PS121 Exam #2- Presidency & Bureaucracy

Progressive era

-A new era of government regulation -Corruption was tackled by the installation of a merit-system. -Merit-systems propose to hire based on tested skills and abilities.

Issue Network

-A relationship between a clientele-oriented department, the clientele it serves, and the congressional committee sharing jurisdiction with the department. -Example: education- department of education, members of congress who serve on the House committee on the education and labor, and representatives from the American federation of teachers.

Is bigger better?

-After 9/11 terrorist attacks- George w. bush- resolve security issues by reorganizing the executive branch of the federal government. establishing new office- Department of Homeland security (guarding against terrorism, securing the nation's boarders and improving readiness for, response to, and recovery from disasters (240,000 employees, 22 federal agencies in the department including the US coast guard, federal emergency management agency, and immigrant nationalization service. -DHS also includes TSA- after 9/11 attacks to protect the country's transportation systems. (employs 50,000 of the 240,000 people within the DHS. -Creation of DHS- 15th department to the federal beauracracy- growth of the bureaucratic state. Many view growth as a problem- tends to be viewed as a "sea of waste, a swamp of incompetence, amount of unchecked power, and an endless plan of mediocrity." -2014- Americans said they think the government wastes more than 50 cents of every tax dollar collected. - Bureaucracy-serves as a very important function in administering our laws. (financial aid check- department of education, medication- fda, driving to school- department of transportation. -Chapter organization: the purpose and structure of the federal bureaucracy, why it has grown over time, what its powers and limitations are, and how it manages the monumental task of helping the president execute the many laws created by congress.

Nobody said it was easy

-An ad from Chipotle to get an overview of farmers' role in the modern food industry. -2011- chipotle- advertising campaign that hints at the sentiments expressed by organic farmers in response to the contemporary American food industry. -Video:didn't want to be industrialized- went back to roots.

The broken presidency

-Analayze the expansion of presidential power and the problems associated with it. -The expansion of the federal government, the rise of mass media, and technological advancements have all broadened the scope of presidential power over time. Still- limitations on the office that prevent presidents from going too far. -The evolution of the modern presidency and learn about the pressures presidents face once they step off the campaign trail and move into the oval office -Part 1- Reviewing how our increased expectations of presidents have affected the office. -Part 2- How we can reexamine the role of the president and presidential politics.

Executive power is limited

-Appointments of diplomats, justices, and cabinet members must be confirmed. -Cannot directly make law -Vetoes can be overridden.

Diplomatic Powers

-Articles of Confederation-states were able to make treaties with foreign nations independently- limited the power of the federal government to negotiate national treaties and generate revenue. The founders recognized the need to assign the president some diplomatic responsibilities. A number of presidents throughout history have also taken inherent the right to enter into executive agreements and to act as the symbolic head of state. -The constitution gives the president the ability to enter into treaties with foreign nations but with consent of 2/3 senate (hard to get) Ratification. -Presidents have resorted to interpreting their diplomatic powers to mean that they are at liberty to negotiate executive agreements with foreign nations. Executive agreements do not require congressional approval, but they do have limitations- may require federal legislation or congressional funding to execute the terms of the agreement. -The president is constitutionally entitled to receive foreign dignities and to appoint US ambassadors. Presidents have used these expressed powers to officially recognize the legitimacy of there nations. -President's responsibility to act as our symbolic head of state in representing the government of the US throughout the world. Seek to convey the fundamental values associated with the Constitution and American political life.

Great Society

-Attempted to tackle poverty by revitalizing New Deal Programs -Established new colleges and universities and invested in students.

Presidential Personality and character matter

-Clinton- plagued with scandal and impeachment- seemed invincible when it came to public opinion polls (66% approval rating). G Bush- lowest approval rating in history (22%). -Number of factors may be at play- economic conditions, foreign relations, and personal characteristics. Clinton's time- relative peace and prosperity. Bush's time- 2 unpopular wars and collapse of nation's financial system. Despite personal transgression's- Clinton's reputation for optimum charisma endured, Bush regarded to be arrogant and impulsive.

Executive Orders and Privilege

-Combining the presidential oath of office with the executive power clause, presidents have inferred the authority to issue executive orders and claim executive privilege, and have thereby added a considerable amount of power to the office. -Executive orders are declarations issued by a president that relate to the organization of the federal bureaucracy, the execution of federal legislation, and the enforcement of federal court decisions. They do not require the approval of congress, but that can be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court or replaced by subsequent administrations. -Executive orders do not always deal with foreign affairs or national emergencies. Often they address issues you might expect to see worked out through congressional debate and legislation. Presidents have often used executive orders to meet their obligation to "faithfully execute" the laws of the nation. -Presidents have also periodically claimed executive privilege- the act of withholding information from congressional, judicial, or public scrutiny. Implied (not in constitution).

In Search of a Perfect union: the great society

-Concerns about social welfare of the American public- situation of the minorities and discrimination of poverty in urban areas- 1960s. Lyndon Johnson- massive expansion of social welfare programs that spanned the areas of education, Joh training, the arts, the environment, and most importantly, voting and civil rights. This Great society initiative attempted to revitalize the programs and efforts established by the New Deal 30 years prior. -Johnson administration- proposed new programs that constructed colleges and universities, provided loans and grants to college students, and instituted jobptraining programs for individuals to build skills for the workplace. Further proposed initiatives to better society through federal investment in the arts, environmental protection, urban revitalizatio funds, mass transit development, and increased wealth care programs for the elderly and the poor. Civil rights act of 1964- protection against disctimination, etc. -Great soceity- sought to improve well-being of communities across the US, product of social interest and pressure on the federal government to assume greater responsibility for the happiness and welfare of the American public.

The president v. the presidency

-Considerable drop (bush's approval rating) reflects the public's changing perception of the president, bush, not dissatisfaction with the institution of the presidency created by the constitution. It is common to judge the performance of an individual president through his term in office; if we are dissatisfied= place him in the next election. We seldom question the structure and legitimacy of the institution of the presidency- our disapproval of a certain president's performance does not mean that we would rather eliminate the office altogether and replace it with a king. -Presidency refers to the few, but fundamental rules established by Article II of the Constitution. the basic rules that govern the powers and responsibilities associated with the office have changed a little. Often the different abilities of presidents to capitalize on availble institutional resources, the political climate of their time, and their own personal characteristics that we remember. One should keep in mind the parameters of the office he inhabits. -Eligiibility qualifications, term length and limitations, and the circumstances and procedures for replacing the president (in the constitution). Article II- Natural born citizen of at least 35 years of age who has resided in the US for at least 14 years. term length- 4 years. Two terms (22nd amendment). Initially there was no limit on number of terms, but changed after FDR (4 terms). President can be removed from office on impeachment for and convicted of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In case of impeachment, death, resignation or temporary disability, the VP becomes president (according to 25 amendment). -Video: declare war, propose bills, and veto (president).

Spoils System

-Contributed to the expansion of the federal bureaucracy -Andrew Jackson promised his supporters jobs during his 1828 campaign. -Supporters were often unqualified, contributing to a sense that the bureaucracy was partisan and inefficient.

Thanks, Obamacare

-Department of HHS took charge in implementation, including funding and administering programs, coordinating with state governments, sharing information with the health industry and the US workforce, and preventing fraud and abuse of the system. -Key federal provisions- expand access to insurance, increase consumer protections, emphasize prevention and wellness, improve quality and system of performance, expand health and workforce, and curb rising health care costs. Expand access to insurance coverage- aims at 32 million uninsured Americans by expanding both private and public insurance. Key provisions doing the following: -Require employers to cover their workers, or pay penalties, with exceptions for small employers. -Provide tax credits to certain small businesses that cover specified costs of health insurance for their employees beggining tax year 2010. -Require individuals to have insurance. Exceptions- religion or financial hardship. -Require creation of state-based (or multi-state) insurance exchanges to help individuals and small businesses purchase insurance. -Expand medicaid to cover people with incomes below 133% of federal poverty guidelines. -State experiences-35 states had high risk pools; 37 states had some requirement about young adults on parental insurance plans; 47 states-state-regulated insurances to provide for an independent appeals process; several states had premium assistance programs; many states had expanded medicaid beyond minimum federal requirements; Massachusetts and Utah- pioneered insurance exchanges; massachuests enacted individual mandate.

Taking the ACA's temperature

-Determine whether the ACA has been a success or a failure and identify hurdles in the implementation process. -Brookings institute- key issues to watch during the early years of the ACA's implementation. Use these issues to measure the policy's overall success or failure over time.

Political Parties and mass media

-Development of political parties and mass media- strengthened the connection between the American public and the president. The relationship between a president and his political party has historically been beneficial and enforcing. President typically depends on his party to help him get elected and support his agenda in Congress. Usually able to raise enough to wage a successful campaign without party financing, but they rely on the party's organizational efforts to mobilize voters. The party, in turn depends on the president to implement the party platform and to lend support to candidates for other offices; symbiotic relationship- reinforced and explained presidential power, making presidents leaders of both electoral politics and public policy debate -2016election- democratic and republican parties had insurgent candidates who challenged the status quo (sanders and trump). When trump won enough state primaries to secure Republican Party nomination, the national leadership of the party faced the challenging task of mobilizing members of congress and party activists to unify behind him and his policy agenda. Trump's unpredictable use of social media to bypass traditional media channels and offer unfiltered reactions to national and international events (twitter). -President can now appeal directly to the public through press conferences and public events. Before mass media- Presidents took their policy messages to individual congress members who then communicated with local constituents. Now- the president is able to circumvent congress and appeal directly to the public ("going public")= helps give people sense that their president is their national representative, fighting for their interests in DC. Increased role in shaping the national agenda. -President Obama- several public appearances to promote his policy vision and encouraging his teams of advisors to do the same. Launched public relations campaign using his weekly radio and interest addresses to make public appeals concerning health care reform and promising a series of speeches and town hall meetings to discuss universal health care across the country. Public meetings- draw the public's attention to energy issues and job creation-pressure on congress. -trump on twitter in an effort to pressure even lawmarkers of his own party to pass critical parts of his policy agenda. Trump attacked conservative house freedom caucus for voting against the AHCA. Holding those accountable-new relationship between the president and the party, one that new media has made possible.

Policies and programs

-Executive branch has expanded in part due to the growth in policies and programs that must be administered by the federal bureaucracy. During Founders time- 1780s and 1930s, national government was mainly focused on promoting commerce between states and with foreign nations and building resources. Social and economic issues were mostly left to the states; few federal policies in need of implementation by the executive branch. -Changed with the Great Depression and the supreme ct. interpretation of the commerce clause of he constitution both of which expanded jurisdiction and scope of the national government. The New Deal- tended the reach of the federal government into social and economic policy, providing the unprecedented federal resources to support states during the national economic crisis of the Great Depression. Beauractic offices created at this time- social security, SEC, FDIC, and National Labor Relations Board. Distribution of public resources and management of related programs required that the executive branch grow in size. -Other events have given presidents opportunities to create new offices, departments, or programs. Ongoing expansion has caused a shift in public perception of the presidency- increasingly hold the president responsible for a wide range of public policy concerns. The president now seeks to address rising unemployment, unaffordable Health care, education insufficiencies, and inadequate funding for social security.

Have we reached peak presidency?

-Expansion of the presidency and its repercussions. -Presidency has grown, scope of the job, the difficulty of the issues, and the size of the office; its "broken." -Video: framers- limited its power. Grown- too large. Roosevelt-first change to presidency. More staff. Now presidents need to respond to natural disasters. Way presidents are elected- John Kennedy changed it to play to the crowd. Voters look for those with the strongest divisive rhetoric. too big, too many obligations and expectations. too hard to handle -Examine how the role of the president has changed and evaluate a possible approach to fixing the broken presidency.

The President has many roles and responsibilities

-Expressed powers- granted to him by the constitution. Implied powers- some not expressly stated in the constitution but have been interpreted by presidents as necessary to faithfully execute the laws and protect and defend the constitution. Delegated Powers- delegated to the president by congress in order to implement legislation. Executive, legislative, judicial, diplomatic, and military powers. Executive powers: 1. Execute laws- expressed- pending budgetary support by Congress. 2. Organize federal bureaucracy- implied- pending budgetary support by congress. 3. Appoint department heads- expressed- requires senate confirmation. 4. Recommend department budgets- delegated- requires congressional approval. 5. Issue executive orders- implied- limited to matters involving policy execution and enforcement. 6. Exercise executive privlege- implied- limited to instances involving national security. Legislative Powers 1. Veto legislation- expressed-can be overridden by congress. 2. Deliver state of the union address- expressed- serves informational and persuasive rather than declarative purposes. 3. Make policy reccomendations- expressed- requires congressional approval. 4. Convene and adjourn congress- expressed- can convene only under extreme circumstances; can adjourn only given congressional conflict over adjournment. Judicial powers 1. Appoint justices to the Supreme Court- expressed- requires senate confirmation. 2. Appoint judges to federal courts- expressed- requires senate confirmation. 3. Grant pardons and reprieves- expressed- prospect of reelection limits its practice. Diplomatic powers 1. Appoint ambassadors- expressed-requires senate confirm. 2. Receive ambassadors- expressed- no constitutional check. 3. Enter into treaties with foreign nations- expressed- requires senate ratification. 4. Enter into executive agreements- implied- execution may require congressional approval. 5. Serve as head of state- implied- role is merely symbolic. Military powers 1. Serve as commander in chief- expressed- requires congressional authorization to engage troops. Public opinion 1. Represent public will- expressed 2. Shape the national agenda- none (no institutional check on power for both). Political party: 1. Implement party priorities 2. Shape the party agenda 3. Symbolic head of the party. (No source of constitutional power and no check on power for all 3).

The Federal Bureaucracy Today

-Federal beauracry growth- slowed since New Deal and Great society, but still continues to advance. Since 2000- federal government has expanded medicare coverage of the elderly, increased oversight of national education systems, and designed DHS to address new and ever expanding public needs. -Creation of DHS- most significant reorganization of the federal bureaucracy in more than 1/2 century. Bush consolidated 22 agencies under it included US secrete service, coast guard, INS, and FEMA. 3rd largest government department in terms of staff size. -15 executive departments employ about 1.7 million full time workers. -Executive departments size and budget- HHS- largest department of treasury- second largest etc. -Divisions within HHS reveals that the majority of discretionary spending for that department- associated with centers for medicare and medicaid services. -The history of the federal bureaucracy- one government and continuously attempting to address the demands of an evolving American society. responsibilities and power increased. Still relies on congress and president for size and funding and thus remains limited in what it can do.

Bureaucracy

-First, bureaucracy allows an organization to operate efficiently by dividing labor among employees who are experts at performing specific tasks. -Second, bureaucracy allows processes to be standardized so that products and services can be provided with consistency, transparency, and fairness at large scales.

Presidential Interpretation and Congressional Delegation

-Founders conceived of an executive with limited power, but as individual presidents have exercised expressed powers, broadly interpreted implied powers, and been delegated power by Congress, they have expanded the power of the presidency. Trump= powerful (result of forces inside and outside of his control). -Expansion= lovely interpreting responsibilities suggested by the presidential oath of office. Article II Sec I- " I do solemnly swear... faithfully execute the office of the president of the US, and will do the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the constitution." -In the name of condition, Lincoln suspended right of Habeas corpus during civil war- prohibiting condederated detainees from seeking relief for unlawful detention. FDR in Great Depression established reccomening presidential program and budget to congress. In several areas- foreign affairs, budgetary politics, and economic policy- congress has shifted more responsibility to the executive branch over time. Congress' delegation of authority to Bush and Obama in determining the shape and character of economic stimulus programs.

Working for the People: the New Deal begins

-Great Depression- exposed the inability of state, local, and private firms to coordinate their actions quickly in response to widespread economic hardship. FDR's New Deal platform, promises took shape not only in new financial reforms, but also in social welfare safety nets. To stimulate the economy, he worked with congress to establish numerous employment and economic growth programs, such as the National Industrial recovery act of `933- sponsored the implementation of modern infrastructure programs. -New Deal included several initives meant to regulate industry and workplace practices. Supporters- formed labor unions to represent the interests of specific sectors of the American workforce. Unions worked with the newly democratic congress to enact legislation they favored. congressed passed the securities exchange act of 1934- created an independent agency to monitor and regulate the vulnerable stock market. Social security act of 1935- first severally funded pension program targeting all working Americans; symbolizing the defining moment when the federal bureaucracy metamorphosed into a critical social service provider. -New Deal, with all of its diverse programs and massive government expenditures, came to signify the beginning of America's faith in national government over local insitutions. New Deal- helped to expand range of politics that the federal government was responsible for administering and overseeing. Reforms of New Deal- more than just regulate specific industries- also provided social services and benefits directly to American citizens, and all of these services needed to be administered by a growing federal buearucacy. -Size of federal work force- increased. Truman sought to make the bureaucracy smaller and more efficient in order to calm public fears about the size of the federal government, he convened the organization of the executive branch of government, which made reccomendations that helped to streamline the bureaucracy and reduce federal workforce. Since the 50s'- size of the federal bureaucracy has remained relatively stable.

Executive Powers

-He is charged with making sure the laws passed by Congress are "faithfully executed" which he does by the help of the federal bureaucracy. He is allowed to establish federal departments in the executive branch and to appoint their organizational heads, known as secretaries, to implement the law. The Constitution doesn't specify how the federal bureaucracy is to be organized- presidents have taken it upon themselves to reorganize the government to best meet their management styles and achieve their policy goals. President= chief executive (CEO), responsible for managing all staff and ensuring that all goals are met. Management styles of presidents: Pyramid or wheel. -Pyramid (from lower end to top)- executive office of the president and cabinet; White House chief of staff; President; Flow of info going up and delegation of power going down. -Wheel- President in the middle and staff all around. -Expressed, implied, and delegated powers associated with the president's authority as chief executive. President's ability to appoint heads of federal departments (with advice and consent of senate)- expressed and powerful tool. through appintments- president can reprioritize the policy goals of each department. Ronald Reagan- influenced environmental regulation by appointing buisnassmand for environmental agency to favor business interests. -Constitution- President has power to appoint federal officers of federal government, but does not describe the creation of specific executive offices; thus implies the president has the power to establish offices necessary to faithfully execute the law, although the creation of additional departments is subject to congressional funding. President also reflects his priorities through budget recommendations (delegated) for each executive department. (Requires congressional approval).

Will the NOP say "Nope?"

-How organic farming is regulated and how the regulatory body conducts its rule making process. -The USDA provides rules for a particular group- organic farmers-through the national organic program (NOP). NOP granted regulatory power by Congress and it develops and administers the rules that govern how organic farmers can operate. -To devise these rules- NOP relies on input form both the national organic standards board (NOSB) and the general public. Explain how its members determine the rules for organic products and labeling. -National Organic Standards board (NOSB): federal advisory board made up of 15 volunteers across the organic community. Established by the OFPA and governed by FACA, NOSB considers and makes reccomendations on a wide range of issues involving production, handling, and processing of organic products. Also has special responsibilites related to the national list of allowed and prohibited substances. Membership: NOSB members are appointed by secretary of agriculture for a 5 year term. Members include- 4 owning or operating organic farming operation; 1 owning or operating retail establishment with trade in organic products; 3 with expertise in environmental protection and resource conservation; 3 representing public interest or consumer interest groups; 1 in the field of toxicology, ecology, or biochemistry, and 1 who is a USDA accredited certifying agent. Rulemaking: federal regulations are the laws authorized by major legislation enacted by congress. Process of creating, amending, or removing regulations referred to as rulmeaking involves 4 steps: 1. Initial planning- determining regulatory action authorized by original legislation (to describe new requirement,s to clarify existing language, to amend the original legislation). 2. Proposed rule- issue a notice of proposed rulemaking, which proposes to add, change, or delete regulatory language and includes a request for public comments during a specified time period. 3. Public comments- analyze all public comments on the proposed rule. 4. Final rule- publish final rule in the federal register. the final rule summarizes and responds to public comments on the proposed rule and includes revisions as well as provides and effective date. -timeline: rulemaking process- lengthy, taking anywhere from 1 to multiple years and dependent on multiple factors: complexity or controversy associated wit the topic; amount of public participation, other projects on workplan. -Objective: determine the requirements for becoming an organic farmer and evaluate the various functions of clientele agencies. -USDA allows any meat to be labeled as "natural" as long as it doesn't contain additives or artificial flavoring.

Implementing the ACA

-Identify key components of the Affordable care act in order to understand the implementation process. -Once a bill becomes a law- implementation by bureaucracy can be easy or complicated depending on the nature of the law and the exchanges it brings with it. -Examine implementation by looking at the complications of the patient protection and affordable care act and consider how many factors and. players had to come together to see the law go into effect -Part I- review main components of the ACA and how insurance exchanges work. -Part II- identify key issues during the implementation of the ACA and think critically about its successes and failures.

Old Macdonald had an agency

-Identify the roles of clientele agencies and the groups they serve -For a farm to be certified as organic- a farm must meet federal standards and follow certain regulations. -21st century- explosive growth in the organic food movement. Grocery stores now have sections devoted to organic products- chicken without hormones, dairy without antibiotics, and produce without pesticides. -Learn about clientele agencies and evaluate the rulemaking process. -Part I- Learning more about client-egency relationships, using the relationship between farmers and the USDA as an example. -Part II- Use this info to analyze the process that a client (in this case, a farmer) would have to go through to participate in the National organic program.

Exchange in the membrane

-Insureance exchanges created by the ACA to understand how they assist with the implementation of the law. -Who is responsible for carrying out these exchanges, and what's at stake for Americans as they try to navigate the health care system? -What's health insurance exchange?: online market where individuals and small employers can shop for insurance coverage. Exchanges also help people find out if they are eligible for federal subsidies or help cover the cost of coverage or if they are eligible for medicaid. Generally, people will be able to enroll in or change plans once a year during an annual open enrollment period. These exchanges are for 2 groups of people: those who don't have insurance now and those who currently purchase their own insruance (not from an employer). -Evaluate the Bureaucratic process of implementing laws.

When the president calls

-Johnson's rise to Oval Office and how his personality shaped his actions during his presidency. -Johnson used the telephone like an assault weapon. -40 calls a day- had phones everywhere. -Johnson made his secretaries transcribe many of these calls and used the transcripts to keep track of daily work and decisions. -LBJ may not have appeared to be the right guy for the job. Oversized, awkward. -Determined to carry on Kennedy's legacy and win condidence of the nation. Used immense political save and many personas- cajoling or consoling, threatening or seductive to get the job done. -When sworn into office- 55 years old, worked in congress for more than 1/4 of a century, but had to calm the nation and consolidate power in administration fiercely loyal to his predecessor. -Audio between LBJ and Supreme Court justice aurthur Goldberg: LBJ doubting himself and Goldberg saying he's confident he'll do well. -First days of his precidency- LBJ called friends and rivals asking for support, pledging loyalty to Kennedy's programs and touching bases of power in washington -LBJ's calls with Jackie Kennedy demonstrate his skill at blending the personal and the political. cared for Jackie, but also saw her as an important symbolic figure. -After discussing details of the assassination, Hoover( FBI) suggested measures he thought Johnson should take to protect himself from the same fate. -Within a week of the assassination, Johnson created a high-level group to oversee the investigation. -Johnson appointed Supreme Ct. Justice Earl warren to chair of the commission -Lindom made it clear he was in charge and would Do more than just cary on Kennedy's legacy. Larger-than-life personality. Violated social norms, etc. Determine how personality characteristics affect presidential leadership skills.

Legislative Powers

-Legislative responsibilities- power to veto legislation and the ability to shape the legislative agenda through the state of the union address. -Veto power= Article I of the constitution, after the House and Senate vote on a bill, they must submit it to the president for his review. He has the option of accepting to vetoing it. Vetoes= more frequent in times of divided government, when one party controls the presidency and the other controls congress. Threat of veto is is powerful, rather than use it, presidents often threaten to veto a particular bill under consideration by congress. Threat can be sufficient for successful negotiation between the president and congress. -Article II section 3- Requires president to report to congress "from time to time" on the "state of the union"- state of the union address. Legislative power; uses it to set the policy agenda by describing to congress what sorts of legislation he would be willing to sign in the given year. Focus and tone of it vary depending on the political, social, and economic conditions of the times. -Article II also specifies role for the VP in the legislative process. VP= president of the senate. (Does not have a vote in senate unless there's a tie). Generally assists the president in managing the federal bureaucracy and executing public policy on a day to day basis.

Globalization

-New development in industry and technology and interconnectedness of the global economic systems expand presidential power. US- world leader in industrial sectors and one of the largest importers and exporters in the global marketplace. Recession had ripple effects throughout rest of the world. Such negative events- diminish the power of the president on the international stage. -Technological progress of last several decades- our relation to other parts of the world. Nuclear warfare and developments in missile defense- imposed great burden on modern presidents, responsible for potential split-second decisions with profound repercussions. Digital technologies (internet)- revolutionized communication and opened channels for presidential leadership on a global scale. News- instantaneous, diplomatic relationships= expedited, and national security faces new opportunities along with new challenges. -Globalization's not inevitable. Nations have reconsidered membership in international organizations (Brexit). Trump proposed a new trade agreement that would replace NAFTA he prioritized American industry and labor, focusing particularly on coal production. Also called for immigration reform, issuing an executive order during the first week of his administration to suspend the entry of nationals from 7 countries (protecting from threat of terrorism). Reasserting the authority of the nation-state and its control over markets, trade, labor, and immigration.

Judicial powers

-Nominating justices to the courts and grandting clemency to those who have violated federal law. Article II sec 2- the president's power to nominate justices (subject to senate approval and require a majority vote. Senate confirmation hearings of judicial nominations- controversial, weight of judicial decisions may have political repercussions for years to come. -Judicial powers of the president= Pardons, Reprieves, and amnesty. Amnesty has also been central to the immigration debate as it has sometimes been extended to large numbers of illegal immigrants in order to bring them into compliance with US law without publishing them for violating illegal immigration procedures. The founders intended exoneration of convicted criminals as a power check against abuses of the justice system. Presidents most often exercise this power during their last days in office, when there can be no electoral repercussions.

A user's guide to implementation

-Opponents- provision defunding the ACA onto the continuing resolution to keep the government open and shutting down the government when the senate refused to go along with one version of the ACA roll-back after another. HOR has voted to repeal it more than 40x. -Blue states will probably have bigger decreases in the number of uninsured than red states

issue networks and Iron triangles

-Policymakers seeking to please a particular constiuency sometimes try to assign the administration of a program to a department that will make rules that favor their constiuency. Dept of agriculture- more linens on farmers than the EPA. -The relationship between a clientele oriented department, the client it serves, and the congressional committee sharing jurisdiction with the department is known as an issue network. Cannotes the idea that on any given issue, those who have a vested stake in the outcome are more likely to participate in policy development. -Sometimes the issue network can develop into a powerful alliance between the three. It can result in policies and rules that benefit a narrow segment of the population. three actors involved serve one another in exchange for information, political support, and favors. Some argue iron triangles obstruct the democratic process because people are represented through interests groups that act on their behalf. -Some departments serve interests of particular segment of society and others serve more general purposes. Regulatory agencies monitor and guide individual behavior on social and economic affairs. Some of these agencies are found within the cabinet departments, while others are independent agencies or commissions. Domestic and international security agencies maintain order within the country and protect Americans from threats abroad. -The executive branch is generally organized in a way that allows the government to administer the many policies and programs that we rely on every day. Inclusion of programs and divisions within particular departments can allow policies to be implemented with greater efficiency; also allows congressional committees to more easily oversee policy implementation. the organizational structure of the executive branch represents policymakers' attempt to control the behavior of bureaucrats by strategically placing programs and divisions in particular departments. Presence of issue networks can sometimes result in the administration of policies that benefit a narrow segment of the population. Not all departments and agencies serve narrow interests (example- department of education- general interests). -Organization of the executive branch represents both a source of bureaucratic power and a limit on the power of the bureaucracy. The size of bureaucracy- grown and power has increased as well. Increase in size- the government's effort to meet complex issues and rising societal demands.

Assessing presidential Performance

-Political scientists have studied the ways in which president's individual personalities affect their performance in office. Presidential performance is in large part contingent on the president's power to persuade. All presidents face a similar institutional context: they share power over policy development with congress and the Supreme Court. They oversee a large federal bureaucracy with administrative discretion over policy implementation, and they often face a situation of divided government. these actors and institutions structure the ability of presidents to pursue their policy goals. Separateness of institutions and the sharing of authority prescribe the terms on which a president persuades. Individual presidents- successful to the extent that they can utilize the tools of the office to pursue the public and the other branches of government to follow their lead. Power to pursuade= power to bargain. -Presidential character, worldview, and style can be used to predict presidential performance. Style- how a president does his job. Worldview- how a president perceives politics, issues, and conflict. Character- how a president views himself. Presidents differ in their sense of self and purpose. -Traits= typology by which presidents can be systematically compared across time. Presidents have either an active or passive approach to their job. Can attack the duties of the office each day with ultimate goal of accomplishing much by the administration's end, or they can occupy the office out of a sense of duty, be receptive to input from others, and depend on others for self-affirmation. Presidents also have either a positive outlook or negative outlook on the world. -These character traits often impact a president's ability to perform successfully within the political, social, and economic context of his time in office. Voters often consider personality in addition to (or instead of) professional qualifications when casting a vote for a presidential candidate. Presidential historians use personality to reflect on the place of each president in history. Lincoln ranks the highest when it comes to ten leadership characteristics, including public persuasion, iris leadership, moral authority and vision. -Presidential personality and character matter. there is an X factor to presidential politics that can only be captured by examining the individualized traits that president's bring to the Oval Office. Different hisorical contexts and political environments, the personality of the president may make a difference in the quality of leadership the American people receive.

Hail to the chief

-Presidency- the office. President- person occupying the office. Roles- chief executive, legislative leader, chief diplomat, public opinion leader, political party leader, and commander in chief. Implied and expressed powers. assumption of implied powers= expansion of power

Executive Power is limited

-President's executive, legislative, judicial, and military roles are limited in some very specific and important ways. Some limitations are from article II, while others have developed over time to check the strength of the office and potential abuse of power. -President may be charged with implementing the law, but depends on congress for confirmation of department heads, approval of administrative budgets, and appropriation of government resources to keep his departments and offices in business. The president cannot make the IRS collect your taxes without money to support its operations. The president's ability to issue executive orders and exercise executive privilege- limited, since both implied powers must fit within the parameters of the Constitution. If they dont- the Supreme Court may rule the use of either power unconstitutional. -President's travel ban- controversial- checks and balances built into American political system to provide presidents with the power to take action while limiting its scope through judicial. review. Executive order 13769 was limited by federal courts. -President's legislative power- limited. Cannot make law, can only try to set legislative agenda and pressure congress to act; does through addresses to congress, policy reccomendations and public appeals. Veto- limited (congress majority override) does not happen very often, usually on very important pieces of legislation. -Limited in judicial politics, military operations, and diplomatic relations. Appointing justices and federal judges- recieving advice and consent of senate through the process of confirmation. Military operations- president is the commander in chief, but needs a congressional declaration of war and specific staututory authorization of use of force to engage troops in military combat. Diplomatic relations- president ambassador appointments and treaties with other nations are checked by congress.

The federal bureaucracy can be a powerful force, but its powers are limited

-Primary source of bureaucratic authority- power of discretion granted to bureaucrats by Congress. When an administrator has to interpret the intentions of congress in order to put the law into action, he or she is exercising a beauracratic power- the power of discretion. -In some cases, congress intentionally passes vaguely worded laws because members are either unable or unwilling to specify exactly how the law should be carried out. Congress delegates considerable power to the executive branch to make the rules necessary to implement the law. Bureaucracy's rule making authority- Significant impact on the law's effect on stakeholders. -Decisions made would likely reflect several factors: personal values, information available to you, influence of those around you (beauroucrats, stakeholders, and public); and mission and structure of your agency.

The Hardest Job in the World

-Problems associated with the presidency and how to address them -Audio: way the job has changed to encompass a wide range of expectations no president could achieve. Compared to other presidents constantly. Politics all drives through the presidency. -President Obama's schedule on the days surrounding osama bin laden -Audio: Obama- educational policy speech, meetings in Denmark, Brazil, and Panama, meetings to avoid a government shutdown/fundraising dinner, etc (before osama bin laden raid). Psychological squeeze on president. Draining. Analysis of Donald trump's presidency and a solution to the problem of an overworked executive -Audio: trump- shredding norms and breaking traditions. Challenges all of them. Exposing poorly designed part of presidency and getting to results (trump fans). Non trump fans- he's breaking traditions and national unity. Not illuminating presidency. Polarizing president; look at insitution- pay attention to the job, not the candidate.

Reagan era

-Promised to shrink the size of bureaucracy, reduce the budget, and reorganize. -Failed to put his rhetoric into action. Bureaucracy grew: -Office of education became the cabinet-level department of education.

Evesdropping on the Oval Office: LBJ's First days

-Recognize different presidential personality types and characteristics. -LBJ- town into presidency hours after Kennedy assassination. At first- awkward replacement for the young and charasmatic president but created his own legacy over time. -Part I- how insiders described Johnson's disposition and how he used the telephone as a tool to manage his administration -Part II- How Johnson's dynamic personality and communication style are reflected in his conversations with those closest to the office of presidency.

Old Macdonald Makes the switch

-Review the process farmers must go through to participate in the National Organic program. Code of federal regulations and the USDA. -The NOP provides guidance to farmers through its regulations and certification process. Understand and adopt organic practices. -NOP- origin of livestock- must be from livestock under continuous organic management from the last 3rd gestation or hatching. Prohibited- livestock or edible livestock products removed from an organic operation and subsequently managed on a nonorganic operation may not be sold, tabled, or represented as organically produced; breeder or dairy stock that has Not been under continuous organic management since the last 3rd gestation may not be sold, labeled, or represented as organic. Must maintain records of all organically managed animals and livestock on the operation. No animal drugs or hormones, no plastic pellets for roughage, no feed additives and supplements in violation of federal Food, drug, and cosmetic act, no antibiotics, no withholding of animals during grazing season. -The requirements and steps someone would;d need to take to get started as an organic farmer. Organic certification steps: 1. The farm or business adopts organic practices, selects a USDA accredited certifying agent and submits an application and fees to the certifying agent. 2. certifying agent reviews the application to verify that practices comply with USDA organic regulations. 3. Inspector-on sight inspection. 4. Certifying agent reviews inspectors report to determine if applicant complies with USDA regulations. 5 Certifying agent issues certificate. -To maintain certification= annual reviews and inspection process. -Cost of organic certification- depends on certifying agent, size, type, and complexity of the operation. May range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. Application fee, annual renewal fee, assessment on annual production or sales, and inspection fees. Once certified, the USDA and certification cost-share programs can reinburse eligible operations up to 75% of their certification costs. -Transition period- until full 36-month transition period is met- you may not: sell, label, or represent the product as "organic," use USDA organic or certifying agent's seal. USDA provides technical and financial assistance during transition period through EQIP, or access a variety of funding options, conservation programs, and other programs and services for the organic sector on the USDA organic portal.

An agency just for farmers

-Specific clientele agency and identify with which particular group it supports- USDA strategic plan for fiscal years 2014- 2018. -When farmers and ranchers want to embrace organic practices, they look to the federal agency responsible for determining what's organic and what's not- the USDA. -USDA- 1/5 executive departments- One of the few that are considered clientele agencies; aimed at supporting a particular group; this group then works to support the agency in return. -Strategic plan for 2014- 2018: Vision-expand economic opportunity through innovation, help rural America, promote sustainable agriculture, to preserve and conserve environment. Framework: country looks to rural America not only for food and fiber, but also for crucial emrging economic opportunities in renewable energy, broadband, and recreation. Goal #1- assist rural communities to create prosperity- self sustaining, repopulating, and economically thriving. #2- ensure national forests and private working lands are conserved, restored, and made more resilient to climate change, while enhancing our water sources. #3- help America promote agricultural production and biotechnology exports as America works to increase food security. #4- Ensure all of America's children have access to safe, nutritious, and balanced meals. #5- USDA for the 21st century- high performing, efficient, and adaptable.

Central Ideas

-The federal bureaucracy enables the president to implement laws passed by Congress. -The federal bureaucracy has grown considerably since the founding and especially since the Great Depression. -The federal bureaucracy can be a powerful force, but its powers are limited. -Americans continually seek ways to reform the bureaucracy.

The Power of the presidency has grown

-The physical growth in the size of the federal bureaucracy over the last 200 years- evidence of this expansion of presidential power- proliferation in the number of executive offices, departments, and staff. President Washington- only 3 executive departments (state, treasury and war). Today- 15 executive departments. Staff numbers have grown too. Expansion of presidential power is the result of several factors and developments: -Growth in policies and programs that must be administered by the executive branch. -Development of political parties and mass media, which have strengthened the direct connection between the president and the American people. -Globalization and advancements in industry and technology that have centrally located the US in the world. -Claims of implied constitutional powers by individual presidents, and delegation of greater authority by Congress.

Shrinking the Bureaucracy: the Reagen Revolution

-The public- increasingly concerned about the effect of an increasingly large bureaucracy on American freedom and taxpayers' pocketbooks. Mismanaged and poorly designed programs became more conspicuous in economic downturn of the 1970s. -Reagen- reducing the bureaucracy. Rollback in the budgetary size and administrative scope of the federal government. Reagan still faced the democratic majority in the HOR that blocked his proposals to reduce the bureaucracy's budget. Politicans found that shrinking, and would not be easy or even possible.

The federal bureaucracy has grown considerably since the Founding, and especially since the Great Depression

-Until Andrew Jackson in 1828- the beauracracy was limited in personnel and performed a narrow set of tasks; limited size of federal buearcacy. Congress insisted that these branches be small and limited, performing only the most essential of duties. During early 19th century- fewer employees in executive branch than there were members in congress. -Distrust in effectiveness and honesty of a large centralized executive branch, the realities of expanding territory and growing population- enlargement of federal bureaucracy. -Expansion of the federal bureaucracy during this period was related to a practice called the spoils system. Describes an informal practice in which a political party would award government positions to its supporters in exchange for their continued support. Jackson- many new positions in federal government to keep up with promises made to his supporters. these jobs were often given to unqualified candidates, thus contributing to a sense that the bureaucracy was partisan and inefficient.

Iron Triangle

-a term describing the coordination among congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups. -In this relationship, the three actors of an issue network serve one another in exchange for information, political support, and favors.

How is the executive branch organized?

-cabinet departments, independent agencies, government corporations, independent regulatory commissions -the president's White House staff and executive office of the president (EOP) include some of the president's closest advisors and the people who assist him on day-to day responsibilities. Today- White House stand has over 450 people, including the chief of staff and the senior advisor to the president. -The EOP- another arm of the executive branch separate from the cabinet. The cabinet- organized by departments and headed by secretaries, he EOP= several advisory bodies to the presidency. FDR established it in 1939 with intention of coordinating the president's repsonsibilities across a wide range of areas. Now- 13 entities in the EOP, including the national security council and the office of Management and Budget. -Largest units in the executive branch- executive (or cabinet) departments. Today-15 executive departments with jurisdiction that largely mirror the jurisdictions of congressional committees. Each department- headed by a presidential appointee who must be confirmed by the Senate (referred to as cabinet secretaries (one exception is the attorney general, responsible for the department of justice)). Each department is organized hierarchically and contains several smaller units within it. Organizational charts all look very similar in structure. Secretary- top. Below- several top administrators who report directly to the secretary, including the deputy secretary, undersecretaries, and assistant secretaries. -Executive branch departments- Departments of agriculture, commerce, defense, education, energy, health and human services, homeland security, state, interior, justice, labor, housing and urban development, transportation, treasury, veterans affairs. -In addition to the 15 executive departments, there are numerous agencies, regulatory commissions, and government coporations in the executive branch. An independent agency is an organization set up by Congress outside of the cabinet department structure; these agencies coordinate and carry out important government functions; ex- intelligence activities conducted by the CIA and scientific research overseen by NASa. Heads of these agencies are known as administrators- appointed by the president, but they generally report to congress rather than to the president. One exception- administrator of the EPA, who is usually invited to cabinet meetings and reports directly to the president. -Independent regulatory commissions are also part of the executive branch, but like agencies, they are responsible to congress. Congress established these commissions to make rules on issues involving commerce, economics, communications, and elections. (Federal reserve system, fed trade commission, fed communications commussion, and federal election commission). Dodd-Frank Act of 2010- established consumer financial protection bureau within the federal reserve system; tasked with promoting fairness and transparency regarding common financial products such as mortgages and credit cards. -The executive branch also includes government corporations, which provide a public service for a charge. the US postal service and amtrack- government corporations.

The federal bureaucracy enables the president to implement laws passed by congress

-ince a law has been passed by Congress and signed by the president, the law must then be put into action; Job of the executive branch (composed of the president and VP, the cabinet departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices that are responsible for helping the president administer government policies.) Executive departments, agencies, and offices= federal bureaucracy. -Bureaucracy= set of structures and procedures used by government (or other large organization) to administer policies and programs. Characterized by a hierarchy of authority, specialization of functions, and strict adherence to established procedures. Employee= bureaucrat. Whether in government at the federal, state, and local levels, or outside of government and corporations or nonprofit organization- serves several important functions. -Bureaucracy allows an organization to operate efficiently by dividing labor among employees who are experts at performing specific tasks. Division of labor among people with particular areas of specialization. -The bureaucratic structure of the executive branch- large scale. Division and specialization of labor- hierarchy composed to a pyramid. Bottom of the pyramid- workers with more general skills. Moving up- skills become more specialized, with fewer workers who possess them. At each level- managers who report to the manager above them in the hierarchy, and at the top you find a set of high-level managers who oversee the operations of the organization. -Bureacracy allows processes to be standardized so that products and services can be provided with consistency, transparency, and with fairness at lawge scales. Often associated with a sea of paperwork and rigid adherence to rules, paperwork and rules serve an important function. Paperwork- standardaized set of procedures that allows the government to coordinate numerous actions and administer massive programs in a consistent and equitable way. Such administration would be impossible if detailed procedures and stick adherence to them didn't exist. Procedures- allow for government processes to be transparent to citizens so that they can hold government accountable for its actions. -Federal bureaucracy- intended to operate efficiently according to set, transparent rules and processes. Exists in order to implement, or enforce the laws passed by government. Execurige branch- bureaucratic structure in place allows the branch to administer these and other laws.

Central Ideas

-the president has many roles and responsibilities -The power of the presidency has grown. -Executive power is limited -Presidential personality and character matter.

Military Powers

=The constitution appoints the president as the highest-ranking officer of the US armed forces. He serves as the commander in chief of the military and communicates directly with the top civilian and military leaders of the department of defense. The constitutional right of presidents to direct the US military= perhaps the most controversial means by which they have expanded executive power over time. -US has only declared war 5 times in over 200 years, yet our troops are often engaged in presidentially ordered military combat. Presidents have interpreted their power to mean that they can mobilize troops without a formal declaration of war from congress if it is in the interest of protecting and preserving the constitution. War Powers Resolution of 1973 to limit the power of presidents to enter into military engagements without congressional approval. It articulates the circumstances under which our miliarty could be deployed without a formal declaration of war and required the advice and consent of congress on a periodic basis. Critics- allows Congress to shrink its constitutionally expressed responsibility to declare war, at the same time, the resolution has done little to restrain presidential power.

Great Society

A series of federal government programs, promoted by President Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s, that aimed to end poverty and racial injustice.

Bureaucracy

A set of structures and procedures used by government (or other large organization) to administer policies and programs.

Presidential power

AS head of the entire federal bureaucracy he influences: -Leadership and direction of the bureaucracy through executive appointments and administrative reorganization. -The relative strength of departments and agencies, as well as funding priorities, through budget requests form congress to fund the federal bureaucracy and, -The operations of the federal bureaucracy through executive orders, which are directives issued by the president to the executive branch that carry the force of law. -Through bueracratic rule making- the president influences the shape congressional laws take in actual implementation. -Trump- vowed to eliminate the EPA and roll back on environmental protections; did not follow through on that, but he has used executive power to weaken it and environmental regulations. Hired someone who did not like the EPA's agenda to the head of the agency. -New secretary of EPA-Climate change is not a threat and limit scientific research the agency can use when writing environmental regulations, began rolling back the fuel-economy standards that curb carbon emissions and loosened regulatory standards on air and water pollution. Removing or reducing information about climate change on their websites. EPA enforcement of environmental regulations has slowed considerably. Funding cuts for climate and clean energy programs in its budget proposals for both 2018 and 2019; proposed cuts for 2018 were largely ignored by Congress in final budget bill. -The president can greatly influence public policy without the assistance of Congress and through the range of tools available to him as the head of the executive branch of government.

Barber's Presidential Personality types: Role Conception

Active positive Traits: -Enjoys the job -Values productivity -Seeks personal and political goals. -Possesses high self esteem -Possibly makes the best president Examples: -Jeffereson -FDR -Clinton Active Negative Traits -Does not enjoy the job -Emphasises compulsive productivity -Seeks power -Possesses perfectionist tendencies -Possibly makes the worst president Examples: -John Adams -Woodrow Wilson -Rich nix Passive Positive Traits -Enjoys job -Lakcs personal assertiveness -Seeks affection for cooperation -Low self esteem -Goal is to be loved Examples -Madison -Harding, -Reagan Passive Negative Traits -Serves out of sense of duty -Withdraws from conflict -Emphasises principle and proceedure -Low self esteem -Goal is to be vituous Example -Washington -Coolidge, -Eisenhower

Diplomatic- Presidential roles, responsibilities, sources of power, and limits on power

Appoint ambassadors- expressed- requires senate confirmation Receive Ambassadors- expressed- no constitutional check Enter into treaties with foreign nations- expressed- requires senate ratification Enter into executive agreements- implied- execution may require congressional approval Serve as head of state- implied- role is merely symbolic.

Judicial- roles, responsibilities, sources of power and limits on power

Appoint justices to Supreme Court- expressed- requires senate confirmation Appoint justices to federal courts- expressed- requires senate confirmation Grant pardons and reprieves- expressed- prospect of reelection limits its practice.

The presidency

Article II -Qualifications -Term length and limitations -Impeachment

Military Power

Commander in chief of the military Only five declared wars in 200 years The War Powers Act of 1973 -Congressional response to presidents using the military without an official declaration of war

Bureaucracy intro video

Congress passes law, president signs it and someone has to make it happen. Doing part o government. Anyone working for a city, state, or government= beauracrat. Necessary evils. EPA- example of part of the beauracracy.

Independent regulatory commissions

Independent regulatory commissions are also part of the executive branch, but, like agencies, they are responsible to Congress. These commissions include the following: -The federal reserve system -The federal trade commission -The federal communications commission -The federal election commission

Presidential roles, responsibilities, sources of power, and limits on power- Executive rules

Execute laws- expressed- pending budgetary support by congress Organize federal bureacracy- implied- pending budgetary support by congress Appoint department heads- expressed- requires senate confirmation Recommend department budgets- delegated- requires congressional approval Issue executive orders- implied- limited to matters involving policy execution and enforcement Exercise executive privlege- implied- limited to instances involving national security.

Legislative Oversight

Executive Department -Dept of agriculture -Dept of commerce -Dept of defense -DOHS -Dept of interior -Dept of transportation House Authorizing committees -Commerce on agriculture -Commerce on energy and commerce -Commerce on armed services -Commerce on homeland security. -Commerce on natural resources -Commerce on transportation and infrastructure. House appropriating committees -Appropriations subcommittee on agriculture -Appropriations subcommittee on commerce, justice, and science -Appropriations subcommittee on defense. -Appropriations subcommittee on homeland security. -Appropriations subcommittee on interior and environment -Appropriations subcommittee on transportation, housing, and urban development.

Military Presidential roles, responsibilities, sources of power, and limits on power

Serve as commander in chief- expressed- requires congressional authorization to engage troops

Political party- Presidential roles, responsibilities, sources of power, and limits on power

Implement party priorities- none- no institutional check on power Shape the party agenda- none- no institutional check on power Symbolic head of the party- none- no institutional check on power

The Johnson treatment

LBJ's tactic of "negotiation" with members of congress. He used his size and abrupt manner to manipulate them Towering personality and certain power of pursuasion.

Judicial Powers

Nominates justices to the Supreme Ct and other Congressional-created courts -Must be confirmed in the Senate. Additional Judicial powers: -Pardon: the exoneration of both the crime and the associated penalty. -Amnesty- A pardon that is issued to a group of people who are not in compliance with the law. -Reprieve- the exoneration of the penalty associated with a crime, but not the crime itself. How have amnesty and pardons been used? -President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon after the Watergate scandal -President Carter granted unconstitutional amnesty to Vietnam War draft dodgers.

Presidential power

Presidential influence over public policy -Through executive appointment -Budget requests to congress -Executive orders

Legislative powers

Presidential powers: Article I -veto power over legislation -Actual v. threat of veto Article II, Sec 3 -President is required to deliver a "state of the Union" address. Vice Presidential powers: Article II -Acts as president of the Senate -Delivers tie-breaking votes.

The Progressive Era: Precursor to the modern bureaucracy

Progressive era (1880-1920)- ushered in a period of expanding government regulation. Progressive movement drew attention to death disparity between mostly immigrant labor class and capitalists exploiting them by requiring long working hours and little pay; reform through greater federal intervention in the business sector. Laws and actions like the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Meat inspection act, the Pure food and drug act expanded the role of the federal regulation of commerce and labor. Conservation and land use laws- yellowstone timberland reserve act of 1891- foundation for federal government playing role in maintenance and oversight of American lands. -Progressives pushed for reform of federal government- feared corruption. Pendleton Civil Service Act- sought to get rid of political kickbacks and rewards in Beauractic systems. In place of spoils system- it required federal employees to be hired based on merit. Prevented future presidents from seeking favors from people in exchange for federal employment, and further resulted in the hiring of beauracts qualified to hold their positions. Series of interviews and tests- meant to be blind to an applicant's educational level, professional background, and potential political connections. -Progressive era legitimized the role of the federal bureaucracy as chief regulator of behavior in the areas of commerce and labor. Increasing public demand for a stronger centralized government that would address the conflicts and social crisis of an expanding American population and the inadequacies of state and local regulation. Social welfare of Americans during Great Depression- 1930s.

The management styles of presidents

Pyramid and wheel -refer to slides

Public Opinion- Presidential roles, responsibilities, sources of power, and limits on power

Represent the public will- none- no institutional check on power Shape the national agenda-none- no institutional check on power

Presidential personality and character matter

Richard Neustadt: -Individual presidents are successful to the extent that they can utilize the tools of the office to persuade the public and the other branches of government to follow their lead. More simply put, "the power to persuade is the power to bargain."

Constitutional Rules

The Constitution outlines qualifications to hold office: -Natural born citizen -35 years old -Have lived in the US for 14 years. The Constitution outlines procedures for being removed from office: -Impeachment -Treason -Bribery -Other high crimes and misdemeanors

Senate Confirmation

The approval by 2/3 of the senators present of a presidential nominee

Legislative oversight of the Bureaucracy

The division of activities within the executive branch highlights several important characteristics of the federal bureaucracy and its relationship to congress and the public. The organization of the executive departments into areas of jurisdiction that generally mirror the committees in Congress permits the bureaucracy to effectively administer the policies hammered out in congressional committees, it also permits congressional committees to efficiently oversee bureaucratic activity. Congressional oversight of the functioning of the executive branch is an important part of our system of checks and balances. Selecting executive departments and corresponding house committees Executive Department -Dept of agriculture -Dept of commerce -Dept of defense -DOHS -Dept of interior -Dept of transportation House Authorizing committees -Commerce on agriculture -Commerce on energy and commerce -Commerce on armed services -Commerce on homeland security. -Commerce on natural resources -Commerce on transportation and infrastructure. House appropriating committees -Appropriations subcommittee on agriculture -Appropriations subcommittee on commerce, justice, and science -Appropriations subcommittee on defense. -Appropriations subcommittee on homeland security. -Appropriations subcommittee on interior and environment -Appropriations subcommittee on transportation, housing, and urban development. Authorizing committees in congress consider new programs or reforms to existing programs. Appropriating committees in congress allocate funding across federal programs. -Legislative committees and executive departments sometimes work with one another when ironing out the ditails of a law and its implementation. More often, however, congressional committees monitor the implementation of policies by the departments with which they share jurisdiction. Jurisdiction of executive departments is not always clear- just as congressional committees must share jurisdiction with one another, so too must executive departments. two departments may have jurisdictional disputes over issues. -Seemingly illogical division of activities and jursidictions often reflects policymakers' efforts at controlling the ways in which policies are implemented. Each of the 15 deparmetns- unique, administering policies that influence a particular segment of the population. Some are purpose oriented and some are clientele oriented. (Department of health and human services- general population). Department of agrictulre- interests of particular clientele.

Pardons

The exoneration of both the crime and the associated penalty.

Power of the Presidency has grown

The expansion of presidential power is the result of several factors and developments including -Growth in policies and programs that must be administered by the executive branch -Development of political parties and mass media, which have strengthened the direct connection between the president and the American people. -Globalization and advancements in industry and technology that have centrally located the US in the world. -Claims of implied consitutional powers by individual presidents, and delegation of greater authority by Congress; Presidential interpretation and congressional delegation- Article II, Sec 1- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the US, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the US."

Federal Bureaucracy

The federal Buearacracy is the president's tool to implement law. The president can -Establish federal departments in the executive branch. -Appoint organization heads, known as secretaries, to implement the law. -Reorganize the government to best meet management styles and achieve policy goals.

Impeachment

The first step in the process of removing an official from public office by force. It occurs when a legislative votes to bring charges against the official.

Diplomatic Powers

The president negotiates treaties: -Expressed power- requires the formal and legally binding approval (ratification) by a 2/3rds vote of the senate. -Implied power- presidents have interpreted their diplomatic power to allow for treaty by executive agreement. Executive agreements Receive foreign dignitaries and appoint US ambassadors Symbolic head of state.

Presidential Powers

The president's responsibilities are executive, legislative, judicial, diplomatic, and military powers: -Expressed- outlined in the constitution -Implied- interpreted as necessary for executing the job of the presidency -Delegated- given to the president by Congress.

Globalization

The spread and integration of economics, politics, technology, and culture around the world.

Top 10 presidents Bottom 10 Presidents

Top 10 -Lincoln -Washington -FDR -Theodore Roosevelt -Dwight Eisenhower -Harry S truman -Thomas Jefferson -JFK -Reagan -Lyndon Johnson Bottom 10 -Buren -Chester arthur -Hoover -Fillmore -Harrison -Tyler -Harding -Pierce -Andrew Johnson -Buchanan

Intro Video

Unitary executive- president; implementer, enforcer. Head of state, representing American people. Formal powers= limited (appoint a few ambassadors, veto a few bills, power to pursuay, be on the media). Early history- president wasn't as important as Congress; now its opposite. President= most important branch.

Legislative- roles, responsibilities, sources of power and limits on power

Veto legislation- expressed- can be overridden by congress Deliver state of the union address- expressed- serves informational and persuasive rather than declarative purposes Make policy reccomendations- expressed- requires congressional approval Convene and adjourn Congress- expressed- can convene only under extreme circumstances; can adjourn only given congressional conflict over adjournment.

Executive Power Clause

Where do executive orders come from? Executive orders are an implied power arising from presidential interpretation of the Executive Power Clause -The portion of Article II, Sec I of the constitution grants the president the authority to carry out all laws passed by congress. -The vague language of this clause has been used by presidents to significantly expand the powers of the office. Executive privlege- the act of withholding information from congressional, judicial, or public scrutiny. Where does "Executive privilege come from?" -Because it appears nowhere in the constitution, executive privlege is an example of implied power. -President Eisenhower coined the term.

Issue network

a complex set of cooperative relationships between groups of citizens affected by a particular set of policies and the bureaucratic agency and congressional committee with jurisdiction over those policies.

Amnesty

a pardon that is issued to a group of people who are not in compliance with the law.

spoils system

a political system in which the winning party in an election compensates its supporters with government jobs and services.

Iron triangle

a term describing the coordination among congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups.

Ratification

formal and legally binding approval.

Implied powers

general powers suggested by the constitution rather than specifically enumerated within it.

Executive branch departments

lookout powerpoint slides. (15 exec departments)

federal bureaucracy

the departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices of the executive branch of government that are characterized by hierarchical organization and the assignment of specific job responsibilities to employees.

Commerce clause

the enumerated power from Article 1, §8 of the Constitution that grants Congress the authority to regulate commerce. The Commerce Clause has provided the basis for expanded national power through federal legislation on a broad array of issues.

Reprieves

the exoneration of the penalty associated with a crime, but not of the crime itself

Progressive era

the period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries marked by a social movement calling for sweeping reforms through increased government regulation. Some of the Progressives' priorities included prohibition of alcohol, extension of voting rights to women, and limitations on government corruption.

Executive power clause

the portion of Article II, sec. 1 of the Constitution that grants the president the authority to carry out all laws passed by Congress. The vague language of this clause has been used by presidents to significantly expand the powers of the office.