PSY 101 Exam 2
I am the stimuli of the vestibular system
head movements
I imitate the effects of natural endorphins in your brain
Opioids
I am the stimuli of the visual system
light waves
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov (dogs)
I am the receptors for the tactile system
nerve cells in the skin
I increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels in your brain
Ritalin
Uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain
Seizure
Operant Conditioning
Skinner (rats)
A seemingly normal outward appearance
Vegetative State
Occasional random actions like opening eyes, smiling, or crying
Vegetative State
I am the receptors for the visual system
rods & cones
I am the stimuli of the gustatory system
soluble chemicals
I am the stimuli of the olfactory system
soluble chemicals
I am the stimuli of the auditory system
sound waves
I am the receptors for the gustatory system
taste cells
I am the stimuli of the tactile system
touch, temp, pain
I am the receptors for the vestibular system
cilia in semicircular canal
I am the receptors for the auditory system
cilia in the cochlea
I am the receptors for the olfactory system
cilia in the nasal cavity
A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma. A. True B. False
A
An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____. A. circadian rhythm B. cerebrodynamic cycle C. chronometric temperance D. contrast arousal
A
An area of the retina that is specialized for seeing fine details is referred to as the ____. A. fovea B. lens C. optic disk D. cornea
A
As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus. A. Parents fighting B. Anxiety toward parents fighting C. Song D. Anxiety toward song
A
At what age do humans show evidence of responding preferentially to their native language? A. 2 days B. 1 week C. 6 months D. 8.5 months
A
Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using? A. Lucid dreaming B. Autonomous dreaming C. Directive dreaming D. Cogent dreaming
A
Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers? A. Bottom-up processing B. Top-down processing C. Outward-in processing D. Inward-out processing
A
Combat veterans with PTSD experienced anxiety after being exposed to the smell of _____. A. diesel B. food C. flowers D. cologne
A
Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi? A. She will be more alert and more relaxed. B. She will be less alert and more relaxed. C. She will be more alert and less relaxed. D. She will be less alert and less relaxed.
A
Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? A. Maintenance insomnia B. Duration insomnia C. Continuance insomnia D. Interval insomnia
A
Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug's phantom limb sensation? A. Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex B. Misappropriated top-down processing C. Spinal cord axons attempting to reinnervate the site of the injury D. Motor cortex redirecting its outputs
A
How does the brain process visual information? A. Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala. B. Information travels from the cornea to the amygdala and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the parietal lobe and the thalamus. C. Information travels from the lens to the hippocampus and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the temporal lobe and the hypothalamus. D. Information travels from the pupil to the reticular formation and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the frontal lobe and the pons
A
Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions. A. autonomic B. somatic C. central nervous system D. sensory
A
In what process do mirror neurons play a key role? A. Imitation B. Habituation C. Bonding D. Imprinting
A
Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish among the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar, category of taste, known by the ____. A. Japanese term umami B. French term gourmand C. German term geschmack D. Indian term raita
A
Jenni's 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be? A. People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does. B. People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a lower-pitched voice than her father does. C. Jenni's grandfather's auditory processing mechanisms have become used to Jenni's father's voice, but Jenni's voice is relatively novel. D. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 6000 Hz.
A
Juliet is only 2 days old. She is shown several different pictures. Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest? A. A picture of her mother's face B. A picture of random shapes C. A picture of a spiral D. A picture of herself
A
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____ learning. This type of learning does not involve the formation of connections between stimuli. A. nonassociative B. associative C. observational D. operant
A
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____. A. latent learning B. endogenous cognition C. higher-order conditioning D. self enhancement
A
Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? A. transduction B. perception C. sensory adaptation D. sensation
A
Martha gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the black centers of her eyes constrict. What is this black center called? A. Pupil B. Iris C. Retina D. Cornea
A
Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received? A. Sleep apnea B. Somnambulism C. Narcolepsy D. Insomnia
A
More than 8 million Americans have reported ____. A. a near-death experience B. a coma experience C. a vegetative state experience D. an insomnia experience
A
Noelle has perfect pitch. Compared with other people, Noelle is likely to have ____. A. areas of her left hemisphere that are larger B. areas of her right hemisphere that are larger C. less white matter D. more white matter
A
One of the most dramatic applications of behavior therapy is the treatment for _____ pioneered by O. Ivar Lovaas. A. autism spectrum disorder B. depression C. conditioning D. alcoholism
A
Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____. A. Stage 1 N-REM sleep B. Stage 2 N-REM sleep C. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep D. REM sleep
A
People who _____ are able to tolerate higher levels of pain than those who do not. A. participate in contact sports B. strive for perfection C. exercise regularly D. live in warm climates
A
Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. A. psychosis B. obsessive compulsive disorder C. bipolar disorder D. generalized anxiety disorder
A
Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____. A. backs B. stomachs C. sides D. blankets
A
Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe. A. temporal B. parietal C. occipital D. frontal
A
Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of _____. A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. signal detection D. correct rejection
A
Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sam's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day? A. The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold. B. The change on the second day failed to exceed his father's fixed threshold. C. The change on the first day exceeded his father's absolute threshold. D. The change on the second day was higher than his father's distinct threshold.
A
Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep. A. apnea B. dystonia C. ataxia D. dyspepsia
A
Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____ A. muscle and joint pain B. blurred vision C. headache and nausea D. sore throat and itchy eyes
A
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____. A. ongoing neural activity B. self-awareness C. the unconscious mind expressing itself symbolically D. a prediction of the future
A
The primary colors of light are ____. A. red, green, and blue B. red, yellow, and blue C. red, yellow, and green D. yellow, green, and blue
A
The purpose of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are to ____. A. convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses B. enhance sounds and send them through the eustachian tube C. interpret the sounds as received from the cochlea D. block sounds from one ear when receiving from the other to avoid overloading the brain
A
Thorndike and Skinner were in agreement about the relative weakness of ____ as a means of controlling behavior. A. punishment B. positive reinforcement C. negative reinforcement D. rewards
A
Three-year-old Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, "Yuck!" His mother can't understand why he has such a distaste for broccoli because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli? A. As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases. B. The orbitofrontal cortex loses a significant number of neurons as we age. C. Myelinated axons connecting to the medulla become unmyelinated as we age. D. Hyperstimulation of taste buds in young children may produce the sensation of burning.
A
Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____. A. counterconditioning B. flooding C. systematic desensitization D. inhibition
A
What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness? A. Reticular formation B. Substantia nigra C. Medial parietal cortex D. Corpus callosum
A
What does it mean if you have perfect pitch? A. You can name a note after hearing it. B. You can sing with perfect tone. C. You can recognize the tempo of any song. D. You can tune a guitar or other instrument perfectly.
A
What does the vestibular system do? A. It provides us with information about body position and movement. B. It allows us to perceive unusual tastes. C. It controls the body's response to pain. D. It limits the body's reflex responses.
A
What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement? A. It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period. B. It is not effective compared with the effects of punishment. C. The individual cannot adapt the target behavior to new stimuli. D. The individual will eventually become desensitized to the target behavior.
A
What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A. Classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. B. Operant conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors; classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. C. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. D. In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.
A
What is a token economy? A. An economy in which tokens take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods B. An economy that is a replacement for another economy C. An economy that is a model or template for other economies D. An economy that has been proven to be effective.
A
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? A. Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful. B. Sensation is preprogrammed; perception is automatic. C. Sensation is intentional; perception is instinctive. D. Sensation is secondary; perception is primary.
A
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? A. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals. B. Sensation is the sense that you make of a situation, whereas perception is the reception of signals to the brain. C. Sensation is the emotional response you make of a situation, whereas perception is the logical response you make. D. Sensation is the positive feelings you have toward a situation, whereas perception is the negative feelings you have.
A
Which feature of the eye is analogous to the hole in the center of a doughnut? A. Pupil B. Iris C. Retina D. Cornea
A
Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness? A. Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy. B. Sleep keeps animals from being at risk for attack. C. Sleep enables animals to specialize in daytime or nighttime activity. D. Sleep allows animals to respond instinctively.
A
Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning? A. Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now she can do it with ease. B. As a child, Maxwell had a frightening experience with his neighbor's large dog. He now fears all large dogs. C. Hoping to understand more about her parent's culture, Parvati carefully watches as her grandmother prepares a traditional South Indian meal. D. Gabriel tells his four-year-old daughter each night: "No dessert until you eat your dinner without complaining." To get the dessert, his daughter obeys.
A
Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists? A. Behavior follows the same general rules across species. B. Psychological research should focus on introspection. C. Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life. D. Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations.
A
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep? A. An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person B. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking D. Brain activity similar to an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
A
Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? A. The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. B. The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus. C. The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. D. The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant.
A
Which process below is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? A. Learning B. Fixed action pattern C. Reflex D. Variable action pattern
A
Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? A. The whole is something else than the sum of its parts. B. The world is best understood by breaking it down into individual elements. C. We perceive our environment through separate but equal senses. D. Where one sense is lost, another is gained.
A
Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors? A. Cochlea B. Tympanic membrane C. Pinna D. Auditory nerve
A
Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien? A. Driving or walking while asleep B. Significant weight loss C. Excitability or mania during the day D. Increased coordination and concentration
A
I boost affects of the main chemical that reduces inhibitions in your brain
Alcohol
In addition to messing with D reuptake, I increase release of D & N
Amphetamines
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____. A. negative reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative punishment D. positive reinforcement
B
A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed. A. delta B. alpha C. beta D. gamma
B
A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____. A. an unconditioned response B. a conditioned response C. a characteristic response D. an uncharacteristic response
B
According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____. A. consistent B. surprising C. familiar D. variable
B
Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms. A. alcohol B. cocaine C. marijuana D. caffeine
B
Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and _____ A. occipital lobe B. reticular formation C. prefrontal cortex D. hippocampus
B
An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____. A. an unconditioned stimulus B. a conditioned stimulus C. a characteristic stimulus D. an uncharacteristic stimulus
B
Brain death is characterized by ____. A. a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months B. two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart C. a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks D. EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours
B
Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____. A. dyspnea B. cataplexy C. ataxia D. narcolepsy
B
College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains? A. Transduction B. Perception C. Sensory adaptation D. Sensation
B
Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization? A. Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories. B. Americans tend to find body odor offensive. C. Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories. D. Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category.
B
Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____. A. amygdala B. thalamus C. midbrain D. hippocampus
B
Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment? A. Prolactin and glutamate B. Serotonin and oxytocin C. Testosterone and noradrenaline D. Progesterone and adrenaline
B
Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____. A. Stage 1 N-REM B. Stage 2 N-REM C. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM D. REM sleep
B
Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____. A. latent inhibition B. spontaneous recovery C. habituation D. observational learning
B
Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect? A. Somatosensory cortex B. Orbitofrontal cortex C. Thalamus D. Medulla
B
How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways? A. It does not require the cortex for higher-order processing. B. Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex. C. The first direct connection is to the thalamus and not to the medulla. D. Before making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord.
B
In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: ____. A. frequency and depth B. frequency and contrast C. hue and depth D. hue and contrast
B
In what orientation are images projected onto the retina? A. Mirrored but right side up B. Upside down and reversed C. Upside down but not reversed D. Tilted left in the right eye, and tilted right in the left eye
B
Jim and his father are watching the ball game on television. Jim's father starts to yawn and Jim soon follows. This is an example of ____. A. associative learning B. an instinct C. a reflex D. imitation
B
Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. A. the desensitization effect B. withdrawal symptoms C. recoil narcosis D. sensitization syndrome
B
Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety before taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of ____. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement
B
Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____. A. feeling heavy B. similar experiences C. feeling pain D. feeling nauseous
B
Richard Dawkins referred to the basic unit of cultural transmission as a _____. A. moral B. meme C. law D. custom
B
Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments? A. Acne of the face and body B. A persistent, nagging cough C. A fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) D. Urinary incontinence
B
The "grouping" principle developed by Gestalt psychologists applies to hearing; humans perceive sounds that _____ as being from the same source. A. are from different locations B. stop and start at the same time C. are at similar hertz D. start one after the other
B
The ability to detect the difference between two different weights is an example of _____. A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. signal detection D. correct rejection
B
The formation of associations between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time is referred to as ____. A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. observational conditioning D. associative conditioning
B
The imitation of ____ might serve as a building block on the road to achieving empathy. A. humor B. facial expressions C. aggression D. positive punishment
B
The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections? A. Somatosensory cortex and cerebellum B. Medulla and cerebellum C. Somatosensory cortex and thalamus D. Medulla and thalamus
B
The place theory of perception uses the analogy of ____ to explain how we hear different pitches. A. sonar technology B. stringed instruments C. a raindrop hitting a puddle D. a jet producing a sonic boom
B
The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others, is called ____ reinforcement. A. fragmented B. partial C. fractional D. incomplete
B
What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages? A. Imitation is unique to humans. B. Imitation is frequently used in the animal world. C. Imitation is most effective for teaching aggression. D. Imitation is unique to the young, regardless of species.
B
What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body? A. Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep. B. Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. C. Levels of the wound-healing chemical prothrombin are depleted during consciousness D. The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep.
B
What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information? A. It decodes the color of the stimulus. B. It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli. C. It perceives the intensity of the stimulus. D. It interprets the contours of an object.
B
What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation? A. Mechanical B. Chemical C. Electrical D. Waveform
B
What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place? A. Classical B. Unconditioned C. Conditioned D. Habitual
B
When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____. A. extinction B. inhibition C. latent inhibition D. discrimination
B
When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____ A. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a blissful emotional state B. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state C. an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a numb emotional state D. a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a numb emotional state
B
Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm? A. Lisa, who has to get up every morning at 6:30 a.m., just before sunrise, to teach classes that begin at 8:00 a.m. B. Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months. C. Jennifer, who works a usual 9 to 5 shift most days but is occasionally asked to an overnight shift. D. Ira, who spends most of his days working inside the bird house at his city's local zoo.
B
Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between? A. Preconscious awareness B. State of awareness C. Stream of consciousness D. Content awareness
B
Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion? A. Western philosophy maintains that spatial or mathematical problems have only one correct answer. B. Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines. C. Those of Western descent tend to have more cones than rods, decreasing their ability to see faint contrast. D. Westerners tend to rely more on their visual senses than their auditory or olfactory senses.
B
Why is observational learning advantageous? A. It sharpens your eyesight. B. It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences. C. It decreases inhibition. D. It is the best way to acquire learning.
B
Why is the process of sensitization advantageous? A. It improves fixed action patterns. B. It improves reaction time. C. It improves cognition. D. It facilitates adaptation.
B
_____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug. A. Addiction B. Withdrawal C. Tolerance D. Euphoria
B
Observational Learning
Bandura
A complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity
Brain Death
Two flat line EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart
Brain Death
A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is called a ____. A. puzzle box B. sequential conditioning chamber C. Skinner box D. pigeon chamber
C
A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of _____. A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. signal detection D. correct rejection
C
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule. A. fixed interval B. concrete interval C. fixed ratio D. concrete ratio
C
According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar membrane? A. High-frequency tones stiffen the membrane; low-frequency tones relax the membrane. B. High-frequency tones relax the membrane; low-frequency tones stiffen the membrane. C. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex. D. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base.
C
After a devastating fire that destroyed her home, Lisbeth finds that she is startled by the sound of car horns and sirens, the smell of smoke, and loud noises. This is an example of ____. A. observational learning B. habituation C. sensitization D. operant conditioning
C
After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. Which structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot? A. Fovea B. Lens C. Optic disk D. Cornea
C
Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____. A. Stage 1 N-REM B. Stage 2 N-REM C. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM D. REM sleep
C
As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of ____. A. a reflex B. a variable pattern response C. a learned behavior D. an instinct
C
Both Thorndike and Skinner agreed that ____ is a powerful tool for managing behavior. A. positive punishment B. negative punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcement
C
Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior on the ____ of their parents. A. verbiage B. punishment styles C. actions D. instructions
C
Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state? A. Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli. B. Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment. C. Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random. D. Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice but cannot open her eyes or speak.
C
During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. A. delta B. alpha C. beta D. gamma
C
In contrast to patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state look _____. A. unhealthy B. shocked C. normal D. unrested
C
In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to ____. A. buffer sound waves before entering the inner ear B. decode the frequency and amplitude of sound waves C. transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear D. directly stimulate the auditory nerve
C
Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the ____. A. medulla B. somatosensory cortex C. spinal cord D. thalamus
C
Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy. A. systematic desensitizing B. insight C. aversion D. flooding
C
Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, found that ____. A. animals really enjoyed being trained to do non-instinctive behaviors B. the more they worked with the animals, the better the animals performed on the tasks, regardless of instinctive behaviors C. animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors D. animals could completely overwhelm their instincts with the new conditioned behaviors
C
Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. A. no circadian cycle B. a shorter circadian cycle C. a longer circadian cycle D. the same circadian cycle
C
Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her? A. It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia. B. It can lead to major depressive episodes. C. It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug. D. It is strongly addictive
C
Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure? A. Partial tonic-clonic B. Partial myoclonic C. Generalized tonic-clonic D. Generalized myoclonic
C
Newborns seem relatively oblivious to ____ tastes. A. sweet B. bitter C. salty D. sour
C
No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, context, and experience as our sense of _____. A. smell B. hearing C. pain D. taste
C
Of the five different human sensory systems, famed philosopher Immanuel Kant considered ________ to be the most dispensable. A. vision B.audition C. olfaction D. gustation
C
One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory? A. The tricolor detection scheme B. The primary paradigm C. The trichromatic theory D. The tiered wavelength model
C
Proprioception is _____. A. the ability to predict what another person is going to say B. an animal's ability to sense when to mate C. the knowledge of where one's body is in space D. the tendency to put our own needs ahead of others' needs
C
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____. A. nervous system B. amygdala C. basal ganglia D. hypothalamus
C
Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as ____. A. sympathetic sensation B. autonosensation C. somatosensation D. parietal sensation
C
Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____. A. seizures and RLS are connected B. focal areas originate in the hypothalamus C. cortical activity is correlated with consciousness D. drugs that inhibit GABA can control seizures
C
Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as ____. A. keratin protrusions B. corpuscles C. papillae D. gustatory bulbs
C
Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter? A. Glutamate B. Norepinephrine C. Serotonin D. Dopamine
C
Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____. A. show strong individualism B. demonstrate cognitive complexity C. exhibit complex social behavior D. are at the top of the food chain
C
Tasha runs a daycare center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached? A. Awareness of sensation B. Reflective awareness C. Self-awareness D. Meta-cognition
C
Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad? A. Transduction B. Perception C. Sensory adaptation D. Sensation
C
The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? A. Hippocampus B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Cingulate cortex
C
The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ____. A. consolidate hues and saturation B. subtract background images C. analyze patterns of lines D. integrate gradients of light
C
The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or _____. A. criteria B. conduction velocity C. thresholds D. intelligence
C
The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____. A. dominant presentation B. reacquisition C. spontaneous recovery D. higher-order conditioning
C
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold. A. difference B. fixed C. absolute D. distinct
C
Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____. A. based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli B.. an adaptation based on imitation C. stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior D. predetermined by the type of organism
C
Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____. A. block dopamine uptake in the brain B. stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain C. interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain D. upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain
C
Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions? A. Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged crash phase. B. Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. C. Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because she decreased her capacity to remember the material. D. Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning.
C
What distinguishes a reflex from an instinct? A. In contrast to an instinct, a reflex does not depend on prior experience. B. In contrast to a reflex, an instinct does not depend on prior experience C. An instinct is a more complex behavior than a reflex. D. A behavior is a more complex behavior than an instinct.
C
What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome? A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 35%
C
What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment? A. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly increased the children's aggressive behavior. B. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior did not affect the children's aggressive behavior. C. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior. D. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior substantially reduced the children's aggressive behavior.
C
What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs? A. The American students sporadically surveyed several images with their eyes, regardless of the image; Chinese students used the same pattern of eye movement. B. The Chinese and American students both scanned from left to right. C. The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background. D. The Chinese students were more likely to focus on the figure; American students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.
C
Which condition is characterized by a lack of back-and-forth imitation of gestures and facial expressions during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life? A. Down syndrome B. Bipolar disorder C. Autism D. Schizophrenia
C
Which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma? A. A person does not have sleep-wake cycles. B. A person cannot be awakened. C. A person may respond to pain and light. D. A person is incapable of voluntary behavior.
C
Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain? A. It focuses the brain on detailed tasks. B. It lights up the brain so that you make fewer mistakes. C. It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought. D. It maintains a consistent source of energy usage in the brain.
C
Which of the following is an example of perception? A. How light affects your eyes B. How a sound wave affects the organ of your ear C. How you identify a song when you hear it D. How a tap on your back draws your attention away from a conversation
C
Which of these responses to sound does NOT originate in the midbrain? A. Localizing a sound B. Identifying the source of a sound C. Recognizing a Bach quintet D. Turning toward the source of a loud noise
C
Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep? A. An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person B. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking D. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
C
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror? A. Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand and is certain that he faces imminent death. B. Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air C. Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset. D. Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety.
C
While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, "Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?" However, Joy's thumb does in fact feel better. Why? A. She is simply buying time until the pain receptors enter a refractory period; blowing air onto the thumb plays only a psychological role. B. She is hyperstimulating the pain receptors in her skin, causing the sensation of pain to fade away quicker. C. She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain. D. She is redirecting her attention toward a random behavior, which will activate areas of the cortex involved in higher-order processing.
C
Why does associative learning provide an enormous survival advantage? A. Organisms are able to instinctively and rapidly respond to threats. B. Organisms are able to comprehend the complex relationship between environment and habitant. C. Organisms are able to predict the future and thus are given time to prepare for future events. D. Organisms are able to associate with one another to work together against natural enemies.
C
_____ allows us to organize, recognize, and use the information provided by the senses. A. Detection B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation
C
I mess with a chemical that makes you sleepy
Caffeine
I simply interfere with dopamine reuptake in your brain
Cocaine
EEG reading of only alpha waves in the brain
Coma
Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought. A. behavioral inhibition system (BIS) B. reticular activating system (RAS) C. prefrontal cortex (PFC) D. default mode network (DMN)
D
After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____. A. alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep B. alpha and theta waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern C. only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep D. only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern
D
All of us respond positively to token economies, but they are especially useful in ____ settings. A. creative B. dining C. manufacturing and construction D. educational and institutional
D
Although athletes and nonathletes share similar pain ____, these groups are quite different in their _____ of pain. A. remedies, concept B. experiences, perception C. signals, level D. thresholds, tolerance
D
An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness. A. interpretation B. cognition C. adaptation D. attention
D
Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention, _____, reproduction, and motivation. A. attraction B. repetition C. connection D. retention
D
Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____. A. rats learned a route through the maze only when rewarded by finding food B. rats learned one specific route through the maze that enabled them to reach food C. rats adhered to the familiar route even when it no longer led to food D. rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food
D
Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____. A. cochlea B. eustachian tube C. oval window D. pinna
D
Being conscious means to know or be aware of _____, both internally and in the world around us. A. things that have happened in the past B. completed activities C. possible future paths D. ongoing experiences
D
Brain death is identified as _____. A. an imbalance of brain activity B. only minimal, periodic response from a person C. an unresponsive body D. a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity
D
Callie recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by ____. A. the loss of elasticity of the lens B. the degeneration of the retina C. an irregular eyeball shape D. an uneven surface of the cornea
D
Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have? A. Circadian abnormality disorder B. Dysfunctional cycle condition C. Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder D. Shift maladaption syndrome
D
Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____. A. dyspnea B. cataplexy C. ataxia D. narcolepsy
D
Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? A. Preconscious awareness B. State of awareness C. Stream of consciousness D. Content of awareness
D
Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____. A. higher-order conditioning B. habituation C. latent inhibition D. systematic desensitization
D
Decreased sensitivity in _____ and taste might affect overall appetite as we age. A. the brain B. vision C. audition D. olfaction
D
Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____. A. generalization B. inhibition C. acquisition D. discrimination
D
From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals? A. It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes. B. It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control. C. It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats. D. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.
D
If people are continuously exposed to an unchanging stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will most likely ____. A. tolerate the stimulus B. control their reflexes C. form an association with the stimulus D. habituate to the stimulus
D
In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air. A. 10 seconds B. 30 seconds C. 45 seconds D. a minute or two
D
In combat veterans, the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense? A. Taste B. Vision C. Audition D. Olfaction
D
In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves? A. Alpha waves B. Beta waves C. Delta waves D. Theta waves
D
In humans, most reflexes are controlled by nervous system circuits located in the ____. A. back B. legs and arms C.fingertips D. spinal cord and brainstem
D
Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____. A. behaviors B. habits C. instincts D. reflexes
D
Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____. A. Dutch term maalgeven B. Italian term lezionadare C. French term temps-donner D. German term zeitgebers
D
Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____. A. classical B. operant C. conditioned D. observational
D
Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine
D
Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____. A. transduction B. perception C. adaptation D. sensation
D
Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____. A. via undulation differentiation in the basilar membrane B. by echolocation at the tympanic membrane C. via sound waves funneling through the pinna D. to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear
D
Patients who self-administer morphine for pain require ____ medication than patients who receive injections from hospital staff. A. stronger B. the same amount of C. more D. less
D
Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________. A. hippocampus; neurotransmitters B. amygdala; neuromodulators C. medulla; oxytocin D. hypothalamus; orexin
D
Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____. A. extinction B. latent inhibition C. higher-order conditioning D. inhibition
D
Richard, who is 16 years old, misses his curfew and is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to leave the house, see his friends, or use his cell phone for one week. His parent's actions illustrate ____. A. negative reinforcement B. positive punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative punishment
D
Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer? A. Obsessive compulsive disorder B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Bipolar disorder D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D
Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. When a truck drives by and its engine backfires loudly, Isabel quickly jumps up on her hind legs and barks loudly. Isabel's response illustrates ____. A. an instinct B. operant conditioning C. sensitization D. a reflex
D
The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____. A. pupil B. iris C. retina D. cornea
D
The development of a conditioned response is called ____. A. generalization B. higher-order conditioning C. habituation D. acquisition
D
The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____. A. tocotrienol B. tert-butylhydroquinone C. thiazolidinedione D. tetrahydrocannabinol
D
The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep. A. bed nucleus of the stria terminalis B. the substantia nigra C. ventromedial superior colliculus D. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D
The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____. A. habituative learning B. nonassociative learning C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning
D
The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white, or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo? A. His retina is missing at least one type of rod. B. His retina is missing at least two types of rods. C. His retina is missing at least one type of cone. D. His retina is missing at least two types of cones.
D
Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing? A. Avoidance B. Systematic desensitization C. Spontaneous dissipation D. Extinction
D
Top-down processing involves the ____. A. brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions B. brain tuning into select information C. brain's ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously D. brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience
D
What does the parietal lobe do in the processing of visual information? A. It helps you to see low-contrast objects. B. It helps in processing colors. C. It helps in recognizing faces. D. It helps process movement.
D
What does the temporal theory state? A. Human perception of sound correlates with the part of the basilar membrane showing a peak response. B. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. C. Humans perceive sounds differently at different times of day. D. Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.
D
What is another name for the eardrum? A. Pinna B. Eustachian tube C. Organ of Corti D. Tympanic membrane
D
What is observational learning? A. Learning based on reading B. Learning by touching or otherwise experiencing something viscerally C. Learning by listening to a story D. Learning by watching someone else
D
What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth? A. Fetuses as young as 6 months move more often when their mother speaks than in response to a stranger's voice. B. Hours after birth, newborns begin to curl their tongue in preparation for generating specialized sounds. C. Ultrasound waves stimulate the auditory nerve in fetuses as young as 7 months. D. Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother's voice.
D
What is the physiological basis for night terrors? A. Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep B. Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state. C. Hyperstimulation of beta waves occurs during the REM state. D. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.
D
What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease? A. It causes Parkinson's disease. B. It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease. C. It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease. D. It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.
D
What is true of operant conditioning? A. It involves emotional behaviors. B. It involves tests based on intelligence. C. It generally involves involuntary behaviors. D. It generally involves voluntary behaviors.
D
What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness? A. Deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways B. Increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons C. Activation of the nigrostriatal pathway D. Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain
D
What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? A. Rhythm B. Fragmentation C. Tone D. Grouping
D
What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies? A. The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species. B. The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines. C. The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli. D. The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.
D
Which condition does NOT have to be met for punishment to have observable effects on behavior? A. Significance B. Immediacy C. Consistency D. Delayed response
D
Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares? A. Medication such as Ambien B. Sleeping longer than 9 hours per night C. Lowering bedroom temperature D. Training in lucid dreaming
D
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep? A. An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person B. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking D. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
D
____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep. A. Dyspnea B. RLS C. Apnea D. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
D
_____ are uncontrolled electrical electrical in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness. A. Comas B. Sleep terrors C. Dreams D. Seizures
D
_____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep. A. Maintenance B. Early evening C. Unhealthy D. Onset
D
_____ is also known as social learning or modeling and occurs when one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism. A. Classic conditioning B. Nonassociative learning C. Associative learning D. Observational learning
D
_____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli. A. Delta B. Alpha C. Beta D. Gamma
D
I increase serotonin and oxytocin (the social NT) in your brain
Ectasy
I simply stimulate serotonin receptors in your brain
LSD
I stimulate natural cannabinoid neurotransmitters in your brain
Marijuana
I mimic the effects of acetylcholine in your brain
Nicotine