psy 101
repolarization
K+ moves out of the cell
Depolarization
Na+ channels open more positive
humanistic
- Rogers -Maslow -free will - good in humans - aspects of human experience
bias
- any factor that influences towards one side -ex. placebo effect experimenter bias distortions in self report - want experiments to have no bias
other mental health professionals
- clinical social worker - psychiatriac nurse
clinical psychologist
- dianosising and treating physcological disorders - anxiety - depression - tests - interviews - talk therapy
correlation methods
- does not have cause and effect - predict behavior, do these associate together - no random assignment - no IV - no intrepretations - do not know direction of relationship - not controlled
psychoanalytic
- freud -adler -jung - unconscious behavior - focus on things we aren't aware of - internal conflict
experimental method
- manipulates a variable - controlled environment - observes if any change occur to the other varible - cause and effect - random sample - need IV - want as much data as can get
non practicing psychologist
- not all practice in the mental health field 1. research 2. teaching 3. other areas.
Theory
- organized explanation of information - based on observations
experimental group
- receives the treatments in regard to IV
definition of psychology now
- science - behavior - physiological processes - cognitive processes
cognitive
- simon -piaget -chomsky - thoughts - mental processes - decision making -leanring - how do people develop their thoughts
integration
-biophsyiological - understanding all contributing factors -ex. biological - physiological - social -cultural
Themes of Psychology
-elaborate on the basic ideas of studying psychology 1. it is empirical (should be studied through observation) 2. it is theoretically diverse 3. evolves in sociohistorical context
Watson, Skinner, Pavlov
Behaviorism- directly observed
theoretical perspectives
different orientations that psychologists take to understand behaviors and mental disorders
rods
dim light
control group
does not receive treatment does not receive IV - what they compare to
manipulate interneuron communication
drugs mess with neurotransmitters and how they communicate - synthesis of neurotransmitters - mess with receptor sites - can mess with reuptake process and destruction process of neurotransmitter
lock and key method
each neurotransmitter has its own receptor
action potential
electrical current traveling down an axon all or none response
Hypothesis
a testable prediction based on your theory. - tentative statement about the relationship between two variables.
General Hierarchy
features are components and then objects
selective attention
focusing on one stimuli eventhough our senses are exposed to more at one time
proximal stimuli
formed by sense organs
distal stimulus
from outside world
complementary senses
help each other out -hearing and vision - smell and taste
cornea
helps focus waves of light curved surface
psychometrics
how do we know we are measuring psycology correctly
health psychology
how does exercise affect our mind, how does being healthy help our mind, - how it helps treatment of illness
biological psychology
how our body can help us understand people's thoughts
experimental psychology
leanring motivation sensation perception why do we do what we do
pupil
light waves pass through
bottom-up processing
individual sensory pieces to find out whole
social psychology
interactions - relationships - how society changes the way people think or act
feature analysis
is the process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form - figure to letters to words
left hemisphere
language, math, logic, analytics, communication
ganglion cells
last layer of neurons in retina axons of gangloion cell carry stimulus from eye to brain= optic disk
somatosensory cortex
located behind motor cortex touch receptor
Hippocampus
memory learning memories
Cognitive Psychology
memory, making decisions, planning, intelligence, info processing
Conflicting senses
messes with your brain - motion sickness - visual says you are moving - somesthetic says you are staying still - brain is confused
reticular formation
monitors environment - what we should pay attention to and what we can ignore
Norepinephrine
mood and depression
counseling psychology
more everyday problems - diagnosis - treat - therapy - marriage - family
Dopaimine
movement not enough dopamine = parkinsons cocaine
motor cortex
movements in PNS
Iris
muscle, lets more light in
electromagnetic spectrum
cant see whole thing
light and shadow
closer objects appear brighter, reflect more light
Closure
complete figures that are incomplete
structuralism
concious thought - break down elements - investigate - see how relate
functionalism
conscious thought - purpose or function of thoughts
proximity
nearness, closeness - if something is near something else we consider them together
feture detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
superficial clusters of lymph nodes
neurons in brain that fire only if they collectively indicate a stimulus with a combination of specific features
zero correlation
no relationship between variables
correlation coefficient
numerical representation on how two variables are related - when closer to -1. or 1 that means they are more related doesnt matter if negative that determines direction
pons
sleep, cousiousnes, staying awake
meta-analysis
statistically combining results of same variable from different studies
terminal button
stores neurotransmitters
clinical psychology
studies disordered thoughts and behaviors - WWII
developmental psychology
studies the development of people over life span - how the mind changes
definition of psychology early on
study of the mind
glial cells
support to neurons - provide myelin sheath
lens
take light waves, focus them and project them onto retina
psyhcologist
talk therapy - ph.d, masters, ed.d, psy.d
depth perception
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
binocular disparity
the difference of info going to your left and right eye
figure-ground perception
the focus of a picture background of the picture
single-blind study
the participant doesnt know what condition they are in dont want thoughts to affect their actions ex. drinking
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment detection
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
similarity
the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
Gestalt Psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
height in plane
things higher are farther away in a picture
contiguity
timing things that occur close in time we think they go together ex. thunder and lightening
somesthetic senses
touch, pressure, temperature, pain
positive correlation
two variables move in same direction - both increase or decrease together
perceotual constancy
understand that if proximal stimulus changes then distal stimulus cahnges
educational psychology
understanding how people learn best ways to teach
personality psychology
understanding pattern of behaviors - how personality develops
top-down processing
use preexisting knowledge to figure out sensory details
postive psychology
uses research to understand the postive aspects of humans. - creative -fulfilling aspects of human nature
negative correlation
variables move in opposite directions ex. lower number of absences= higher test scores
occipital lobe
visual info
texture gradient
we can see the texture of something if we are closer rather than farther away
Continuity
we like minimal change in direction - smooth - continuous pattern
third variable problem
when there is not a correlation between two variables but by another variable
interposition / overlap
when things are blocked we see them as farther away
relative size
when things are closer we see them as bigger
corpus callosum
where left and right hemisphere communicate if damged cant communicate with each other
population
who you apply the results to entire group want to apply results to
School Psychologist
work in schools - any problems in school - evaluates learning - helps with lesson planning
right hemisphere
regonizing people, spaitially oriented, processing info
replication
repeating the research study want to make sure there was not a fluke
verification of results
replication
kinesthetic
sense for identifying where our body parts are in space
neruons
signals sent throughout the body - info prosessing - make decisions - trigger responses
Ach
skeletal muscle attention arousal
random assignment
everyone has an equal chance of getting put into a group
sceintific method
- system of measurements - relationship between theories and observations
dependent variable
- variable that is measured -affected by independent variable - depends on IV
evolutionary psychology
-Buss - wilson - evolutionary behavior in animals and humans - natural selection - adaptive problems -how we think about people in certain ways
independent variable
-manipulated variable - variable that is being changed - varies to see impact on other variable - experimenter controls
Select Sample
-represents the population - collection of subjects selected for observations
bachelors's degree in psychology
-research - human resources - why we make choices
Behavorism
-skinner -watson -pavlov - only directly observable - helps understand people's actions - effects on environment have on the behavior of humans and animals.
interneuron communication
-synapse - neurotransmitter traveling across synaptic cleft
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Identify problem, 2. Form Hypothesis, 3.Collect Data, 4. Analyze Data, 5.Form Conclusions
Goals of Psychology
1. describe behavior 2. explain behavior- cause and effect 3. predict- can show relationships and make an educational prediction 4. control or change
types of perceptual organization
1. form 2. depth 3. perceptual consistency
functions of cerebrum
1. localized- what lobe is this funciton taking place 2. lateralized- which hemisphere
what happens after neurotransmitter is used
1. reuptake= can be sucked back up and used again 2. destruction= washed out as waste
two components of correlation coeffcient
1. strength 2. direction
convergence
A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
Agonist
A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
William James
Functionalism
Retina
Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones
wundt
Structuralism
preception
The selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another - could depend on a setting - when you are expecting to see something - experiences influence how we precieve
Industrial Psychology
analyzing topics in business setting
research methods
approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions - have different approaches
temporal lobe
auditory, taste
current theoretical perspective
biopsychological
Antagonist
blocks neurotransmitter ex. drugs
double-blind study
both the experimenter and participant do not know what condition the participant is under. - could influence the perspective the researcher has on a person, this is why this is done
Precieving patterns
bottom up and top down
plasicty
brain can change
cones
bright light, color
research results
data you collect for your theory
excitatory
depolarizes more positive
Serotonin
depression sleep waking up
descriptive methods
describe catagorize behavior
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
inhibitory
hyperpolarization more negative
parietal lobe
identifying and precieveing
cerebral cortex
outer layer, densely packed with neurons
linear perspective
paralell lines converge when farther away
psycharatrist
prescribes meds
psycharatrist
prescribing meds - M.D
Defintion
psyche and logos
freud
psychoanalysis- unconscious thought
sodium potassium pump
resets concentration
colateral processing
right hemisphere----left side of the body
where is left visual field processed in
right side of brain
correlative methods
see if there is a link between variables
practicing psychologist
see patients
introspection
self observation of conscious thought