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Reactant

A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

elastic collision

A collision in which colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat.

inelastic collision

A collision in which the colliding objects become distorted, generate heat, and possibly stick together.

Chemical Energy

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

Electricity with magnetism

A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field. A magnetic field induces electric charge movement, producing an electric current. In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to one another.

Renewable Energy

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

Analog Signal

A signal having the characteristic of being continuous and changing smoothly over a given range, rather than switching suddenly between certain levels.

Nonrenewable Energy

A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

How evidence is gathered about star life

A star's life cycle is determined by its mass. The larger its mass, the shorter its life cycle. A star's mass is determined by the amount of matter that is available in its nebula, the giant cloud of gas and dust from which it was born.

Digital Signal

A system of discrete states: high or low, on or off, 1 or 0.

Current formula (series)

A=A1=A2=A3

Mechanical Energy

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object

How are shield volcanoes formed

By eruptions of thin runny lava

Displacement

Distance and direction of an object's change in position from the starting point.

how are earthquakes evidence of plate tectonics

Earthquakes occur along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet. They occur where plates are subducting, spreading, slipping, or colliding. As the plates grind together, they get stuck and pressure builds up. Finally, the pressure between the plates is so great that they break loose.

Oceanic Crust

Earths crust under the ocean thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor

Electric power vs electric energy

Electric power is the rate at which a device changes electric current to another form of energy. Electrical energy use equals the power of the appliance multiplied by the amount of time the appliance is used.

Nuclear Energy

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Causes of prolonged exposure to radioactive decay

Exposure to very high levels of radiation, such as being close to an atomic blast, can cause acute health effects such as skin burns and acute radiation syndrome ("radiation sickness"). It can also result in long-term health effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Volcano hot spots.

Hawaii, Yellowstone National Park, Flagstaff Arizona, Galapagos Islands

Thermal Energy

Heat energy

Advantages of digital signals

Higher security. Negligible or zero distortion due to noise during transmission. The rate of transmission is higher. Multidirectional transmission concurrently and longer distance transmission is possible. Automatic. More info per sec

Elements being fused in stars

Hydrogen and Helium

Current Formula

I=V/R/I=P/V

Where the magnetic field of the earth is generated

Liquid Iron Core

Major zones of earthquake activity

Pacific ring of fire, mid ocean-ridges, Eurasian-Melanisian mountain belt.

Formula for power

P=VI

Conservation of momentum formula

p=p'

Cons of nuclear power

-High cost to build -Nuclear Accidents -Non- renewable -National Risk -Radiation

Pros of nuclear power

-Low pollution -Low operating cost -More proficient than fossil fuels -Always available

How are stratovolcanoes formed?

An eruption of highly viscous (very sticky) magma tends to produce steep-sided volcanoes with slopes that are about 30-35°.

Advantages of analog signals

Analog signals are easier to process. Analog signals best suited for audio and video transmission. Analog signals are much higher density, and can present more refined information. Analog signals use less bandwidth than digital signals.

Balance between fusion and gravity in a star

As gravity compresses the core of a protostar, the temperature goes higher and higher. Eventually the temperature is high enough that the star starts fusing hydrogen into helium.

Where all the elements on earth were formed

As the cloud of cosmic dust and gases from the Big Bang cooled, stars formed, and these then grouped together to form galaxies. The other 86 elements found in nature were created in nuclear reactions in these stars and in huge stellar explosions known as supernovae.

Mass vs. Weight

Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.

Our sun compared to other stars

Our Sun is an average sized star: there are smaller stars and larger stars, even up to 100 times larger. Many other solar systems have multiple suns, while ours just has one. Our Sun is 864,000 miles in diameter and 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit on the surface. It is now a main sequence star

Why houses use parallel

Parallel circuits are utilized in houses because loads may run independently. For example, if a series circuit was utilized, the lights would become dimmer as additional lights were added. When a parallel circuit is used instead of a series circuit, the load receives the entire power of the circuit.

How is energy produced in a star

Stars produce their energy through nuclear fusion. For most stars, this process is dominated by a process called the "proton-proton chain," a sequence of events that transforms four hydrogen atoms into one helium atom.

Electromagnetic spectrum catagories

The electromagnetic spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The common designations are radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, X-rays and gamma-rays.

Electrical Energy

The energy of electric charges

Sources and sinks for CO2

The ocean, soil and forests are the world's largest carbon sinks. A carbon source releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Examples of carbon sources include the burning of fossil fuels like gas, coal and oil, deforestation and volcanic eruptions.

Why can radiowaves travel through space?

They do not need molecules to travel.

Electromagnet vs permanent magnet

This means that it always has a magnetic field and will display a magnetic behavior at all times. An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire which acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it.

Plate movement speed

Up to 4 inches per year

Total voltage in a series circuit

Vt=V1+V2+V3

Wave interference

Wave interference is a phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. The interference of waves causes the medium to take on a shape that results from the net effect of the two individual waves upon the particles of the medium.

Wave scattering

Wave scattering corresponds to the collision and scattering of a wave with some material object, for instance sunlight scattered by rain drops to form a rainbow.

Impulse vs. Impact

While impulse is understood in terms of change in momentum of a body and is a function of force applied and the time period for which it is applied, impact force is the force applied over a very short period of time. Impulse is an integral of force over time which is why it has units different from that of force

Circuits

With electrical switches, these terms have opposite meaning: "open" means no flow while "closed" means free passage of electric current. REVIEW: Resistance is the measure of opposition to electric current. A short circuit is an electric circuit offering little or no resistance to the flow of current.

Cause of plate movement

convection currents in the mantle

Plate creation

cooler parts of Earth's crust were pulled downwards into the warmer upper mantle, damaging and weakening the surrounding crust.

How to measure magnetic dip

dip circle, also called Dip Needle, or Inclinometer

How to find half life?

divide decay constant by by 2

Radiant Energy

energy carried by an electromagnetic wave

equivalent resistance

for resistors in a series, is the sum of all the individual resistances

How are cinder cone volcanoes formed?

from various ejected material such as ash, cinders, glass, lava fragments, and rocks. There very steep rarely above 300 meters.

continental crust

the relatively thick part of the earth's crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.

Chain reaction

the self-sustaining fission reaction spread by neutrons which occurs in nuclear reactors and bombs.

Small star life cycle

nebula, protostar, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, black dwarf

Massive star life cycle

nebula, protostar, main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, neutron star or black hole

Terminal Velocity

the constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity

Chemical Reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances