

89. Earthworms show all of the following features except A. containing segments with a mouth on the first and the anus on the last. B. containing touch-sensitive and light-sensitive organs in the segments. C. containing fewer setae than in polychaetes. D. containing distinct head regions and parapodia. E. being hermaphroditic.

D. containing distinct head regions and parapodia.

216. Primary growth at the apical meristems can produce cells that differentiate into each of these cell types except A. leaves. B. ground tissue. C. procambium. D. cork cambium. E. epidermis.

D. cork cambium.

94. Reproduction in the earthworm involves A. asexual budding. B. self-fertilization. C. cross-fertilization between two dioecious organisms. D. cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms. E. recombination between opposite mating types.

D. cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms.

19. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a vertebrate? A. radial cleavage B. indeterminate development C. circulatory system present D. diploblastic E. coelomate

D. diploblastic

134. Which one of the following choices does not describe an advantage of the chitinous exoskeleton found in arthropods? A. offers some protection B. reduces water loss C. allows for muscle attachment sites inside the skeleton D. does not impose limitations on body size E. provides a strong, flexible framework

D. does not impose limitations on body size

202. Which one of the following is not an adaptation seen in birds that is necessary for winged flight? A. hollow bones and air sacs B. bipedalism C. expansion of the pectoral girdle D. elongation of the digits of the forearm E. feathers

D. elongation of the digits of the forearm

192. New World monkeys evolved approximately 30 million years ago. These animals are easy to identify because they A. have opposable thumbs and binocular vision. B. have prehensile tails and hair. C. have protruding noses and prehensile tails. D. have flattened noses and prehensile tails. E. have opposable thumbs and protruding noses.

D. have flattened noses and prehensile tails.

25. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the phylum Annelida? A. bilateral symmetry B. triploblastic C. protostome D. indeterminate cleavage E. spiral cleavage

D. indeterminate cleavage

77. Mollusks have all of the following except A. visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium. B. folds enclosing a cavity between themselves and the visceral mass. C. gills or lungs within the mantle. D. individuals secrete a tiny chitinous chamber, zoecium. E. the shell consists of a horny outer layer, which is rich in protein.

D. individuals secrete a tiny chitinous chamber, zoecium.

45. Most species of tapeworms live in the A. stomachs of vertebrates. B. lungs of vertebrates. C. livers of vertebrates. D. intestines of vertebrates. E. hearts of vertebrates.

D. intestines of vertebrates.

257. Functional secondary phloem A. includes live companion cells and dead sieve cells. B. encompasses more stem volume than secondary xylem. C. primarily stores carbohydrates. D. is part of the inner bark. E. is produced by the cork cambium.

D. is part of the inner bark.

53. Flatworms are similar to sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores in which of the following? A. contain an excretory system lined with a network of fine tubules running through the body B. contain an incomplete gut with only one opening C. cilia line the hollow centers of bulb-like flame cells D. lack circulatory systems for transport of oxygen and food E. most are hermaphroditic

D. lack circulatory systems for transport of oxygen and food

137. Small, fishlike marine chordates, pointed at both ends with no distinguishable head, in which the notochord runs the entire length of the nerve cord, are called A. arrow worms. B. tunicates. C. acorn worms. D. lancelets. E. lampreys.

D. lancelets.

194. Apes and monkeys differ in two noticeable characteristics. These characteristics are that apes have A. opposable thumbs and monkeys do not and apes have binocular vision and monkeys do not. B. opposable thumbs and monkeys do not and apes have tails and monkeys do not. C. binocular vision and monkeys do not and apes have tails and monkeys do not. D. larger brains than monkeys do and monkeys have tails and apes do not. E. opposable thumbs and monkeys do not and monkeys have larger brain capacity than apes do.

D. larger brains than monkeys do and monkeys have tails and apes do not.

127. Which choice is correct for the movement of water through the water vascular system of a sea star? A. madreporite → stone canal → lateral canal → ring canal → radial canal → tube foot B. madreporite → lateral canal → ring canal → radial canal → stone canal → tube foot C. madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → lateral canal → radial canal → tube foot D. madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → tube foot E. madreporite → stone canal → radial canal → ring canal → tube foot

D. madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → tube foot

100. The passage of an arthropod through stages from egg to adult is A. differentiation. B. evolution. C. graduation. D. metamorphosis. E. succession.

D. metamorphosis.

196. Which one of the following structures is not found in all adult and larval tunicates? A. incurrent siphon B. excurrent siphon C. gill slits D. notochord E. pharynx

D. notochord

138. Most bony fishes have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the A. radula. B. pharyngeal slits. C. lateral lines. D. operculum. E. gill arches.

D. operculum.

124. In many echinoderms respiration and waste removal take place by means of finger-like projections that occur near the spines, which are called A. madreporite. B. ampulla. C. nerve ring. D. papulae. E. endoskeleton.

D. papulae.

260. Which cells are characterized by thin cell walls, the largest vacuoles, and the least specialization? A. epidermis B. collenchyma C. sclerenchyma D. parenchyma E. meristem

D. parenchyma

193. One characteristic that New World monkeys have that Old World monkeys lack is A. binocular vision. B. opposable thumbs. C. hair covering their bodies. D. prehensile tails. E. females have mammary glands.

D. prehensile tails.

81. Radula modification allowed all of the following functions in gastropods except A. scraping algae off rocks. B. eating vegetation. C. boring holes in other mollusk shells. D. protecting themselves with nematocysts. E. injecting poison through a harpoon-like structure.

D. protecting themselves with nematocysts.

73. The functions of the lophophore include all of the following except as a A. surface for gas exchange. B. food-collecting organ. C. means of attachment to the substrate. D. rasping tongue. E. location for the tentacles and the anus.

D. rasping tongue.

261. Which of these might produce the longest cells? A. tracheids B. sieve cells C. vessel members D. sclerenchyma E. root hairs

D. sclerenchyma

120. These echinoderms have soft, slug-like bodies with tough, leathery skin. They are the A. sea pansies. B. sea lilies. C. sea daisies. D. sea cucumbers. E. sea anemones.

D. sea cucumbers.

126. All of the following are examples of echinoderms except A. sea cucumbers. B. brittle stars. C. sand dollars. D. sea squirts. E. sea daisies.

D. sea squirts.

85. The partitions that separate the segments of the annelid body are known as A. pseudocoels. B. nephridia. C. setae. D. septa. E. radula.

D. septa.

78. The rasping tongue, the radula, is present in which molluscan group? A. bivalve B. oyster C. clam D. snail E. scallops

D. snail

64. An invertebrate biologist explains to your class that she studies the choanocytes of sponges. You know that choanocytes are A. specialized cells near the osculum of the sponge. B. specialized cells that contain spongin and thus contribute to the sponge's rigid structure. C. specialized cells that eventually form spicules. D. specialized cells that have flagella and function to gather food particles. E. specialized cells from which larval sponges develop.

D. specialized cells that have flagella and function to gather food particles.

248. The waterproof cuticle covering the epidermis of land plants helps prevent dehydration, much like the skin of some land animals. As a consequence, what other evolutionary adaptation was important for most land plants? A. the endodermis in the root B. root hairs on the root epidermis C. collenchyma fibers just beneath the surface of the epidermis D. stomates in the leaves E. trichomes on leaf surfaces

D. stomates in the leaves

262. Which of these is not a possible function of trichomes? A. reflect light from leaf surfaces B. store or secrete salt C. defend against insects D. structural support E. irritate potential herbivores

D. structural support

12. Molecular analysis suggests that the rapid diversification during the Cambrian explosion may have been due to evolution of -------------. A. definite shape and symmetry. B. tissues organized into organs and organ systems. C. distinct embryonic layers which differentiate into adult tissues. D. the Hox genes. E. having cells organized into tissue layers.

D. the Hox genes.

238. Your cousin told you a rather scary story about a night spent in a cornfield. He claims that there were popping noises around him all night. You say, "Oh, I can explain what you heard. Those popping noises were A. the apical meristems cells in the corn stalks elongating." B. the developing of the kernels of corn on the ears of the corn stalks." C. the expansion of the lateral meristems increasing the girth of the corn stalk." D. the growth of the intercalary meristem inside the corn stalk." E. the development of the tassels on top of the corn stalk."

D. the growth of the intercalary meristem inside the corn stalk."

122. All of the following are true about sea stars except A. they are the most familiar echinoderms. B. they are the most important predators in many marine ecosystems. C. they have a pigmented epidermis. D. they are the only echinoderms that are fully sessile. E. they are abundant in the intertidal zone.

D. they are the only echinoderms that are fully sessile.

177. All of the following features are true of primates except A. they are mammals with grasping fingers and toes. B. they belong to the order containing lemurs, monkeys, and apes. C. they have binocular vision. D. they have prehensile tails. E. they have increased brain size.

D. they have prehensile tails.

221. Water is conducted through a plant most rapidly through A. parenchyma cells. B. sclerenchyma cells. C. sieve tubes. D. vessel members. E. phloem.

D. vessel members.

254. Perforation plates can be found in A. sieve cells. B. tracheids. C. sieve tube members. D. vessel members. E. companion cells.

D. vessel members.

203. Which one of the following is not an adaptation shown by modern birds? A. a respiratory system that allows all of the air to pass through the lungs in one direction B. complete division of the heart into right and left halves C. endothermy D. wings and a long feathered tail E. modified beaks and feet to support feeding behavior

D. wings and a long feathered tail

17. Segmentation is the subdivision of the body into segments or metameres. True segmentation is found in which of the following phyla selections? A. Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda B. Echinodermata, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria C. Mollusca, Chordata, Annelida D. Arthropoda, Chordata, Porifera E. Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata

E. Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata

95. A marine biologist is conducting research on animals that have a lophophore and two calcified shells. Based on this information, this animal this must belong to the phylum A. Mollusca. B. Phoronida. C. Ectoprocta. D. Bryopoda. E. Brachiopoda.

E. Brachiopoda.

34. Select the phylum that includes coelomate, bilaterian animals that have a structure called a notochord. A. Echinodermata B. Annelida C. Arthropoda D. Mollusca E. Chordata

E. Chordata

176. The European Neanderthals were replaced about 34,000 years ago by A. Homo habilis. B. Homo erectus. C. Homo sapiens. D. Neanderthals. E. Cro-Magnons.

E. Cro-Magnons.

195. Of the following sequences, which one reflects the best scientific knowledge about the succession of Homo species from the past until the present? A. Homo beidelbergensis → Homo habilis → Homo sapiens → Homo erectus B. Homo habilis → Homo beidelbergensis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens C. Homo beidelbergensis → Homo sapiens → Homo erectus → Homo habilis D. Homo sapiens → Homo beidelbergensis → Homo habilis → Homo erectus E. Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo beidelbergensis → Homo sapiens

E. Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo beidelbergensis → Homo sapiens

3. Select the incorrect statement about deuterostomes from the following choices. A. Deuterostomes demonstrate radial cleavage in their embryonic development. B. Deuterostomes display indeterminate development. C. A deuterostome's coelom is produced by invagination of the archenteron. D. Examples of deuterostomes are echinoderms and chordates. E. Includes most bilaterians, including flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods.

E. Includes most bilaterians, including flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods.

144. Which one of the following is not true about tunicates? A. Adult forms are sessile and filter feeding. B. Adult forms secrete a tunic composed mainly of cellulose. C. Adult forms are not segmented. D. Larval forms show all chordate characteristics. E. Larval forms feed actively.

E. Larval forms feed actively.

259. In the annual rings of woody trees, how does the xylem of the Spring and Summer wood compare to the fall and winter wood? A. It is more dense. B. It has smaller vessels. C. The cell walls are thicker. D. It is younger. E. The vessel diameters are larger.

E. The vessel diameters are larger.

111. Which of the following is not true about crustaceans? A. They produce larvae known as nauplius. B. They have legs on their abdomen and thorax. C. They have two pairs of antennae. D. Many have compound eyes. E. They have covers called the opercula, posterior to the legs.

E. They have covers called the opercula, posterior to the legs.

170. Which of the following statements about tunicates is incorrect? A. Tunicates are nonvertebrate chordates. B. Tunicates are all marine animals. C. Tunicates are sessile as adults. D. Tunicate larvae are tadpole-like with all of the basic chordate characteristics. E. Tunicate larvae can reproduce.

E. Tunicate larvae can reproduce.

160. The changes that were necessary to cope with the heavy energy demands of flight in birds include all of the following except A. efficient respiration. B. efficient circulation. C. endothermy. D. auxiliary air sacs and hollow bones. E. a three chambered heart.

E. a three chambered heart.

148. The remarkable success of bony fishes has resulted from a series of adaptations, including all of the following except A. swim bladders. B. lateral line systems. C. gill covers. D. a counter-current exchange system in the gills. E. a three-chambered heart with a pulmonary circuit.

E. a three-chambered heart with a pulmonary circuit.

86. Annelids possess all of the following except A. muscles to swim, crawl, and burrow. B. ganglia to respond to light and respond to other environmental cues. C. circulatory, excretory, and neural elements in each segment. D. setae in each segment. E. adductor muscles.

E. adductor muscles.

Chordates have all the following characteristics at some time in their lives except A. a nerve cord. B. a notochord. C. pharyngeal slits. D. a postanal tail. E. an endostyle.

E. an endostyle.

234. The periderm does not include A. cork cells. B. cork cambium. C. phelloderm. D. vascular cambium. E. bark.

E. bark.

8. All of the following features are associated with bilateral symmetry in animals except A. conferring anterior and posterior areas to the body. B. allowing for greater efficiency in movement. C. creating a body design of two mirror images. D. allowing for efficiency in seeking food and mates. E. being sessile.

E. being sessile.

159. Birds are different from reptiles in all of the following features except A. endothermy. B. their lack of teeth. C. the presence of feathers. D. the presence of a flight skeleton. E. bipedalism.

E. bipedalism.

36. Which one of the following features would indicate that an animal is not a protostome? A. bilateral symmetry B. open or closed circulatory system C. blastopore opens into the archenteron D. three primary tissue layers E. body parts arranged around a central axis

E. body parts arranged around a central axis

Insect sensing of the environment is through all of the following except A. sensory hairs to detect touch. B. tympanal organs to detect sound. C. chemoreceptors to detect pheromones. D. organs of smell in the antennae. E. camera-type eyes.

E. camera-type eyes.

Which one of the following annelid structures or events is not correctly paired with its role in locomotion? A. circular muscles contract—segment becomes thin and long B. longitudinal muscles contract—segment becomes thick and short C. fluid in coelom—provides a hydrostatic skeleton D. septum—allows each segment to move independently E. chaetae—provides gas exchange surface for body muscles

E. chaetae—provides gas exchange surface for body muscles

112. Decapod crustaceans (shrimps, lobsters, and crabs) are characterized by all of the following except A. a carapace, a dorsal cephalothorax shield. B. a ventral line of appendages, swimmerets. C. flattened uropods form a paddle at the end of the abdomen. D. a tail spine, telson. E. chelicerae.

E. chelicerae.

223. In plants with only primary growth, the epidermis is not A. one cell thick. B. the outer protective coating of the plant. C. produced by the protoderm. D. covered by a waxy layer that constitutes the cuticle. E. covered with bark.

E. covered with bark.

28. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the phylum Porifera? A. Parazoa B. no true tissues C. asymmetry D. acoelomate E. diploblastic

E. diploblastic

227. In certain plants, some of the roots may be modified to carry out unusual functions. Which of these is not an example of one of these special functions? A. help absorb oxygen B. store food or water C. carry out photosynthesis D. parasitize other plants E. discourage herbivores

E. discourage herbivores

161. Modern birds are characterized by all of the following except A. feathers. B. thin, hollow skeletons and auxiliary air sacs. C. a four chambered heart. D. the amniotic egg. E. ectothermy.

E. ectothermy.

152. Features that have been retained by reptiles from the time they replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates include all of the following, except A. the amniotic egg. B. dry skin. C. thoracic breathing. D. reoriented appendages. E. endothermy.

E. endothermy.

156. All of the following are features that contribute to the ability of reptiles to survive on dry land except A. the amniotic egg. B. dry skin covered with scales. C. an efficient circulatory system. D. efficient lungs. E. endothermy.

E. endothermy.

251. Linen is woven from strands of sclerenchyma _______ that occur in the phloem of flax (Linum spp.). A. tracheid B. sieve C. sclerid D. collenchyma E. fiber

E. fiber

47. Sponges exhibit all of the following general characteristics except A. eating by flow of water through canals and pores. B. free-swimming larvae; sessile adults. C. lack of specialized tissues and organs. D. lack of symmetry (may be radial in small species). E. head or appendages, mouth or anus.

E. head or appendages, mouth or anus.

149. Amphibians share all of the following characteristics, except A. legs. B. coetaneous respiration and lungs. C. a partially divided heart. D. pulmonary veins. E. keratinized skin.

E. keratinized skin.

128. All echinoderms share the following characteristics except A. bilateral symmetrical larvae. B. radial symmetrical adults. C. regeneration of a lost body part. D. pentamerous body plan. E. larvae are sedentary, adults are planktonic.

E. larvae are sedentary, adults are planktonic.

191. Anthropoids or higher primates include all of the following except A. new World monkeys. B. old World monkeys. C. apes. D. humans. E. lemurs.

E. lemurs.

167. All of the following are orders of placental mammals except A. primates. B. rodentia. C. cetacea. D. carnivora. E. marsupialia.

E. marsupialia.

205. Plant cells that give rise to two cells, one of which is free to differentiate into various kinds of cells that contribute to the plant body, are called A. endodermal cells. B. primary cells. C. lateral cells. D. parenchyma cells. E. meristematic cells.

E. meristematic cells.

182. DNA studies can be used to make all of the following conclusions except that A. the gibbon ape line diverged about 15 million years ago. B. orangutans split off about 10 million years ago. C. gorilla lineage diverged about 8 million years ago. D. chimpanzee line diverged less than 6 million years ago. E. modern man remained changeless for the last 1 million years.

E. modern man remained changeless for the last 1 million years.

209. Which type of stem does not produce a cork cambium? A. woody stems B. secondary stems C. second year growth stems D. specialized climbing stems E. monocot stems

E. monocot stems

58. Which of the following is not true about beef tapeworms? A. occur as a juvenile in the intermuscular tissue of cattle B. found as an adult in the intestines of human beings C. able to produce embryos, which may be viable for up to five months D. able to reach adult length of up to 10 meters E. more than 10% of the cattle are infected in the United States

E. more than 10% of the cattle are infected in the United States

91. A biologist has been studying a mollusk that does not have a shell. It lives in the marine environment. Of the examples given below, which one did the biologist study? A. clam B. snail C. garden slug D. chiton E. octopus

E. octopus

24. Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Nematoda? A. Parazoa B. radial cleavage C. diploblastic D. deuterostome E. pseudocoelomate

E. pseudocoelomate

168. The key specializations that occurred in the evolution of mammals include all of the following except A. warm-bloodedness. B. the presence of a placenta in most. C. different teeth suited to their diet. D. digestive tract specialization. E. reduction in brain size.

E. reduction in brain size.

133. If you arranged the following parts of the echinoderm water vascular system from outside to its termination in a tube foot, which structure would be encountered third? A. stone canal B. radial canal C. ampulla D. madreporite E. ring canal

E. ring canal

66. Which of the following are not correctly matched? A. spicules—sponges B. nematocyst—cnidaria C. flame cells—flatworms D. stylets—roundworms E. scolex—rotifers

E. scolex—rotifers

87. Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called A. cilia. B. parapodia. C. chaetae. D. leglets. E. setae.

E. setae.

76. Examples of mollusks that live on land are the A. earthworms. B. land crabs. C. mussels. D. scorpions. E. snails and slugs.

E. snails and slugs.

54. Flukes are parasitic worms whose hosts during the larval stage are usually A. aquatic insects. B. cyprinid fishes. C. humans. D. free-living flatworms. E. snails.

E. snails.

231. Which of the following is not a modified stem? A. rhizome B. tendril C. tuber D. corm E. spine

E. spine

116. An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies A. tagmatization processes in crustaceans. B. how ommatidia function individually in a compound eye. C. how the HOX gene controls the fusion of the head and thorax into the cephalothorax. D. how ocelli evolved from mere photoreceptors to imaging lens. E. the molting process

E. the molting process

11. Animals are distinct among multicellular organisms in all of the following features except A. their cells lack rigid cell walls and are flexible. B. they can move more rapidly and in more complex ways than members in other eukaryotic kingdoms. C. they develop from a zygote in a characteristic embryonic development. D. they show great diversity in size, form, and structure. E. they are homotrophic.

E. they are homotrophic.

179. All of the following are true about prosimians except A. they are big-eyed mammals with increased acuity. B. they live in trees and have long balancing tails. C. only two lineages survive today. D. they are nocturnal. E. they are widespread.

E. they are widespread.

180. New world monkeys have all of the following features except A. they have flat spreading noses. B. they grasp objects with long prehensile tails. C. they evolved in isolation in South America. D. they are all arboreal. E. they have ischial callosities (thickened rump pads).

E. they have ischial callosities (thickened rump pads).

105. Oxygen diffuses to the tissues of terrestrial arthropods through the A. arteries. B. cells of the cortex. C. circulatory system. D. lungs. E. trachea and tracheoles.

E. trachea and tracheoles.

71. Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called A. planulae. B. polyps. C. miracidia. D. zoecia. E. trochophores.

E. trochophores.

185. Humans are different from apes in anatomy related to bipedal locomotion in all of the following features except the A. vertebral column is more curved than an ape's. B. spinal cord exists from the bottom rather than the back of the skull. C. pelvis is broader and more bowl-shaped. D. hip, knee, and foot have all changed in proportions. E. upper limbs are longer than the lower limbs.

E. upper limbs are longer than the lower limbs