PSY 101 Ch. 8: Thinking and Intelligence

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow one to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called a) a heuristic. b) insight. c) an algorithm. d) framing.

a) a heuristic.

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ representation. a) analogical b) symbolic c) exemplar d) prototype

a) analogical

Which of the following best describes problem solving? a) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal b) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives c) reasoning from general information to specific information d) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

a) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

The main concept of general intelligence theory is that a) one factor underlies intelligence. b) there are three different types of intelligence. c) there are two types of intelligence. d) intelligence is too general to measure accurately.

a) one factor underlies intelligence.

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this, Dr. Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts. a) prototype b) exemplar c) concept d) schema

a) prototype

Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. a) requiring minimal thinking; not always working b) not always working; requiring minimal thinking c) always working; requiring effortful thinking d) requiring effortful thinking; always working

a) requiring minimal thinking; not always working

A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category. a) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts b) the least typical concept; the most typical concept c) only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept d) all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts

a) the most typical concept; all examples of concepts

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) ________ test. a) aptitude b) achievement c) general intelligence d) standardized

b) achievement

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being "ball sports," they are creating a ________of the concepts. a) prototype b) category c) exemplar d) mental map

b) category

If you can make decisions, solve problems, learn quickly, and adapt to changes in the environment, you probably have a a) low level of intelligence. b) high level of intelligence. c) high level of insight. d) low level of insight.

b) high level of intelligence.

When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his neighborhood. Over time, Dave could drive through his neighborhood without the navigation system because he knew where all of the streets and roads were. Dave has most likely developed a __________ of his neighborhood. a) categorical representation b) mental map c) symbolic representation d) series of individual prototypes

b) mental map

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached a) by achieving one's subgoals. b) suddenly when it just pops into one's head. c) based on how similar the problem is to other problems. d) by starting at the goal state and working backward.

b) suddenly when it just pops into one's head.

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) ________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) ________ representation. a) analogical; symbolic b) symbolic; analogical c) symbolic; conceptual d) conceptual; symbolic

b) symbolic; analogical

Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. a) requiring minimal thinking; not always working b) not always working; requiring minimal thinking c) always working; requiring effortful thinking d) requiring effortful thinking; always working

c) always working; requiring effortful thinking

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice a) makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions. b) forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions. c) can be frustrating and impair thinking. d) allows us to have insight about what we really want.

c) can be frustrating and impair thinking.

Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology, Spanish, or psychology. Jake is using a) problem solving. b) framing. c) decision making. d) insight.

c) decision making.

Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem a) is very specific and well-defined. b) has many subgoals. c) is similar to another problem. d) cannot be solved by working backward.

c) is similar to another problem.

When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as a) using a mental set. b) functional fixedness. c) restructuring. d) using an analogy.

c) restructuring.

Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking? a) translating your Spanish homework into English b) calculating the tip on your dinner bill c) taking a nap with soft music playing d) using a map to drive to a new store

c) taking a nap with soft music playing

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because a piece of information is remembered easily does not mean that the best decision is based on that information. This error in thinking reflects a) an analogy. b) insight. c) the availability heuristic. d) the representativeness heuristic.

c) the availability heuristic.

Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to ________ memory. a) sensory b) semantic c) working d) episodic

c) working

Which of the following questions best summarizes the current approach to the role of nature and nurture in intelligence? a) Is intelligence primarily determined by genetics? b) Is intelligence primarily determined by the environment? c) What factors other than nature and nurture influence intelligence? d) How does each factor, genes and the environment, contribute to intelligence?

d) How does each factor, genes and the environment, contribute to intelligence?

When Mary thinks about a "guitar," she is using a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a a) mental map. b) schema. c) stereotype. d) concept.

d) concept.

Bridget just took an intelligence test. The results show that Bridget has very high musical intelligence. The test Bridget took was probably based on the a) triarchic theory. b) theory of emotional intelligences. c) theory of general intelligence. d) theory of multiple intelligences.

d) theory of multiple intelligences.

Which of the following best describes reasoning? a) finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal b) selecting the best option among a set of alternatives c) choosing between general information and specific information d) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

d) using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable