Psy 1 Test 2

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

proportional thinking

- Hard to estimate value of certain things. - Value of tie estimated based on value of suit (what's another $100) - Absolute difference vs proportional difference (3 inch height diff in rats vs elephant). - Ppl tend to estimate value proportionally when they should be absolutely. For money, ppl should think of absolute dollars.

sleep

- Inactivity (physical inactivity. Need more sleep if deprived of it) Periodicity: Happens at regular intervals, circadian rythms = circa (about) + dia (a day), sleeping happens daily. Periodicity of planet roation determines periodicity of sleep. Light determines sleeping patterns. Man living in a cave: Brain on a 25-hr cycle but planet on 24 hr schedule. Non-24: Go to sleep little later everyday, moving around clock rather than having fixed sleep schedule

Data Analysis

- Sleep improves cognition. - Sleep night before and night after learning is crucial for learning + memory. Sleep dramatically improves test performance. Sleep consolidates learning + meaning, also brain learns new things during sleep. - Eureka moment. Ex: Remote Associate test (associating words with common theme). Sudden insights. Ex: Number reduction game: Sleepers are much more likely to have eureka pattern recogition that 1st digit of 2nd reduction is answer

present bias

- Tendency for present self to value present outcomes more than future outcomes Ex: Present self values snickers bar today more than PS values snickers bar in future As you get closer to day of outcome, it's value increases exponentially Delayed Gratification is hard because of strong present bias, proportional thinking of days of waiting applies to value, but present bias is overpowering If we're bad at decision making how do we have great achievements then? - Rational thinking

Schizophrenia symptoms

1) Delusions of schizophrenia: Grandeur: False beliefs about power and purpose of self, center of universe Persecution: False belief other people are trying to harm you, very paranoid External Agency: Feeling that one is not author of one's own actions but being controlled by something else. Lack illusion of conscious will 2) Hallucinations: - auditory, hear voices, mocking, critical, threating, chorus of voices arguing with each other 3) Disorganized speech and behavior: 4) Inappropirate affect: behavior inappropriate for situation 5) Negative (lack of) symptoms, lack of behaviors, lack of speech, lack of motivation

Why people don't seek treatment for mental disorder

1) People may not realize that they have a mental disorder that can be effectively treated 2) Barriers to treatment such as beliefs and circumstances may keep people from getting help 3) Structural barriers prevent people from physcially getting to treatment Treatments can be divided broadly into two kinds: 1) psychological treatment, in which people interact with a clinician in order to use the environment to change their brain and behavior; and 2) biological treatment, in which drugs, surgery, or some other direct intervention directly treat the brain. Sometimes patients get both

dream consciousness

1. intensely feel emotion 2. dream thought is illogical 3. sensation is fully formed and meaningful 4. dreaming occurs with uncritical acceptance 5. we have difficulty remembering the dream Dreams often consist of "interlaved fragments of experience" from different times and places that our mind weaves together into a single stroy.

optimisim bias

A bias whereby people believe that, compared with other individuals, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future - Seeing world through rose-colored glasses, overestimate odds of good life outcomes + underestimate bad ones - problem w optimism is it's unrealistic, don't take necessary precautions, should take action to make tomorrow better

framing effects

A bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) If people are told that a particular drug has a 70% effectiveness rate, they're usually pretty impressed but 30% failure rate sounds bad.

Diagonstic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how that disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. Each disorder is named and classified as a distinct illness, provides common language for talking about disorders.

Major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

A disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance. Leading cause of disability (unable to make it in to work due to their disorder, and when they do work they perform poorly) Raise risk of death by 300% Not just sadness, complete disengagment from ordinary life, lack of motivation and energy Shock therapy helpful for treating depression Symptons (one or both): Daily sadness + loss of interest in normal pleasure) + 4 more symptoms Trigger usually loss, diateiss is likely lack of serotonine (but neurobiology is a bit unknown) Highly treatble but still 80% will have another depressive episode drugs that increase levels of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin could sometimes reduce depression. lead to drugs such as Prozac and Zoloft, which increase availability of serotonin in brain

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Anxiety w no particular trigger and doesn't turn itself off, constant but not intense. People suffering believe they have triggers but not very reasonable ("war with china"). In reality, beliefs are results of anxiety, anxiety creates random worries. Experience of major stressful life events, such as losing a job or a home, can lead to generalized anxiety disorder, a condition characterized by chronic, excessive worry Therapy + medication help adress

panic disorder

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror Sudden intense panic at random times, no/unkown trigger (about 1 time per week) Acute symptoms of a panic attack only last a few menutes Symptons are same as condition of heart attack (mital valve prolapse), feels like person is dying Has lots of ripple effects: GAD about next panic attack, agoraphobia: fear of public places, can't plan or know when attacks happen so stop going out of the house, leads to isolation But very treatble which is good (medication + therapy).

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning Obsessed w a thought (trigger is thought) Obsessions are troubling thoughts, compulsions are actions that make thoughts stop Obsessions usually about disturbing things (violence, sexual) Compulsions are little task and rituals to stop task but they take so much time out of one's day. Everything needs to have symmetry for example Obsessive thought typically produce anxiety, and the compulsive behaviors are performed to reduce it. Thought impression can backfire, increasing the frequency and intensity of the obsessive thoughts. Women suffer more, can be treated but difficult, not high percentage

specific phobia

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function Fall into five categories: 1) animals, 2 natural environments, situations, blood, injections, and injury, other phobias, chokining/vomiting Panic reaction with specific trigger Fear that is out of proportion to objective danger (not gonna die on an observation deck). Hypervigilance of phobic object (always looking for it). Many phobias are exaggerations of primitive innate fears If you can avoid object of phobia, not too bad Extremely curable by psychologist

social phobia

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed Can be restricted to situations such as public speaking, eating in public or can be generalized to a variety of social situations that involve being observed or interacting with unfamiliar people. Phobias are very common

latent content

A dream's true underlying meaning, freud

Heuristic

A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached. Ex: Realizing on memory Shortcuts, like availability bias, often but not always effect when approaching a problem

altered state of consciousness

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind Dreams considered altered state of consciousness. Such altered states can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alterations in body image and sense of self, perceptual distortions, and changes in meaning or significance.

sunk cost fallacy

A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation on the basis of what they have previously invested in the situation Already paid 100 for concert ticket so you might as well stand in line in rain. 100 is gone no matter what, but you have choice of whether to stand in rain now.

representativeness heuristic

A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event Ex: Description of lawyers vs engineers. People base judgments solely on how closely the description matched their own concepts of lawyers and engineers. Pool contained more than twice asmany engineers as lawyers but people ignore information about base rate, basing their judgments on similarities to categories. Probablility judgments were skewed toward the particpants' prototypes of lawyer and engineer. The greater the similarity, the more likely the people in the descipons were judged to be members of that category despite the existence of much more useful base rates.

double depression

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

action tendencies

A readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-related behaviors Follow appraisals Ex: when frightened, stop moving. fear produces action tendency that is freezing Ex: anger produces approach

Agoraphobia

A specific phobia involving a fear of public places agoraphobia: fear of public places, can't plan or know when attacks happen so stop going out of the house

REM sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity. - 5th stage of sleep. Lots of guesses about REM sleep, but we do know it's when dreaming occurs. People spend lots of time dreaming, even if they aren't aware they do. EEG patterns become high-frequency sawtooth waves, similar to beta waves. This suggests that at this time, the mind is as active as it is during waking. 4th stage of sleep is deepest, not REM.

drive-reduction theory

A theory suggesting that the primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives Animals are not actually motivated to eat and don't actually find food rewarding. Rather, they are motivated to reduce their drive for food, and it is the reduction of this drive that they find rewarding.

Algorithm

A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem Ex: following step-by-step directions

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake Distorted body image that leads them to believe they are overweight when they may actually be emaciated. High-achieving perfectionists who see their severe control of eating as a triumph of will over impulse, anorexia os often fatal

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior Binge eat and then fast, exercise, and take diuretcs to compensate for eating

binge eating disorder

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short time Feel lack of control over eating behavior, just can't stop eating

Electrooculograph (EOG)

An instrument that measures eye movements Using an EOG, researchers found that sleepers wakened during REM periods reported having dreams much more often than those wakened during non-REM periods. During REM sleep, the pulse quickens, blood pressure rises, and there are telltale signs of sexual arousal. Dreams occur in real time, the time feeling is accurate to actual time passing. Dreams can also occr in non REM periods of sleep.

Adenosine

Body produces from moment you wake up, builds up and makes you feel sleepy. Exerts sleep pressure on brain. Caffeine blocks adenosine. Caffeine takes 12 hours for 50% of caffeine to fully dissipate even though we can't really feel effects after a bit.

appraisal

Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event We naturally appraise events on a number of dimensions, such as the event's self-relevance and importance, our ability to cope with event, and to control it, and others Fast and easy interpretation of stimulus to feeling in the brain, from limbic system

insomnia

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep Very common, 30-48 percent of people have symptons Results from lifestyle choices such as working night sifts (self-induced insomnia), or can be a response to depression, anxiety, or other condition (secondary insomnia) Desire to sleep initiates an ironic process of mental control-- heightened sensitivity to sings of sleeplessness and this sensitivity interfers with sleep. Giving up on trying so hard to sleep is helpful, more than sleeping pills

Phobic disorders

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations An individual with a phobic disorder recognizes that the fear is irrational but cannot prevent it from interfering with everyday functioning. High levels of activity in amygdala Phobias can be classically conditioned (little albert white rat)

uncertainty aversion

Ex: 100% chance of $1 million, 99% chance of $2 million, expected utility theory says $2 milliion, but uncertainty mkaes us make bad decisions

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors On the biological side, the focus is on genetic and epigenetic influences, biochemical imbalances, and abnormalities in brain structure and function. The psychological perspective focuses on maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersaoonl problems. Social factors include poor socialization, stressful life experiences, and cultural and social inequalities. The complexity of causation suggests that different individuals can experience a similar psychological disorder for different reasons.

Fast and Slow Pathways of Fear

Fast: Thalamus --> Amygdala Slow: Thalamus --> Cortex --> Amygdala Information about a stimulus takes two routes simultaneously through the brain: the "fast pathway" which runs from the thalamus directly to the amygdala, and the "slow pathway" which runs from the thalamus to the cortex and then to the amygdala. Because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex, a person can be afraid of something before he or she knows what it is.

conservation

Function of sleep - Conserve energy. Food hard to come by (resource dilema). Decrease caloric requirements --> increase survival. Don't expend energy during sleep, body cools down and you burn fewer calories.

Restoration

Function of sleep Matience and repair for body and brain. Repairs cells and brain. Sleep deprivation has negative effects on every single human function. Spring forward, fall backward Ex: Daylight savings (sleep deprivation day). Lose an hour of sleep --> criminal sentences in courts increase, traffic accidents increase, also fall backward these rates go down. West coast sports teams traveling east. Sleep debt builds up, less sleep --> more errors + worse brain functioning. People think they adapt to sleep debts but they don't. Rats die after 10-15 days of getting insufficient sleep. Sleep deprivation kills you faster than starvation. Obesity, depression, suicide, die younger. Every illness made worse by lack of sleep. Half of Americans are sleep deprived: - zip code, race, living conditions, stress, college students - We don't oversleep, we need sleep (sleep till we wake up) - College students

cultural misinformation

Information handed down from pst generations, but lots are false Culture tells us money, marriage, and children are very important for happiness Real research: Married ppl are more happy, but overtime it doesn't last Money increases happiness up to a certain point. Diminsihing returns. Happiness goes down from having children So what does make people happy: Exercising, sleep, friendships, experiences over things (can share experiences with people and don't get old like things), and foing ncie things for other people vs for yourself. Altruism is selfish for our happiness.

Conscious motivations

Motivations of which people are aware Prizewinners will say "I wanted to cure a disease"

Unconscious motivations

Motivations of which people are not aware Prizewinner will not say "I wanted to exceed my father's accomplishments" Ex: Need for achievment

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern SAD episodes begin in fall or winter and remit in spring, in a pattern that is due to reduced levels of light over the colder seasons

expected utility theory

Same as rational choice thoery: The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two. Pascal and Fermat: Expected utility of an outcome = Probability of outcome * value of outcome Can use for decision making: Ex: Flip coin for $150 or roll a two and get $300. Use equation. Humans screw this up (probability errors + value errosr)

Schizophrenia timeline

Schizophrenia has a timeline: Positive symptoms first than negative Premorbid phase: Cognitive, motor, or social dysfunction (childhood) Prodroncol phase: Brief attenuated positive symptom and/or functional decline (adolescence young adult) Psychotic phase: Florid positive symptoms Stable phase: positive symptoms fade + negative (lack of symptoms) emerge, social defects, cognitive decline

hedonic principle

The claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain Humans are primarily motivated to experience pleasure + avoid pain, we describe things as good or bad depending on if they produce pleasure or pain - Bad things caused by things bad for evolutionary fitness (threat, loss, social disapproval) - Good things caused by things good for evolutionary fitness (sex + food, social bonds, social approval).

anxiety disorder

The class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature Situation-related anxiety is normal and adaptive, but when anxiety arises that is out of proportion to real threats and challenges, it is maladaptive. Significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression

availability bias

The concept that items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently Availability heuristic: - "The more easily we can bring an outcome to mind, the more likely we think it is." - If it's hard to imagine an outcome in mind, we think probability is low. - This is a rule of thumb, but leads to mistakes. Ppl overestimate likelihood of deadly storms + underestimate asma deaths. This is cause of availability heuristic. News covers less common events so more available but more common events don't get coverage. Ex: Ppl think terroism is worse than flu, guns in house more dangerous then pool. Ex: Murders in Michigan vs Detroit: Detroit brings murder to mind, Michigan doesn't, so ppl estimate more murders in Detroit vs mich which is logically impossible Ex: Lottery tickets, probability extremely low, but stories of lottery winners, not losers

immune neglect

The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen. People who experience hemodialysis are not less happy than people who aren't, but healthy ppl think this would make them less happy and people who experience hemodialsysi think being healhtier would make them happy people much more adaptable in face of trauma + trajedies. 90% of people fine 2 years later (65 percent resilient + 25 percent recover) Psychological immune systems, psychological reasoning to cope

preparedness theory

The idea that people are instinctivley predisposed toward certain fears Supported by research showing that both humans and monkeys can quickly be conditioned to have a fear response for stimuli such as snakes and spiders, but not for neutral stimuli such as flowers or toy rabbits. Phobias are particularly likely to form for objects that evolution has predisposed us to avoid.

evolutionary mismatch

The idea that traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment Humans used to need food since starvation was a big problem, people developed attraction to high calorie foods and developed ability to store fat, but now that leads to obesity in modern world with easy access to high-calorie foods.

Motivation

The internal causes of purposeful behavior Eat because you are hungry, sleep because you are tired, find friends because you are lonely

avoidance motivation

The motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes Run from pain

approach motivation

The motivation to experience positive outcomes Run to pleasure

Metabolism

The rate at which the body uses energy Dieting decreases metabolism, food is turned into fat more easily.

persisent depressive disorder

The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

human sexual response cycle

The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity Excitement phase (muscle tension and blood flow increase in sexual organs), plateau phase (heart rate and muscle tension increase further), orgasm (men experience more than women), Resolution phase (muscles relax, blood pressure drops, body returns to resting stae)

emotion regulation

The strategies people use to influence their own emotional experiences Some are behavioral (avoiding situations that trigger unwanted emotions) some are cognitive (recruiting memories that trigger the desired emotion)

Homeostasis

The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in equilibrium Brain an body work the say way. Brain monitors body and when it senses that the body is in disequilibrium it sends a signal to initte a corrective action such as drinking, eating, shiversing, and so on.

loss aversion

The tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains - Sellers value things more than buyers since sellers have something to lose - Pain of losing greater than pleasure of gaining (sur-charge effect > rebate effect)

Activation-synthesis model

The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep dream is the cerebral cortex processing nerve impulses being sent from the body to the brain stem into something that makes sense.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that feelings are simply the perception of one's own physiological responses to a stimulus Bodily responses cause feelings, not feelings cause bodily responses Not correct, some of our emotional experiences happen before our bodily responses, all sorts of things can cause bodily responses without also causing emotions, and for the theory to work, every human emotion would have to be associated with a unique set of bodily responses but in reality different emotional experiences are sometimes associated with same set of bodily responses or vice versa

prospect theory

The theory that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains People simplify available information and choose prospect they believe offers best value from their perspective. Like loss aversion and uncertainty bias. Choose rebate that is more certain than one that has uncertainty but is greater rebate amount. But with fines people choose higher potential loss over lower sure loss so different then (asymmetry) The asymmetry in risk preferences shows that we are wiling to take on risk if we think it will ward off a loss, but we're risk averse if we expect to lose some benefits.

terror management theory

The theory that people respond to the knowledge of their own mortality by developing a cultural worldview Humans want to avoid death, creates existential terror, one way people cope with knowledge of their mortality is by developing a cultural worldview, which is a shared set of beliefs about what is good and right and true. These beliefs allow people to see themselves as more than mortal animals because they inhabit a world of meaning in which they can achieve symbolic immoriatliy (e.g., by leaving a great legacy or having children) or they can have literal immorialtity by having spot in the afterlife. A cultural worldview is a kind of shield that buffers people against the overwhelming anxiety that certain knowledge of their own mortality elicits.

two-factor theory of emotion

The theory that stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal which is then interpreted as a specific emotion There is just one bodily response (which they called "undifferentiated physiological arousal")and that how people interpret this response determines withich emotion they experience We have just one bodily response to all emotionally relevant stimuli, but that we interpret that response differently on different occasions. True to some degree: People make inferences about the causes of their physiological arousal, and those inferences can influence the emotions they experience (after exercise people interpret exercise-induced arousal as lust) But wrong since emotional experiences are not nothing but different interpretations of a single bodily response. There are different bodily responses. It seems rather unlikely that every human emotion has its own unique physiological fingerprint (James and Lange), but it seems even more unliley that every every human emotion

conjunction fallacy

Thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event alone Linda is bank teller vs linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement. First logically has to be more probable. Relates to Michigan vs Detroit crime survey. When people are given more and more pieces of information, they think there's a higher probability that all are true. In actuality, the probability diminishes rapidly.

Presentism

When we are in the present, hard not to think about the present. Hard to imagine feeling different than we do today. P People don't expect to change a lot but when they reflect they do change a lot (true of all ages between 18-68). Underestimate how different we will be in the future. Ex: People pay 2x as much to see artist they like now in 10 years vs artist they liked 10 years ago now.

bipolar disorder

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Not more common in either men or women Mania: Lots of energy, hypersexuality, lots of ideas, confidence, but people get distracted easily and agitated After mania ends, people fall into deep depression Don't know what causes it, highly hereditable. Treatable with medications but part of bipolar feels good and is enjoyable so some people want to get off meds

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind Not just remembering something bad, but reliving thru flashback that causes lots of terror. Trigger is event (memory). Therapy emphasizes flashbacks are not occurring actually, no danger Many soldiers returning from combat experience symptoms of PTSD, including flashbacks of battle, exaggerated anxiety and startle reactions. Adrenaline burns in memories, trauma produces adrenaline, so remedy isto have lower adrenaline before and after traumatic event to prevent PTSD from starting.

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior Split mind, disintegration of thought, perception, behavior Tragic (strikes when ppl in prime (18-25 males) (25-45 females) and devastating (only 1/3 get better, 1/3 don't, and other 1/3 die of suicide). Genetic component (monozygotic/identical twins) of schizophrenia, also environmental factors (urban vs rural) People w untreated psychiatric illnesses make up about a third of homeless population in US

Narcolepsy

a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities Involves the instruction of a dreaming state of sleep (with REM) into waking and is often accompanied by unrelenting excessive sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks lasting from 30 seconds to 30 minutes.

sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep Usually snores gecause apnea involves an involuntary obstruction of the breathing passsage. When episodes of apnea occur for over 10 seconds at a time and recur many times during the night, they may cause many awakenings and sleep loss or insomnia. Occurs most often in middle-aged, overweight men and may go undiagnosed because it is not easy for the sleeper to notice.

manifest content

a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning

expressed emotion

a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder People living with family members who are high in expressed emotion are more likely to relapse than are people with supportive families.

Dreaming

a mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery Thalamus typically routes sensory information to cortex. When dreaming, thalamus stops relaying sensory information to cortex. The pons cuts off signals from the brain to the spinal cord, then contracts spinal cord to paralyze muscles. This is sleep paralysis, can't move druing dreaming. So we don't act out experience of dreams. Then pons tells thalumus to route into visual, motor, and emotion areas of brain but not areas involving reasoining + consciousness. Dreaming is an experience we unquestionably accept as real, even if it is ridiculous. Lucid dreaming: Aware of dreaming + can control dreams. Now there are techniques to train lucid dreaming. Ex: Lucid dreamers signal with eye movemnts to tell researchers they are lucid dreaming. Researchers given simple math problem. Participants respond with eye movement signal correctly. There can be 2 way connection between paid dreamers and outside world. Mean

intrinsic motivation

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding Eating things for taste, listening to music, doing a fun actiity. The activiites are the payoffs themselves.

extrinsic motivation

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward Not a source of pleasure in and of itself, but all can increase pleasure in the long run.

circadian rhythm

a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle, from the Latin circa (about) and dies (day). Even people sequestered in underground buildings without clocks, who are allowed to sleep when they want, tend to have a rest-activity cycle of about 25 hours. We're 25 hour people living in a 24 hour world.

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them Focuses on more biological, cognitive, and behavioral constructs that are believed to be the building blocks of mental disorders. Intended to inform and improve DSM Through the RDoC approach, the NIMH would like to shift reseradhers away from studying dcuretnly defined DSM/ICD categories and toward the study of the dimensional biopsychosocial processes believed to lead to mental disorders. Aims to shift focus away from classification based on surface symptoms and toward an understanding of the processes that give rise to disordered behavior. For instance, rather than studying cocaine addiction as a distinct disorder, from the RDoC perspective researchers might try to understand what cause abnormaliets in "resonsivness to reward" a factor seen in those with excessive cocaine use as well as in those with other addictive behaviors.

Display rule

a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion (intensification (exaggerating emotion), deintensification (muting expression of emotion), masking (expressing different emotion than feeling), neutralizing(no expression, poker face) Have different emotional displays in response to audience

mental disorder

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment Dysfunctions or deficits in the normal human psychological processes 46% of people in US suffer from a mental disorder at some point Only about 18% of people with a mental disorder in a given 12-month period, receive treatment during the same time frame. Less than half of those with a mental disorder and only 15.3% of those with serious mental illness receive what would be considered minimally adequate treatment.

chronotype

a person's disposition to be a "morning person" or an "evening person" Perferred time of day at which period or sleep begins Larks: morning people, children, post around 25, females Owls: Night owls, adolescence (peak at 20), male Owls (people who go to bed late and want to wake up late) Larks (those who go to bed earlier and get up earlier) and Ambivalent (those who are more adaptable to sleep schedules)

emotion

a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action - Interpretation of whether stimulus is good or bad for you. Emotions are a guide, follow hedonic principle toward good + away from pleasure. Emotions constitute goodness and badness, emotions determine our concept of good and bad, what produces positive feelings or negative feelings. Emotions vs Thoughts; - Infinite variety of thoughts, finite number of emotions - Thoughts are culturally specific, emotions are generally specific - Thoughts don't have signature expression, emotions do - Thoughts are generally controllable, emotions are generally uncontrollable - Thoughts not necessarily balanced (have positive or negative pull), emotions are always valenced How well do emotions guide us: Voltaire: Not well, emotion is enemy of reason + logic. Emotion is vestige of animal ancestors, should be suppressed, enlightenment reasoning is better. Hume: Well, emotions are engines to drive us for things we do, reason should be servant to emotions. Pascal: Emotion is very good. "The heart has reasons that reason cannot know." Emotions drive us to do the wrong thing even though we know it's not the right thing to do. Tug of war between prefrontal cortex (slow, complex conscious thought) and limbic system (fast, simple appraisals + emotional reactions). Ex: Trolley Problem Ex: Disgust: Nature telling us we are putting toxic and bad taste into our mouth, from limbic system (nature). Emotoin wins over reasoning. Ex: Ice cream looks like dog poop in dog toilet bowl, even if ice cream, ppl still don't want to have it. Ex: Spit in your own drink. Disgust wins over reason. Ex: Sex: We have sex rules for our own comfort + disgust. Ex: Siblings making love, people naturally disgusted by it, but it was legal and they used protection. So ultimately the reasoning is that it's just disgusting. Husband put in jail when neighbors find out. When Emotion Improves Reasoning: Ex: Monet vs Garfield Poster: Students choose based on gut vs choose based on explicit reasoing. Most ppl choose money print unless they think long and hard about it. But with thought, more ppl choose garfiled and find reasons to

night terrors (sleep terrors)

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal Occur most often in children, happen most often in non-REM sleep

medical model

an approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures before people believed mental illness was result of religious or supernatural forces (poessed by spirits or demons).

emotional expression

an observable sign of an emotional state, robots can be taught to exhibit them, but humans do so naturally Emotions influence the way we talk, our face, direction of gaze, etc. We are walking advertisments of our emotional state

obesity

having an excess amount of body fat, most pervasive eating-related problem today. BMI of 30 or greater Highly heritable, toxins in environment, everyday wear-and-tear on hippocampus Nudge: Put unhealthy foods out of reach, putting items in middle vs top of menu, overall when people have to do more work to get foods they are less likely to have them

mood disorders

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature and ake two main forms: depression (also called unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder (so named because people go from one end of the emotional pole (extreme depression) to the other (extreme mania).

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep Sleepwalking, more common in children

diathesis-stress model

suggests that a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress The diathesis is the interanl predisposition, and the stress is the external trigger. Ex: Most ppl able to cope with 911. But for those who had a predisposition to negative emotions, the horror of the events may have overwhelmed their ability to cope, thereby preciptaitng a psychological disorder. Although diatheses can be inherited, it's imporatnt to remember that heritability is not destiny. A person who inherits a diathesis may never encounter the precipitating stress, whereas someone with little genetic propensity to a disorder may come to suffer from it, given the right patterns of stress.

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual Most people with a mental disorder report comorbidity

sleep paralysis

the experience of waking up unable to move Eerie experience usually happens as you are awakening from REM sleep but before you have regained motor control. Can be accompanied by hallucinations in which dream content may appear to occur in the waking world.

helplessness theory

the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread) For example, a student at risk for depression might view a bad grade on a math test as a sign of low intelligence (internal) that will never change (stable) and that will lead to failure in all is or her future endeavors (global). In contrast, a student without this tendency might have the opposite response, attributing the grade to something external (poor teaching), unstable (a missed study session), and specific (boring subject).

need for achievement

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems Thematic Apperception Test: presents people with a series of drawings and ask them to tell sotreis about them. Amount of achievment-related imagery" in the person's story ostensibly reveals the perosn's unconsciou need for achievment).

reappraisal

the process of changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus Good emotion regulation strategy Ex: People have less distress when watching circumcision video with description of being a joyous religious ritual

universality hypothesis

the theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times Darwin -- every human being naturally expresses happiness with a smile and that, as a result, every human being naturally understands that a smile signifies happiness. Emotional expression is a language that is universally spoken and understood. Not exactly right... some facial expressions are universal. , but not all. anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness are, but some emotions have distinct cultural accents, so universlaity hypothesis is overstated

facial feedback hypothesis

the theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify People feel happier when they are asked to hold a pencil in their teeth vs when they are asked to hold a pencil in their lips

Theory of Neural Quiescence

when you sleep, your brain shuts off, proven to be false (Eugene Aserinsky put EEG on his kid, saw brain waves while asleep) - Sleep is when neural activity is shut off (like death) - Shortly fall into deeper sleep stages - Drowsy --> State 1 ---> stage 2 --> stage 3 ---> stage 4 - After 40 mins of stage 4, brain becomes active. Rapid eye movement sleep, arousal, looks like you are waking up (REM sleep) - discovered by Aserinsky