PSY 100 - Ch. 3
An individual leaves middle adulthood and enters late adulthood at age: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
65
schemas
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Maturation
biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience
According to Piaget, at which stage do children become capable of true logical thought?
concrete operational
Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in early adulthood
egocentric
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
The orderly sequence of biological growth is called:
maturation
Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) _____ level of moral reasoning.
preconventional
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and (2) the idea of stability in personality across the life span? What findings challenge these ideas?
(1) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development). (2) Some traits, such as temperament, exhibit remarkable stability across many years.
In the average ejaculation, _____ million or more sperm are released.
250
The characteristics of ADHD include all of the following EXCEPT: A. impulsivity. B. inattention. C. restlessness. D. mental retardation.
D
What does theory of mind have to do with autism spectrum disorder?
Theory of mind focuses on our ability to understand our own and others' mental states. Those with autism spectrum disorder struggle with this ability.
DNA (deoxiribonucleic acid)
a molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
critical period
a period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is needed for proper development
emerging adulthood
a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.
embryo
Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work; otherwise, they may feel a lack of purpose. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
generativity versus stagnation
assimilate
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Laney is investigating early language acquisition. She selects a group of 6-month-old babies and then assesses them every 3 months until they are 2 years old. Laney is using a _____ research design.
longitudinal
Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ______________ and to ______________.
love; work
The biological growth process called ______ explains why most children begin walking by 12 to 15 months.
maturation
Nature is to nurture as _____ is/are to _____.
maturation; experience
Danelle is 52. Recently she has stopped menstruating and is no longer of childbearing age. Danelle has experienced:
menopause
Gallup survey data reported by Crabtree (2011) and depicted graphically in the textbook indicates that among adults, happiness is ______ correlated with the amount of time spent with others.
positively
Cross-sectional studies
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
Longitudinal studies
research that follows and retests the same people over time
social identiy
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Genes
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete Operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes
Nine months after conception, a baby girl named Tracy is born. The stages of her prenatal development from first to last were:
zygote, embryo, fetus.
The first two weeks of prenatal development is the period of the _________. The period of the _________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the _________.
zygote; fetus; embryo
Match the psychosocial development stage below (1-8) with the issue that Erikson believed we wrestle with at that stage (a-h) 1. Infancy 2. Toddlerhood 3. Preschool 4. Elementary School 5. Adolescence 6. Young Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood 8. Late Adulthood a. Generativity vs Stagnation b. Integrity vs Despair c. Initiative vs Guilt d. Intimacy vs Isolation e. Identity vs Role Confusion f. Competence vs Inferiority g. Trust vs. Mistrust h. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
1. g 2. h 3. c 4. f 5. e 6. d 7. a 8. b
Schemas are: A. concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. B. concepts or mental molds developed within certain cultures that we learn to adopt as our own. C. intelligence tests that measure patterns of mistakes in thinking. D. stages of development.
A
What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen's decision to join sports teams at school?
Adolescents tend to select similar others to sort themselves into like-minded groups. For an athletic teen, this could lead to finding other athletic teens and joining school teams together.
Authoritarian parents
Authoritarian parents are coercive. They set the rules and expect obedience: "Don't interrupt." "Keep your room clean." "Don't stay out late or you'll be grounded." "Why? Because I said so."
Authoritative parents
Authoritative parents are confrontive. They are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.
The video suggests that ADHD children develop oppositional behavior as: A. the result of a damaged brain. B. a way of coping with criticism of behavior over which they have no control. C. a reaction to physical and sexual abuse in early childhood. D. part of their effort to gain attention when they feel that they have been ignored.
B
What are some of the most significant challenges and rewards of growing old?
Challenges: decline of muscular strength, reaction times, stamina, sensory keenness, cardiac output, and immune system functioning. Risk of cognitive decline increases. Rewards: positive feelings tend to grow; negative emotions subside; and anger, stress, worry, and social-relationship problems decrease.
Which of the following statements is true?
Children are actively engaged in making sense of the world.
Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of the following are you likely to notice about her abilities?
Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.
Psychologists often mention B. F. Skinner when asked to name the most influential psychologist of the twentieth century. Based on a survey of British psychologists, _____ is another worthy contender for the title.
Jean Piaget
How has Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning been criticized?
Kohlberg's work reflected an individualist worldview, so his theory is less culturally universal than he supposed. Kohlberg's theory can also be viewed as male-focused, since women more often emphasize care for others in need over what is "fair."
Negligent parents
Negligent parents are uninvolved. They are neither demanding nor responsive. They are careless, inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children.
Yun Hee lives in New York and is concerned about her daughter, who will be 1 year old next week. Her baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on this. Should she be worried?
No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.
Object permanence, pretend play, conservation, and abstract logic are developmental milestones for which of Piaget's stages, respectively?
Object permanence for the sensorimotor stage, pretend play for the preoperational stage, conservation for the concrete operational stage, and abstract logic for the formal operational stage.
Permissive parents
Permissive parents are unrestraining. They make few demands and use little punishment. They may be unwilling to set limits.
How do researchers use twin and adoption studies to learn about psychological principles?
Researchers use twin and adoption studies to understand how much variation among individuals is due to heredity and how much is due to environmental factors. Some studies compare the traits and behaviors of identical twins (same genes) and fraternal twins (different genes, as in any two siblings). They also compare adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents. Some studies compare traits and behaviors of twins raised together or separately.
The four parenting styles may be described as "too hard, too soft, too uncaring, and just right." Which parenting style goes with which of these descriptions, and how do children benefit the "just right" style?
The authoritarian style would be described as too hard, the permissive style too soft, the negligent style too uncaring, and the authoritative style just right. Parents using the authoritative style tend to have children with high self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation, and social competence.
Developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the life span
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:
a theory of mind.
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
accommodate
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is MOST representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
"Demanding but responsive" is one way to summarize Baumrind's _____ parenting style. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
authoritative
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the BEST developmental outcomes for children?
authoritative
Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting ______; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting _______.
continuity; stages
Cindy is studying cognitive development during adulthood. She administers several memory and problem-solving tasks to a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 40-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds. Cindy is using a _____ research design. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
cross-sectional
Marjorie just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly.
developmental
It is now six weeks since Jennifer conceived. At this point, the human organism she is carrying is called a(n) ______; at the third month, it will be called a(n) ______.
embryo; fetus
Raul is 20 years old and still very dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as _____ adulthood. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
emerging
Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the ______ lobe.
frontal
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe?
frontal
Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome
gene, chromosome, nucleus
Marcia is 48. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is MOST likely experiencing:
generativity
Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i-vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: a. sensorimotor b. peroperational c. concrete operational d. former operational i. Thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom" ii. Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up) iii. Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form iv. Having the ability to reverse math operations v. Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain vi. Having difficulty taking another's point of view (as when blocking someone's view of the TV)
i. d ii. b iii. c iv. c v. a vi. b
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) in which a child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
identical (monozygotic) twins
individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in two, creating two genetically identical siblings
fraternal (dizygotic) twins
individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings, but shared a prenatal environment
Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact are focusing on _______ and ______.
nature; nurture
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.
A game of peekaboo with his dad excites William during the first 6 months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks _____.
object permanence
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.
Developmental psychology investigates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
physical, cognitive, and social changes across the life span.
Marius believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
postconventional
According to Kohlberg, ______________ morality focuses on self-interest, ______________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ______________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules.
preconventional; postconventional; conventional
Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:
preferred the cloth surrogate even if it provided no food.
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day
Asia is 39. She never married. Pictures of her friends' partners and children fill her social media newsfeeds. Asia wonders when she'll ever find the right person. Asia's protracted singlehood is off-time with respect to the ______ clock; that is, the culturally preferred timing of major life events.
social
Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 16 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlations between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the _____ issue.
stability and change
An infant's _____ is revealed in his or her general tendency to be intense and fidgety on the one hand or easygoing and quiet on the other.
temperament
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
zygotes
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
heredity
the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
Epigenetics
the study of the molecular ways by which environments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change)
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns, she is able to find the bear in the cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:
theory of mind.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Erik Erikson used the phrase "basic _____" to refer to a child's fundamental sense that the world is reliable and predictable.
trust
To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This BEST illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:
unconscious decision making.
