PSY 100 UMaine Exam 4, psych exam 4
Which is NOT one of the components of the ABC model used by an REBT therapist?
disputing rational beliefs
Overgeneralization
A cognitive distortion that assumes self-contained events will have major repercussions in life. - Example: a person assumes that something is always true just because it happens to be true under one set of circumstances.
Cognitive schemas
A collection of ideas or notions representing a basic unit of understanding. - Beck suggests that schemas can also direct the way we interpret events, not always in a realistic or rational manner.
SMCR Model
A communication model that identifies the Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.
Door-in-the-face technique
A compliance technique that involves making a large, sometimes unreasonable, request first then followed by a smaller request.
Foot-in-the-door technique
A compliance technique that involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request.
Ingratiation
A compliance technique that involves putting yourself in someones "good graces."
Norm of reciprocity
A compliance technique used to increase the chance that someone will comply because they feel like they "owe you one."
Amenorrhea
A condition where some women stop getting their menstrual periods due to anorexia.
Altruism
A desire or motivation to help others with no expectation of anything in return.
Delusions of persecution
A false belief that some person or agency is trying in some way to harm one that goes with schizophrenia.
ASD PTSD
A form of PTSD that occurs during the first month after an event.
Persuasion
A form of social influence which intentionally trying to make people change their attitudes and beliefs, which may lead to changes in their behaviors.
Dopamine hypothesis
A hypothesis suggesting that the synthesis, release, and concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a role in schizophrenia.
Behavior modification
A therapeutic approach that draws on the principles of operant conditioning in which behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment.
Exposure
A therapeutic technique that brings a person into contact with a feared object or situation while in a safe environment, with the goal of extinguishing or eliminating the fear response or phobia.
Obsession
A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often causes anxiety and distress.
Systematic desensitization
A treatment commonly used in behavioral therapy that combines anxiety hierarchies with relaxation techniques. - most effective to treat phobias. - reconditioning CS and CR
Self-serving bias
A type of attribution error -- The tendency to attribute our successes to personal characteristics and our failures to environmental factors.
Just-world hypothesis
A type of attribution error -- The tendency to believe the world is a fair place and individuals generally get what they deserve.
False consensus effect
A type of attribution error -- The tendency to overestimate the degree to which others think or act like we do.
Fundamental attribution error
A type of attribution error -- The tendency to overestimate the degree to which the characteristics of an individual are the cause of an event, and to underestimate the involvement of situational factors.
Stable-unstable dimension
A type of attribution which refers to whether elements in the environment are dynamic. - stable = long-lasting - unstable = short lived
Controllable-uncontrollable dimension
A type of attribution which the observer believes the actors actions are due either to environmental or characteristic effects.
Internal-external dimension
A type of attribution with distinction between dispositional and situational attributions.
Drug antabuse
A type of aversion therapy which interferes with the body's ability to break down alcohol, so combining this drug with even a small amount of alcohol brings on an immediate unpleasant reaction (vomiting, throbbing headache, and so on). - only effective if the client is motivated to change.
Token economy
A type of behavior modification that uses tokens as a positive reinforcement for desired behaviors. - Tokens can be exchanged for candy, outings, privileges, and other perks. - They can also be taken away as a punishment to reduce undesirable behaviors.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A type of cognitive therapy by Albert Ellis that identifies illogical thoughts and attempts to convert them into rational ones. - Goa: to help people identify their irrational or illogical thoughts and convert them into rational ones. - Used the ABC model
Depersonalization disorder
A type of dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surroundings. Seems like they are looking at themselves from the 3rd person.
Dissociative fugue
A type of dissociative disorder which is highly uncommon and is characterized as: when a person forget who they are and then suddenly remembers.
Informative social influence
A type of influence when we follow others in order to be correct.
Normative social influence
A type of influence where most of us want the approval of others, and this desire for acceptance may influence our behavior.
Humanistic therapy
A type of insight therapy pioneered by Rogers which emphasizes the positive nature of humankind. - concentrates on the present, seeking to identify and address current conscious problems.
Psychodynamic therapy
A type of insight therapy that incorporates Freud's core psychoanalytic themes, including the importance of unconscious conflicts and experiences from the past. - see clients once a week for several months. - sits face-to-face with the client. - gives feedback and advice. - Goal: to understand and resolve a specific, current problem.
Obedience
A type of persuasion which changes behavior because we have been ordered to do so by an authority figure. - command
Insight therapies
A type of psychotherapy aimed at increasing awareness of self and environment.
Transference
A type of resistance that occurs when a patient reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents or other caregivers from childhood. - Freud sat behind his patients to encourage this
Disorganized schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect. - childlike/ regressive behavior - inappropriate affect (laughing at death) - loose associations (thought process = all over the place)
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms.
Paranoid schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur and delusions of persecution. - never goes away - affects less than 1% of the population - more dangerous to themselves than to others
Group therapy
A type of therapy led by 1-2 therapists trained in any of the various approaches and include 3-10 clients, and members share their problems as openly as possible. - help with shyness, panic disorder, compulsive gambling, grief, and sexual identity issues
Behavior therapy
A type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change.
Family therapy
A type of therapy that focuses on the family as an integrated system, recognizing that the interactions within it can create instability or lead to the breakdown of the family unit. - Goal: to understand each person's role in the system.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
An action-oriented type of therapy that requires clients to confront and resist their illogical thinking.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted reoccurring/repetitive thoughts and/or actions. There are many different types such as checkers, germ/cleanliness, counters.
Phobias
An anxiety disorder marked by an intense fear out of proportion of any real danger. Specific ___________ may consist of heights, spiders, swimming, etc. This is the easiest anxiety disorder to get over through therapy.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming panic attacks with no cues. Many have high heart rates, fast breathing, and paralyzing effect. - many develop agoraphobia - affects 2-3% of the population
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder with continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning. Low level anxiety, but constant
Binge-eating disorder
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of extreme overeating, during which a larger amount of food is consumed than most people would eat in a similar amount of time under similar circumstances.
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by extreme overeating followed by purging, with serious health risks.
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder identified by significant weight loss, an intense fear of being overweight, a false sense of body image, and a refusal to eat the proper amount of calories to achieve a healthy weight.
Susto
An example of a cultural syndrome that is most evident in Mexico, Central America, South America, and Latino populations of the United States. - it is the extreme reactions to frightening situations; they believe their soul has left their body, which results in illness, sadness, lack of motivation, and other symptoms.
Koro
An example of cultural syndromes characterized by episodes of intense anxiety observed in India, China, Thailand, and other Asian countries. - it is the unrealistic and intense fear that sexual organs will be pulled into the body, perhaps resulting in death.
Flooding
An intense form of exposure with an anxiety-provoking stimulus that cannot be escaped, causing a high degree of arousal.
18.1%
Annual prevalence of anxiety disorders (%)
26.2%
Annual prevalence of any disorder (%)
8.9%
Annual prevalence of disruptive behavior disorders
6.7%
Annual prevalence of major depression (%)
9.5%
Annual prevalence of mood disorders (%)
6.8%
Annual prevalence of social phobias (%)
8.7%
Annual prevalence of specific phobias (%)
3.8%
Annual prevalence of substance disorders (%)
Social anxiety disorder
Anxiety disorder about, or fear of being in, a social situation that could result in scrutiny by other people.
Seperation Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder of fear related to "separation from home or attachment figures"
The key elements of persuasion were identified by _____ during World War II.
Carl Hovland
_____, a _____ theorist, developed person-centered therapy.
Carl Rogers; humanistic
Compliance
Changes in behavior at the request or direction of another person or group, who in general does not have any true authority. - direct request
Carl Rogers
Developed humanistic therapy and said "Human beings are inherently good and inclined toward growth."
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. A type of dissociative disorder which is highly uncommon which comes from a very highly emotional event where they are physically there, but not mentally and do not remember a period of time.
Eclectic approach to therapy
Drawing on multiple theories and approaches to tailor treatment for a client.
Biomedical therapy
Drugs and other physical interventions that target the biological processes underlying psychological disorders; primary goal is to reduce symptoms.
Psychotropic medications
Drugs used to treat psychological disorders and their symptoms.
Distress
Feeling regularly upset or uncomfortable because of unwanted behaviors or emotions is another feature of abnormality, and it's not always evident from the outside.
_____ was one of the psychologists who introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance to the body of social psychological knowledge
Leon Festinger
Consummate love
Love that combines intimacy, commitment, and passion.
Companionate love
Love that consists of profound fondness, camaraderie, understanding, and emotional closeness. - tends to grow over time - seems to endear us to one another
Romantic love
Love that is a combination of connection, concern, care, and intimacy. - generally what drives people to commit to one another
Passionate love
Love that is based on zealous emotion, leading to intense longing and sexual attraction; also known as "love at first sight".
Evidence-based practice
Making decisions about treatment that integrate valuable research findings, clinical expertise, and knowledge of a patient's culture, values, and preferences.
1. Logic 2. Fear inducing
Message of persuasion:
1. depressed emotional expression 2. lack of motivation 3. decreased speech production 4. decreased functioning at work, in social situations, or in self-care 5. reduced pleasure 6. lack of interest in interacting with others
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia:
Antipsychotic drugs
Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions for schizophrenia. - reduce dopamine activity - interfere with serotonin
Mood-stabilizing drugs
Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania with bipolar disorder.
Antidepressant drugs
Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression by improving moods and also to treat anxiety/eating disorders in certain individuals. - neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
Anti-anxiety drugs
Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety. - benzodiazepines - enhancing the effect of GABA - lethal when mixed with alcohol
1. Visual 2. Audio 3. A-V
Rank of best way to communicate complex messages:
1. A-V 2. Audio 3. Visual
Rank of best way to communicate simple messages:
1. Age 2. Emotional state 3. Mental focus
Receivers of persuasion:
Ethnocentrism
Seeing the world only from the perspective of one's own group.
1. Physical Attractiveness 2. Credibility 3. Expertise 4. Trustworthiness (no ulterior motive) 5. Similarity 6. Familiarity
Sources of persuasion:
Biopsychosocial perspective
Suggests that psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Comorbidity
The occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time.
Manifest content
The overt material of a dream -- what we remember after waking up.
Confederates
The people secretly working for the researchers, they play the role of participant, experimenters, or simply bystanders.
Central route
The persuasion through information - people who focus on the content of a message, and think critically about it. - high involvement/relevance
Peripheral route
The persuasion through other factors - people who pay more attention to "simple, issue-irrelevant cues" such as the credibility or attractiveness of the source. - low involvement/irrelevance
Mere-exposure effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
Direct aggression
The physical displays of aggression such as hitting.
Positive symptoms
The presence of abnormal behaviors.
Self-actualization
The process by which people achieve their full potential.
Progressive muscle relaxation
The process of tensing and then relaxing muscle groups, starting at the head and ending at the toes.
Negative symptoms
The reduction or absence of expected behaviors.
Attitudes
The relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and responses one has toward people, situations, ideas, and things.
Social cognition includes the study of:
attributions and attitudes
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma. - a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. - a thinking disorder, processing information disorder - diagnosed between late teens to early 20's - 1% of the population is diagnosed
Hysteria
a psychological disorder where women linked "wandering movements of the womb" characterized by "excessive emotion, irrational speech, paralysis, and convulsions".
Psychological disorder
a set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are significantly distressing and disabling in terms of social functioning, work endeavors, and in other aspects of life.
Paranoid jealous
a term for someone who has no trust and becomes verbally abusive and controlling with a personality disorder.
Paranoid
a term for someone who is overly suspicious, doesn't trust people, and jumps to conclusions.
Dysfunction
a term which indicates the degree to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships. - often maladaptive, that is, they go against one's best interests.
The diathesis-stress model adopts a _____ view of the etiology of schizophrenia.
biopsychosocial
Which familiar saying is BEST supported by social psychological research?
birds of a feather flock together
Cyclothymia Disorder
a type of bipolar disorder characterized by a combination of hypomania and dysthymia (mild depression).
Bipolar I Disorder
a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes. Alternates from deep depression to hypermania. - affects 1% of the population
Bipolar II Disorder
a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes.
Self-help groups
a type of group that offers opportunities for personal growth and provide support for people facing a host of issues. - Example: AA, parents without partners, weight watchers
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression - Suggests that aggression may occur in response to frustration.
Today, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is:
used less often than in the past
_____ of Milgram's participants were upset by their participation in his experiment.
very few
Cultural syndromes
when the symptoms and attributions (explanations for those symptoms) of disorders appear to be unique to particular societies.
The textbook states that "females run a greater risk of bodily injury resulting from a physical confrontation . . . ," which may explain why they tend to opt for more relational aggression. This statement is MOST closely consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.
evolutionary
Schizophrenia may reflect a(n) _____ of the neurotransmitter ____
excess; dopamine
Delusions
false beliefs
Hallucinations
false perceptions
Jayne and Richie have been married for 10 years. However, there is little real intimacy in their relationship; instead, it is based mainly on their sexual chemistry. Jayne and Richie are experiencing _____ love.
fatuous
Dr. England asks her patient, Cora, to say anything that comes to mind after she gives her a specific word, regardless of how silly, random, or inappropriate it may seem. Dr. England is using the _____ technique.
free association
The "Golden Age" of the prefrontal lobotomy occurred:
from the 1930s through the 1950s.
A job applicant is 5 minutes late for an interview. The interviewer assumes that the applicant is not serious about the job, and he fails to consider that she may have had difficulty finding a parking spot. The interviewer is demonstrating the:
fundamental attribution error
Among individuals with major depressive disorder, cortisol levels are often:
high
People reflect the self-serving bias when they make _____ attributions for their own successes
internal
A common psychological disorder among people who commit suicide is _____ disorder.
major depressive
Zane has been feeling low for the past month or so. He has difficulty concentrating and little energy. He has gained nearly 10 pounds and sleeps 10 to 11 hours each night. Zane may be diagnosed with _____ disorder.
major depressive
Carlton is describing one of his dreams to his therapist. The events he remembers and is able to share constitute the _____ content of his dream.
manifest
After 21 psychotherapy sessions, _____ of all clients show substantial improvement.
one half
Ataque de nervios is a culturally specific variant of _____ disorder.
panic
The symptoms of _____ resemble those of a heart attack.
panic disorder
Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign messaging relying on the _____ route to persuasion.
peripheral
Dr. Henderson wants to understand the unconscious conflicts experienced by her patients. Which type of therapy is she using?
psychoanalysis
Rational-emotive behavior therapy treats psychological abnormality by helping clients dispute their own irrational thoughts. This type of therapy suggests that the causes of symptoms are based on cognitive factors. Rational-emotive behavior therapy is grounded in a _____ view of the causes of psychological abnormality.
psychological
Dr. Sanjay uses a biomedical approach on individual patients to alter their perceptions, moods, and behaviors. Which type of therapy is he using?
psychopharmacology
The ABC model is a feature of _____ therapy, developed by _____.
rational-emotive behavior; Albert Ellis
Both atypical and traditional antipsychotics _____ levels of _____.
reduce; dopamine
_____ activity of the neurotransmitter, _____, seems to play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder
reduced; serotonin
_____ aggression is exemplified by starting malicious gossip about a rival.
relational
Behavior therapies are NOT well suited for the treatment of:
schizophrenia
For which disorder(s) is psychodynamic therapy probably LEAST effective?
schizophrenia
The case of the Genain quadruplets sheds light on the genetic factors of:
schizophrenia
Major depressive disorder is usually treated with:
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
With respect to the neurotransmitters associated with psychological disorders, _____ is related to major depressive disorder, while _____ is related to schizophrenia.
serotonin; dopamine
Gina is attending a meeting for Overeaters Anonymous. She may expect all of the following EXCEPT:
the meeting to be run by a trained psychiatrist
Psychotherapy
"Talk therapy"; a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and improve his or her quality of life.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
"The behavior expected actually came to pass because the expecter expected it."
Approximately _____% of the population will be diagnosed with bipolar disorder at some point.
1
Dissociative disorders (4)
1. Dissociative amnesia 2. Dissociative fugue 3. Dissociative identity disorder 4. Depersonalization
Anxiety disorders (5)
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2. Panic Disorder 3. Phobias 4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 5. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Mood disorders (4)
1. Major depression 2. Dysthymia 3. Bipolar (1,2, cyclothymia) 4. Schizophrenia (disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated)
E-therapy
A category of treatment/therapy that utilizes the Internet to provide support and therapy.
Learned helplessness
A tendency for people to believe they have no control over the consequences of their behaviors, resulting in passive behavior.
About _____% of adults have thought seriously about suicide.
9
Compulsion
A behavior or "mental act" that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety.
Aversion therapy
A behavior therapy in which uses the principles of classical conditioning to link problematic behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A biomedical treatment for severe disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents.
Insanity
A legal determination of the degree to which a person is responsible for criminal behaviors. - 46 states offer a form of the insanity defense; only Idaho, Kansas, Montana, and Utah do not
Anxiety hierarchy
A list of experiences ordered from least to most anxiety-provoking.
Elaboration likelihood model
A model of persuasion invented by Petty & Cacioppo stating that people are persuaded in different ways. - central route - peripheral route
Investment model of commitment
A model that focuses on the resources at stake in relationships, including finances, possessions, time spent together, and perhaps even children. - It says that decisions to stay together or separate are based on: happiness with the relationship, ideas of what life would be like without it, and personal investment.
Diathesis-stress model
A model which refers to the inherited disposition (to schizophrenia, for example), and to stressors and other factors in the environment (internal and external). - suggests that developing schizophrenia involves a genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
Major depression disorder
A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. - the most common psychological disorder - lasts 6 months to a year - high level of depression - more common is women than in men (1/4 w, 1/5 m)
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Stigma
A negative attitude or opinion about a group of people based on certain traits or characteristics.
Tardive dyskinesia
A neurological condition caused by the long-term usage of traditional antipsychotics which includes symptoms such as: shaking, restlessness, and bizarre facial grimaces.
Resistance
A patient's unwillingness to cooperate in therapy; a sign of unconscious conflict. - Example: late or "forgetting" appointments, or being angry when certain topics come up.
Free association
A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient says literally anything that comes to mind.
Interpretation
A psychoanalytic technique used by Freud to explore and identify unconscious conflicts driving behavior and making inferences later.
Borderline personality disorder
A psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness.
Antisocial personality disorder
A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse.
Dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; also called multiple personality disorder.
Matching effect
A relationship is more likely to succeed if the physical attractiveness is even or close to each other.
Hypervigilance
A state of ongoing anxiety in which the person is constantly tense and alert for threats of their surroundings paired with PTSD. Known as a "jumpy" person in their state of panic.
Cognitive dissonance
A state of tension that results when behaviors are inconsistent with attitudes. - 2 thoughts/behaviors that cause an unpleasant level of arousal because they go against each other.
David Rosenhan Study
A study where a researcher sent eight healthy individuals to hospitals, complaining of hearing voices saying "empty, dull, thud." They were admitted and given treatment, even when "voices" were no longer present. Proved concern for labeling and admittance.
Panic attack
A sudden, extreme fear or discomfort that escalates quickly, often with no evident cause, and includes symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, lightheadedness, and fear of dying.
Scapegoat
A target of negative emotions, beliefs, and behaviors; typically, a member of the out-group who receives blame for an upsetting social situation.
Prosocial behavior
Behavior aimed at benefiting others.
1. Visual (posters, mags) 2. Audio (radio) 3. A-V (tv)
Channel of persuasion:
Social influence
How a person is affected by others as evidenced in behaviors, emotions, and cognition.
Agression
Intimidating or threatening behavior or attitudes intended to hurt someone.
_____ is a psychological disorder characterized by exposure to or being threatened by an event involving death, serious injury, or violence.
PTSD
_____ insisted that inmates should receive moral treatment in France, while _____ championed the "mental hygiene movement" in the United States
Philippe Pinel; Dorothea Dix
1. delusions 2. hallucinations 3. disorganized speech 4. grossly disorganized (catatonic behavior) 5. abnormal motor behavior
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
Empathy
The ability to feel what a person is experiencing by attempting to observe the world through his or her eyes.
Deception
The action of deceiving someone
Attributions
The beliefs one develops to explain human behaviors and characteristics, as well as situations. - Example: "Why is my friend in such a bad mood?" → "perhaps he is hungry"
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
The classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe/diagnose mental disorders first published in 1952. - the most current version has 157 disorders listed
Latent content
The deeper meaning of a dream which is disguised by the manifest.
Prefrontal lobotomies
The destruction of part of the frontal lobes or disconnecting them from lower areas of the brain through surgery.
Deindividuation
The diminished sense of personal responsibility, inhibition, or adherence to social norms that occurs when group members are not treated as individuals and begin to exhibit a "lack of self awareness".
Relational aggression
The displays of aggression such as behaviors like gossip, exclusion, and ignoring, which are indirect and aimed at relationships.
Trephination
The drilling of holes in the skull to release the demons/evil spirits who were thought to be the cause of psychological disorders in the Stone Age.
Festinger
The experimenter famous for $1 or $20 experiment on cognitive dissonance
1. Proximity 2. Similarity 3. Physical attractiveness
The factors related to attraction:
Interpersonal attraction
The factors that lead us to form friendships or romantic relationships with others.
Agoraphobia
The fear of going to public places and having a panic attack. It is the fear of the fear attack.
Psychoanalysis therapy
The first formal system of psychotherapy created by Freud which attempts to increase awareness of unconscious conflicts, thus making it possible to address and work through them. - 1-2x a week for 6 years
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
The intense fear of being judged or criticized by others. Also interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation.
Psychosis
The loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic and goes with schizophrenia.
Deinstitutionalization
The mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of institutions, and the attempt to reintegrate them into the community.
Diffusion of responsibility
The sharing of duties and responsibilities among all group members that can lead to feelings of decreased accountability and motivation. - a socio psychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
Social psychology
The study of human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to others.
Split-brain operations
The surgical separation of the right and left hemispheres to help with severe seizure disorders.
Group polarization
The tendency for a group to take a more extreme stance than originally held after deliberations and discussion.
Group think
The tendency for group members to maintain cohesiveness and agreement in their decision making, failing to consider possible alternatives and related viewpoints.
Social loafing
The tendency for group members to put forth less than their best effort when individual contributions are too complicated to measure.
Bystander effect
The tendency for people to avoid getting involved in an emergency they witness because they assume someone else will help.
Social facilitation
The tendency for the presence of others to improve personal performance when the task or event is fairly uncomplicated and a person is adequately prepared.
Halo effect
The tendency to assign excessive importance to one dimension of a person.
Conformity
The tendency to modify behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions to match those of others. - indirect request
1. Empathy 2. Authenticity 3. Unconditional positive regard
The three criteria for client centered therapy:
Unconditional positive regard
The total acceptance of a person regardless of his behaviors, beliefs, and words.
Social cognition
The way people think about others, attend to social information, and use this information in their lives, both consciously and unconsciously.
(1) distressing, disturbing, and spontaneously recurring memories of an event (2) dreams with content or emotions associated with the event (3) "dissociative reactions" that include feeling as if the event is happening again (flashbacks) (4) extreme psychological distress when reminded of the event (5) obvious physical reactions to cues related to the event
To be diagnosed with PTSD, a person must experience at least one of the following symptoms:
1. Passion 2. Intimacy 3. Commitment
Triangular Theory of Love
1. Activating event: a negative event or situation. 2. Irrational beliefs: often perfectionistic 3. Emotional consequences: negative feelings 4. Disputing flawed beliefs: change beliefs to realistic ones 5. Effective new philosophy: mature and realistic perspective
What is the ABC model?
20-30%
What percent of people go through major depression at some point in their lives?
50%
What percent of people go through major depression more than once?
Beck
Who came up with the idea of cognitive therapy and thought that patterns of automatic thoughts lie at the root of psychological disturbances.?
Philip Zimbardo
Who conducted the Stanford Prison experiment?
Caryl Rusbult
Who created the Investment model of commitment?
Carl Hovland
Who created the SMCR model?
Robert Sternberg
Who created the Triangular Theory of Love?
Eliot Aronson
Who created the jigsaw classroom experiment to reduce conflict and increase cooperation in schools?
Dorothea Dix
Who is the person responsible for the "mental hygiene movement" for US asylums?
Stanley Milgram
Who is the person who conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience?
Sigmund Freud
Who said that "dreams are a pathway to unconscious thoughts and desires" and sat behind his patient so they could not see him.
Philippe Pinel
Who was the person who came up with the idea of "moral treatment" in Paris asylums, the idea spread throughout Europe and America?
Delusions of grandeur
a false impression of one's own importance that goes along with schizophrenia.
Waxy flexibility
a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others.
Dysthymia
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression. It is low levels of depression lasting from 2-10 years. - not everyday, but most days w/ feelings of depression - never seek treatment and feel as though it is just part of themselves - feeds itself by bringing yourself down ofter w/ no help from a professional
Person-centered therapy (client-centered therapy)
a form of humanistic therapy developed by Rogers; aimed at helping clients achieve their full potential. - non-directive
Catatonic schizophrenia
a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods. - alternates from a state of stupor and agitation - the only form of schizophrenia that is hospitalized
Expectations
a form of social influence which is powerful and unspoken
Autism
a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It may also share some genetic risk factors with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Attitudes are:
affective, cognitive, behavioral
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder caused by a traumatic experience which causes high anxiety and flash backs. Cues bring back to the exact moment and get very high anxiety as if they were there again.
Hypermanic episode
an episode of high energy w/ no sleep due to the mind constantly running, self destructive, and aggression (verbal & physical)
Hypomanic episode
an episode of more energy than a normal person, but is very focused, self-centered, like to stay busy, and can't stop talking.
Factors related to eating disorders are:
an interaction between environmental and genetic.
The effects of GABA are boosted by _____, while serotonin's effects are boosted by _____.
antianxiety medication; antidepressants
A person who regularly engages in criminal behaviors is probably MOST likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder
antisocial
The tendency for people to avoid helping in an emergency is called:
bystander effect
Beck suggested that _____ are underneath our automatic thoughts, directing how we interpret events.
cognitive schemas
Consummate love = Romantic love + _____.
commitment
Russell has been diagnosed with both bipolar disorder and a substance use disorder. Russell's case illustrates:
comorbity
When he leaves the house, Josh locks, unlocks, and relocks each window and each door exactly three times. Josh's behavior exemplifies a(n):
compulsion
_____ are actions, while _____ are thoughts.
compulsions, obsessions
In Milgram's obedience experiment, the "teacher" was an individual secretly working for the researchers. This individual was a(n)
confederate
An individual with antisocial personality disorder is often:
deceitful, remorseless, and aggressive.
Since the 1950s the rate of institutionalization has:
decreased dramatically
Gina asks her roommate for $50. Her roommate refuses. Gina then asks for $20, and her roommate agrees. The roommate probably would have refused to lend the money if Gina had simply asked for $20 in the first place. Gina successfully employed the _____ technique.
door-in-the-face
Abusing alcohol is against one's best interests, as it can lead to negative consequences in a number of areas, such as work and relationships. Alcohol abuse is therefore considered:
dysfunctional
An individual with binge-eating disorder:
eats an excessive amount of food in a single sitting.
Psychoanalysts generally _____ transference
encourage
As the amount of time one spends with an individual rises, one's liking for that person tends to:
increase
An attribution is a(n):
inference about the cause of behavior
Tony tends to go along with his older brother when they are talking about sports since he doesn't know much about the topic. Tony is exhibiting _____ social influence
informational
Consummate love involves
intimacy, passion, and commitment
People are often surprised when bad things happen to good people. This reaction BEST supports the:
just-world hypothesis
An evolutionary psychologist is MOST likely to endorse the _____ theory of helping behavior.
kin selection
Sid believes in the idea of "paying it forward", meaning that if he helps someone now then he will receive help when he needs it in the future. This follows the _____ explanation for helping behavior.
kin selection
New things tend to "grow" on a person. That is, one likes them more when one has become accustomed to them. This phenomenon is due to the _____ effect
mere-exposure
Contemporary psychologists believe that the origin of schizophrenia is:
mostly genetic
Brady has schizophrenia. He seems to have no interests and lacks the desire to do anything. He takes little pleasure in any activity. Brady's absence of normal behavior exemplifies the _____ typical of schizophrenia.
negative symptoms
In moderately dangerous situations, the likelihood that a victim will receive help is _____ related to the number of bystanders present. In extremely dangerous situations, the likelihood that a victim will receive help is _____ related to the number of bystanders present.
negatively ; positively
Dr. Jabar destroys connections between different areas of the brain, relieving symptoms for his patients. Which type of therapy is he using?
neurosurgery
"My mom didn't reply to my text this morning, she must be mad at me for something I did" is an example of which cognitive distortion?
personalizing
Humanistic therapy emphasizes the _____ nature of humankind.
positive
Virtual reality exposure therapy is:
potentially as effective as other behavior therapies
The brain basis of antisocial personality disorder may lie in the underdevelopment of the:
prefrontal cortex
systematic desensitization requires the therapist to teach the client how to relax through a method called
progressive muscle relaxation