PSC100Y unit5
Vervet monkeys have different calls for: A. hunger, fear, and loneliness B. morning, afternoon, and evening C. children, parents, and siblings D. snakes, eagles, and leopards
Answer Key: D
The American Sign Language (ASL) symbol for gun is a gesture that looks like a gun. This is a(n) __________ symbol according to the Alien Test, but ASL is still a true language because gestures like the gun symbol are __________ by fluent ASL signers. A. non-arbitrary / rarely used B. arbitrary / rarely used C. arbitrary / treated like non-arbitrary symbols D. non-arbitrary / treated like arbitrary symbols
Answer Key: D
Researchers have explored four different ideas about how we categorize new objects that we encounter. Which one is correct? A. the classical view B. prototype-based categorization C. instance-based categorization D. theory-based categorization E. They all appear to be correct -- we use different approaches to categorization in different situations
Answer Key: E
Kahneman & Tversky have documented many situations in which the use of heuristics leads to systematic biases and errors. Why, then, do people use heuristics when making judgments and decisions? A. Because people are inherently irrational B. Because heuristics are fast and usually lead to a reasonably good judgment or decision C. Because heuristics allow people to include emotional factors in their judgments and decisions D. Because we do not have the information needed to use algorithms
Answer Key: B
One of the pieces of evidence in favor of the idea that much of language is innate is: A. The human brain is larger than that of any other species B. Humans are the only species that has a true language in the natural environment C. Humans are the only species that has an elaborate communication system in the natural environment D. Humans don't need to learn things like pronunciation and word meanings
Answer Key: B
Which of the following is an example of decision-making (and not an example of a judgment)? A. A professor reads a term paper and thinks it deserves a grade of B+ B. A student reads an exam question and chooses answer D C. A professor reads a journal article and thinks that the methods are flawed D. A student reads a journal article and finds it easy to understand
Answer Key: B
In Posner & Keele's random dot categorization experiment, subjects were initially trained on _______ and then later tested on _________. A. a set of exemplars of each category / the original exemplars, new categories, and the prototypes of the original categories B. the prototypes of each category / the original exemplars, new exemplars, and the prototypes C. a set of exemplars of each category / the original exemplars, new exemplars, and the prototypes D. the prototypes of each category / the original exemplars, new categories, and the prototypes of the original categories
Answer Key: C
Imagine a raffle in which you pay $1 for a ticket and you have a 1 out of 100 chance of winning $50. What is the expected value for this raffle? A. $.50 B. -$.50 C. $49 D. -$49 E. $50 F. -$50
Answer Key: B
The English words "me" and "you" are clearly arbitrary symbols, whereas the ASL signs for me and you are clearly non-arbitrary symbols. However, the ASL signs for me and you are used by fluent ASL signers as if they are arbitrary. One piece of evidence for this is that: A. There is a period during ASL language acquisition when children will mix up the signs for me and you just like English-learning children will mix up the words "me" and "you" B. Children learning ASL never mix up the signs for me and you the way that English-learning children will mix up the words "me" and "you" C. Children learning ASL learn the signs for me and you faster than English-learning children learn the words "me" and "you" D. Children learning ASL learn the signs for me and you more slowly than English-learning children learn the words "me" and "you"
Answer Key: A
The classical view of categorization uses necessary and sufficient features to define a category. What does it mean that "a set of features is sufficient for an object to be a member of a category"? A. an item must be a member of the category if it has all of the features in the set B. an item may be a member of the category if it has all of the features in the set, but not if it has certain other features that exclude it from being a member of the category C. an item must be a member of the category if it has one or more of the features in the set D. at item must be a member of the category if it has a sufficient number of features in the set
Answer Key: A
The pattern of activity in Area V1 (primary visual cortex): A. Is an analog representation because point-by-point changes in the input image are represented by point-by-point changes in the pattern of V1 activity B. Is not an analog representation because it distorts the image, with a larger region devoted to the center of gaze than to the periphery C. Is an analog representation because visual information is analog by nature D. Is not an analog representation because the visual input is inverted, with the lower visual field represented in the upper part of V1 and the upper visual field represented in the lower part of V1
Answer Key: A
Which of the following is an example of "structure" in language? A. in English, articles (e.g., "a", "the") are placed before nouns in certain, predictable situations B. the sign for "cat" in ASL looks like a cat's whiskers C. in English, different words have different numbers of syllables D. English typically uses different words for adverbs and adjectives
Answer Key: A
Which of the following is the clearest example of research examining the nature of mental representations? A. Kosslyn's studies examining the hypothesis that mental images are analog (array format) rather than propositional B. Experiments testing the hypothesis that people sometimes use prototypes, sometimes use instances, and sometimes use theories to perform categorization tasks C. Research using brain stimulation to determine whether area V1 plays a causal role in mental imagery D. Research showing that people often use the representativeness heuristic, leading to consistent biases
Answer Key: A
According to Chomsky, human children have innate knowledge of ________ and acquire a language during childhood by learning ________. A. the grammatical possibilities of all human languages / which possibilities are true of their own language B. the entire grammar of every language / the actual words that correspond to the grammar of their own language C. the basic grammar of their parents' language / the details of the grammar and the words of the language D. syntax / the pronunciation and meanings of the words of the language
Answer Key: A
Although information can be stored equally accurately in different kinds of representations, ______. A. Some kinds of representations are more convenient than others for performing specific computations B. It is impossible to convert an analog representation into a propositional representation without significant loss of information C. Analog representations are usually more accurate than propositional representations D. Propositional representations are usually more accurate than analog representations
Answer Key: A
American Sign Language (ASL): A. Is a true language B. Is not a true language, because it developed artificially rather than naturally C. Is not a true language, because it is not generative D. Is not a true language, because some of the gestures are non-arbitrary
Answer Key: A
If mental images involve array-format images in primary visual cortex (area V1), then: A. imaging an object in the upper left would lead to activation of the lower part of area V1 in the right hemisphere B. imaging an object in the upper left would lead to activation of the upper part of area V1 in the left hemisphere C. imaging a large object should lead to activation over a smaller region of area V1 than imagining a small object D. imaging a large object should lead to activation mainly in the left hemisphere whereas imagining a small object should lead to activation mainly in the right hemisphere
Answer Key: A
Imagine a card game in which you have a 1 out of 10 chance of winning. If you win, you get $10. If you lose, you pay $2. What is the expected value of this game? A. -$0.80 B. -$8.00 C. -$1.20 D. -$1.80
Answer Key: A
In English, there is a high transitional probability between the "K" sound and the "L" sound. If we use this information to parse words, we should: A. treat the sequence of sounds "B" "I" "K" "L" "U" "T" as a single word ("BIKLUT") when we hear it for the first time B. treat the sequence of sounds "B" "I" "K" "L" "U" "T" as two separate words ("BIK" followed by "LUT") when we hear it for the first time C. pronounce the sequence of sounds "B" "I" "K" "L" "U" "T" without a gap between the "K" and "L" sounds when we say it for the first time D. pronounce the sequence of sounds "B" "I" "K" "L" "U" "T" with a gap between the "K" and "L" sounds when we say it for the first time
Answer Key: A
In Posner & Keele's random dot categorization experiment, subjects were initially trained on a set of exemplars of each category and then later tested on the original exemplars, new exemplars, and the prototypes. Subjects were able to categorize the prototypes more accurately than they could categorize the new exemplars. According to the prototype theory of categorization, this pattern of results indicates that: A. Subjects formed prototypes (averages of the exemplars) during the training phase B. Subjects formed prototypes (averages of the exemplars) during the test phase C. Subjects formed memories of the individual exemplars during the training phase D. Subjects formed memories of the individual exemplars during the test phase
Answer Key: A
In the classic example of Bill the accountant, most people say that it is more likely that Bill is an account who plays jazz than it is that he is a person who plays jazz. They make this error because: A. from the description provided, Bill seems more representative of accountants than of people who play jazz B. people underestimate the number of accountants who play jazz C. there are more accountants than people who play jazz D. there are more people who play jazz than accountants
Answer Key: A
Recall the example of a friend who is a professor at UC Davis and who likes poetry, traveling, and fine wines. People tend to think that this person is more likely to be an art history professor than an engineering professor. Why is this incorrect? In other words, why is it actually more likely that this friend is an engineering professor than an art history professor? A. it is incorrect because there are more than 20 times as many engineering professors as art history professors at UC Davis (i.e., the base rate of engineers is far higher than the base rate of art history professors at UC Davis) B. it is incorrect because engineers like poetry, traveling, and fine wines just as much as art historians like them (i.e., the base rate of liking these things is equivalent for engineers and art historians) C. it is incorrect because there is no way to make probability judgments with information like this D. it is incorrect because liking poetry, traveling, and fine wines is very common among all UC Davis professors (i.e., the base rate of liking these things is very high)
Answer Key: A
The probability of rolling a pair of dice and getting a seven is 6/36. Imagine that you have just rolled a seven four times in a row (with normal dice). The probability that the next roll will be a seven is _______. A. 6/36 B. less than 6/36 C. more than 6/36 D. impossible to determine from the information given in this question
Answer Key: A
What is the difference between a concept and a category? A. a concept is an idea in our minds and a category is a group of related things in the world B. a concept is a group of related things in the world and a category is an idea in our minds C. there is no difference D. a concept is abstract and a category is concrete
Answer Key: A
Which of the following is a true statement about the accuracy of analog versus propositional representations? (Hint: think carefully about what the word "accuracy" means.) A. analog and propositional representations can be equally accurate, no matter what kind of information is being represented B. analog representations are more accurate for continuous information, such as sound waves, whereas propositional representations are more accurate for discrete information, such as the number of people who live in a city C. analog representations are more accurate for sensory information, such as images and sounds, whereas propositional representations are more accurate for conceptual information, such as the pattern of social relationships among the students in a school D. the concept of accuracy applies to analog representations but not to propositional representations
Answer Key: A
Which of the following would be an example of base rate neglect? A. Thinking that a dark spot on your arm is skin cancer even though freckles are much more likely than skin cancer B. Thinking that green M&Ms are more common than they actually are because people make a big deal of green M&Ms, making them easier to remember C. Looking at a picture of a 5-year-old who weighs 36 pounds, hearing that the average 8-year-old weighs 57 pounds, and then guessing that the 5-year-old weighs 48 pounds D. Thinking that it's less likely that the first five cards in a randomly shuffled deck will be the sequence 3-4-5-6-7 than the sequence 3-7-4-6-5
Answer Key: A
Which of the following properties of language are found in at least some naturally occurring communication systems in nonhuman animals? Click all that are true. A. Communicative B. Arbitrary symbols C. Multiple levels of structure D. Dynamic
Answer Key: A, B
Which of the following are single morphemes? Click all that are true. A. -ing B. -ed C. cup D. butter
Answer Key: A, B, C, D
According to the classical view, a rational decision-maker: (Choose all correct responses) A. Is fully informed of all possible outcomes of a decision B. Uses all relevant information when making a decision C. Always picks the winning choice (e.g., in a coin toss) D. Always selects the option with the best expected value
Answer Key: A, B, D
According to the empiricists, the nativists' argument about a "lack of negative evidence" is incorrect because adults provide children with: A. implicit negative evidence, such as saying "That's a kitty" after the child says "Doggie running." B. implicit negative evidence, such as saying "That's right! The doggie is running" after the child says "Doggie running." C. enriched linguistic input, such as exaggerated prosody D. enriched linguistic input, such as frequent word definitions
Answer Key: B
How many phonemes are in the word "fright"? A. 1 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
Answer Key: B
Human infants have traditionally been thought to have very poor long-term memory abilities, as evidenced by the inability of adults to remember anything from before the age of ~3 years. Why then, did Saffran and her collaborators expect that infants would be able to learn transitional probabilities? A. Statistical information (such as transitional probabilities) can be learned using working memory B. Statistical information (such as transitional probabilities) can be learned using implicit memory C. Statistical information (such as transitional probabilities) can be learned using semantic memory D. Statistical information (such as transitional probabilities) can be learned without memory
Answer Key: B
In Kosslyn's image scanning experiments, subjects memorized a picture of an island with various landmarks (e.g., a pile of rocks, a beach, a well). On each trial of the main task: A. subjects were told the locations of two landmarks, asked to imagine moving from one to landmark to the other, and instructed to press a button when they had completed this movement B. subjects were given the names of two landmarks, asked to imagine moving from one to landmark to the other, and instructed to press a button when they had completed this movement C. subjects were given the names of two landmarks, asked to imagine the two landmarks, and instructed to press a button when they had completed forming the image D. subjects were told the locations of two landmarks, asked to imagine the two landmarks, and instructed to press a button when they had completed forming the image
Answer Key: B
In the mind's conceptual network, one concept is defined by its links to other concepts. The links between concepts: A. are present from birth B. indicate the specific nature of the relationship between the concepts (e.g., "is a", "lives in", "has a") C. do not indicate the direction of the relationship (like double-headed arrows) D. indicate that a relationship exists but do not indicate the nature of the relationship (e.g., "is a", "lives in", "has a")
Answer Key: B
The pattern of activity on the retina: A. is not an analog representation because it is upside down and backwards B. is an analog representation because point-by-point changes in the input image are represented by point-by-point changes in the pattern of retinal activity C. is an analog representation because each type of cone (red, green, and blue) is sensitive to a specific set of light wavelengths D. is not an analog representation because it is missing information in the gaps between photoreceptors
Answer Key: B
To test the prototype theory of categorization, Posner and Keele developed a set of random dot patterns. Each exemplar pattern for a given category was created by: A. Taking images of specific animal categories and replacing features of the images with dots B. Taking the prototype for that category and shifting the position of each dot by a random amount C. Creating an average of the prototypes for each category D. Creating completely random patterns and finding the ones that were most similar
Answer Key: B
Which of the following is NOT a significant problem with applying "expected value" to real-world decisions? A. we don't get to make an infinite number of choices and average across them B. the equation for computing expected value is very complicated C. we do not know the actual probability of many events D. many events are not described in terms of a quantitative value
Answer Key: B
Which of the following results provides evidence that primary visual cortex (area V1) plays a causal role in mental imagery? A. The pattern of fMRI activation produced in area V1 when a subject imagines a bowtie-shaped stimulus varies according to the orientation of the bowtie-shaped stimulus, just as the activation varies according to the orientation of an actual bowtie-shaped visual input B. Visual imagery is disrupted when transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is applied to area V1 C. Area V1 is activated in a maplike manner when subjects view maplike stimuli, and reaction times vary according to the distances among objects in the map D. All of the above
Answer Key: B
Which of the following would be a clear example of an error that would be caused by the use of the availability heuristic? A. Thinking that a dark spot on your arm is skin cancer even though freckles are much more likely than skin cancer B. Thinking that green M&Ms are more common than they actually are because people make a big deal of green M&Ms, making them easier to remember C. Looking at a picture of a 5-year-old who weighs 36 pounds, hearing that the average 8-year-old weighs 57 pounds, and then guessing that the 5-year-old weighs 48 pounds D. Thinking that it's less likely that the first five cards in a randomly shuffled deck will be the sequence 3-4-5-6-7 than the sequence 3-7-4-6-5
Answer Key: B
Which of the following would be an example of satisficing? A. Eating chips and salsa until you feel satisfied B. Searching through your closet until you find a shirt that is clean and has short sleeves, and then wearing that shirt C. Considering every mountain bike in the City of Davis, and then choosing the best one D. Opening the refrigerator and eating the first thing you see
Answer Key: B
A shortcoming of the classical view of categorization is that: A. Some categories (e.g., "game") cannot be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient features B. Some exemplars of a category seem like better (more typical) than others (e.g., "dog" is a better example than "bat" of the category "mammals") C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
Answer Key: C
According to dual-process models of judgment and decision-making, what are the two different approaches that people can take to solving a problem? A. A rational approach and an emotional approach B. A rational approach and an irrational approach C. A slow, controlled approach and a fast, automatic approach D. A bounded approach and an unbounded approach
Answer Key: C
According to the empiricists, the nativists' argument about the "poverty of the stimulus" is incorrect because adults provide children with: A. Implicit negative evidence, such as saying "That's right! The doggie is running" after the child says "Doggie running" B. Implicit negative evidence, such as saying "That's a kitty" after the child says "Doggie running" C. Enriched linguistic input, such as exaggerated prosody D. Enriched linguistic input, such as frequent word definitions
Answer Key: C
Herb Simon's concept of "bounded rationality" means: A. We are bound to be rational if we try hard enough B. Our rationality is bound to fail sometimes C. We are as rational as we can be given the boundaries imposed by our limited time, resources, and cognitive abilities D. Rationality is useful only within certain boundaries
Answer Key: C
Higher stages of the visual object recognition pathway: A. use individual neurons to represent complex objects (e.g., your grandmother) B. appear to use analog representations because visual information is analog by nature C. appear to use propositional representations, because there is no direct spatial mapping of the visual input onto the cortical surface in high-level regions like area TE D. do not contain representations of visual information
Answer Key: C
Imagine that someone drew 18 hash marks on a wall, representing the quantity 18. This would not pass the "alien test" for propositional representations because: A. an alien species might also use hash marks to represent quantities B. an alien species would never use hash marks to represent quantities C. an alien who had no knowledge of human culture might be able to guess that this set of hash marks represents the quantity 18 D. an alien who had no knowledge of human culture would never be able to guess that this set of hash marks represents the quantity 18
Answer Key: C
In Kosslyn's image scanning experiments, subjects first memorized a picture of an island with various landmarks (e.g., a pile of rocks, a beach, a well). On each trial of the main task, subjects were given the names of two landmarks, asked to imagine moving from one to landmark to the other, and instructed to press a button when they had completed this movement. If Kosslyn had found that the time required to press a button was the same no matter how far apart the objects were in the original picture, the conclusion of the experiment would have been that: A. Mental imagery does not exist B. Mental images are analog (array format) representations C. Mental images are not analog (array format) representations D. Mental images involve activation of primary visual cortex (area V1)
Answer Key: C
Most people think that, when a coin is tossed 4 times, it is more likely to get Heads-Tails-Tails-Heads-Tails than to get Tails-Tails-Tails-Tails-Tails. This is _________ because ________. A. correct / 5 tails in a row is not random B. correct / when you've already had four tails in a row, it is unlikely that the fifth coin toss will be tails C. an error / every sequence of five specific outcomes has the same probability in a truly random series of events D. an error / it is impossible to know the probabilities of random events like coin tosses
Answer Key: C
Saffran et al. (1996) exposed infants to an artificial language consisting of "bidaku#padoti#golabu#padoti#bidaku#bidaku#golabu..." In this language: A. the transition between "bi" and "da" was separated by a longer silent period than the transition between "ku" and "pa" B. the transition between "bi" and "da" was separated by a shorter silent period than the transition between "ku" and "pa" C. the transition between "bi" and "da" had a higher probability than the transition between "ku" and "pa" D. the transition between "bi" and "da" had a lower probability than the transition between "ku" and "pa"
Answer Key: C
The basic idea behind using instances to perform categorization is that, when you encounter a new item you haven't seen before: A. you store an instance of this new item in memory B. you compare this new item to the average of all of your instances C. you compare this new item to the remembered exemplars of different categories to find the category with the best-matching exemplars D. you compare this new item to the prototypes of different categories to find the category with the best-matching prototype
Answer Key: C
The basic idea behind using prototypes to perform categorization is that, when you encounter a new item you haven't seen before: A. you form a prototype of this new item B. you compare this new item to the remembered exemplars of different categories to find the category with the best-matching exemplars C. you compare this new item to the prototypes of different categories to find the category with the best-matching prototype D. you compare this new item to the average of all of your prototypes
Answer Key: C
Buying car insurance is a good idea even though it has a negative expected value (i.e., on average, people pay more in premiums than they receive in claims). It's a good idea because: A. You might be the unlucky person who gets into a several severe car accidents B. Your cost for car accidents won't necessarily be the average cost C. Even if the average number of car accidents per person over the course of a lifetime is 1.5, some people have zero and others have 10 D. All of the above
Answer Key: D
Empiricists such as Jenny Saffran believe that much of language learning is the result of: A. Innate knowledge of a universal grammar B. Unique human abilities C. Special-purpose modules D. Domain-general mechanisms
Answer Key: D
In general, infants will look for _______ at the location of a novel stimulus than at the location of a familiar stimulus. Saffran et al. (1996) found that infants looked for ________ when presented with a string of syllables containing a low transitional probability than when presented with a string syllables in which all the transitional probabilities were high. A. a shorter time / a shorter time B. a shorter time / a longer time C. a longer time / a shorter time D. a longer time / a longer time
Answer Key: D
In the mind's conceptual network, one concept is defined by its links to other concepts. This is like a foreign language dictionary in which one word is defined in terms of other words from the same language. How, then, do our concepts have any meaning? A. Concepts do not actually have any meaning, because the mind is essentially a "brain in a vat" B. The meanings arise from social interactions between minds C. The meanings arise from links to language D. Many concepts are linked to sensory inputs and motor outputs
Answer Key: D
In the test phase at the end of the session, Saffran et al. (1996) found that infants looked away: A. more slowly for strings of syllables with high transitional probabilities (e.g., bidaku) than for strings of syllables that contained a low transitional probability (e.g., kupado) B. more rapidly for strings of syllables without a silent gap (e.g., bidaku) than for strings of syllables that contained a silent gap (e.g., kupado) C. more slowly for strings of syllables without a silent gap (e.g., bidaku) than for strings of syllables that contained a silent gap (e.g., kupado) D. more rapidly for strings of syllables with high transitional probabilities (e.g., bidaku) than for strings of syllables that contained a low transitional probability (e.g., kupado)
Answer Key: D
Instance-based theories of categorization can also explain Posner & Keele's finding of better categorization for the prototypes than for new exemplars because: A. The stimuli were artificial and were not like exemplars from real categories B. Subjects saw the prototypes more often than they saw the new exemplars C. The prototypes were more familiar, on average, than were the new exemplars D. The prototypes were more similar to the original exemplars, on average, than were the new exemplars
Answer Key: D
Most people think that breast cancer is more common that prostate cancer. According to Kahneman & Tversky, this is because: A. breast cancer is more difficult to treat than prostate cancer B. better treatments are available for breast cancer than for prostate cancer C. breast cancer generates a greater emotional response than prostate cancer D. cases of breast cancer are publicized more and are therefore more readily available in memory than cases of prostate cancer
Answer Key: D
One of the pieces of evidence in favor of the idea that much of language is innate is the "lack of negative evidence," which means that: A. Adults rarely tell children that an utterance is acoustically incorrect B. Adults rarely tell children that an utterance is factually incorrect C. Adults rarely tell children that an utterance is semantically incorrect D. Adults rarely tell children that an utterance is grammatically incorrect
Answer Key: D
Which of the following is an example of a judgment (and not an example of decision-making)? A. a student reads the syllabus and chooses to skip the final exam B. a student reads an exam question and chooses answer D C. a professor reads an email from a student and agrees to let the student take a makeup exam D. a professor reads a term paper and thinks it deserves a grade of B+
Answer Key: D
Which of the following is an example of a language being generative? A. Being able to generate "American Sign Language" when asked what "ASL" means B. Being able to generate Arnold Schwarzenegger's name when you see his face C. Being able to generate a brand-new word for the concept of love D. Being able to generate a novel sentence such as "I love cognitive psychology, especially when it's applied to movies starring Arnold Schwarzenegger"
Answer Key: D
Which of the following is an example of language being dynamic? A. the word "baseball" was created as a name for a sport that involved bases and balls B. the fact that it would be appropriate to say "Coldplay are playing a concert" in British English, whereas we would say "Coldplay is playing a concert" in American English C. the way that "y'all" has come to serve as a single word in Southern American English D. all of the above
Answer Key: D
Which of the following would be a clear example of an error that would be caused by the use of the representativeness heuristic? A. Thinking that a dark spot on your arm is skin cancer even though freckles are much more likely than skin cancer B. Thinking that green M&Ms are more common than they actually are because people make a big deal of green M&Ms, making them easier to remember C. Looking at a picture of a 5-year-old who weighs 36 pounds, hearing that the average 8-year-old weighs 57 pounds, and then guessing that the 5-year-old weighs 48 pounds D. Thinking that it's less likely that the first five cards in a randomly shuffled deck will be the sequence 3-4-5-6-7 than the sequence 3-7-4-6-5
Answer Key: D
Which of the following would be an example of an analog representation? A. Using the sequence of characters "42" to represent the 42 Chilean miners who were trapped in a mine for 69 days and then rescued in 2010 B. Drawing straws to determine who has to take a dangerous assignment (the person who gets the shortest straw must carry out the dangerous assignment) C. Referring to a guitar as "a six-stringed instrument" D. A computer that indicates the time by beeping once at 1:00, twice at 2:00, three times at 3:00, etc.
Answer Key: D
Which of the following would be an example of an analog representation? A. representing a fish with a picture of a fish tank B. representing Ricky Martin with a detailed verbal description of his appearance C. using a $ symbol to represent the concept of wealth D. representing the state of California with an image of the outline of the state (taken from a map)
Answer Key: D
Which of the following would be an example of base rate neglect? A. A doctor diagnoses a patient with a rare disease because she has seen several cases of this disease recently B. A doctor decides to perform back surgery on a patient even though research has shown that this kind of surgery is not successful very often C. An investor decides to buy stock in a company that is earning a lot of money, even though most similar companies are losing money D. An amateur astronomer sees an unexpected light in a telescope and believes she has discovered a new star, not taking into account the fact that there are lots of other things that could produce an unexpected light
Answer Key: D
