psy 101 final 2nd half

"A commercial displays a teenager leaving a party after drinking, consequently, the youth is pulled over by the police and going to jail. According to Cialdini, this message is most likely to produce adverse effects because:"

"at the same time it is urging not to behave in a certain way, they are sending the implicit message that behaving in that way is normal."

Tom and John have been best friends all of their lives. Tom tends to be much more self-reliant than John. What can you most likely infer about their development?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Mandeep wants to get a new dog, but she wants to makes sure the dog is friendly. She looks at the puppies up for adoption at the local shelter. The only one she likes is a mutt puppy whose grandmother is a basenji hound. Mandeep knows that because of a single, dominant gene, basenjis are timid, but she decides to get the puppy anyway because:

All of the answers are correct.

"_____ disease, found primarily in the elderly, has become increasingly prevalent as more people live into old age."

Alzheimer's

Whose theory of learning was also considered to be a selectionist theory?

B. F. Skinner.

The scientist who is known for observing the similarities between attachment behaviors in young humans and the attachment behaviors Harlow saw with his monkeys was:

Bowlby.

JP, Alan, and Zack were studying for their psychology test on genetics. JP could not remember what codes and regulates the production of protein. Alan remembered that it had something to do with extremely long molecules of some substance. Zack knew that it was _____, which has an exact replica that resides in the _____ of each body's cells.

DNA; nucleus

_____ refers to the decline in physiological and behavioral effects that occur with some drugs when they are taken repeatedly.

Drug tolerance.

Martin is an adolescent that engages in many delinquent behaviors such as vandalism and stealing cars. _____ would suggest that his behavior is due primarily to acceptance by his peers.

Harris

Isabelle notices that after weeks of drinking coffee every morning, she now feels more awake and alert simply at the smell of coffee, even before she drinks her first cup. The learning process she is experiencing was discovered by:

Ivan Pavlov.

_____ conducted the classic study that demonstrated fear could be conditioned in humans.

John B. Watson.

Victor took a vacation to Russia where he toured the original laboratory of Ivan Pavlov. When he was in the laboratory, he thought back to the impact that Ivan Pavlov's work had on _____, the founder of behaviorism, and his well-known study called _____.

John B. Watson; the Little Albert study.

_____ responses operate on the world to produce some effect.

Operant.

Which psychologist studied the principles of social influence?

Robert Cialdini

Which famous experimenter looked at social conditions that promoted obedience?

Stanley Milgram

Christina is a recovering heroin addict that has completed treatment in a rehabilitation facility. During her time at the facility, she stopped feeling any withdrawal symptoms or craving for the drug. However, once she returned to her neighborhood where she had been previously using heroin, she experienced withdrawal-like symptoms and a strong craving for the drug. Why does this commonly occur with recovering addicts who return to their same drug-using environments?

The conditioned cues of her neighborhood are eliciting a strongly felt need for the drug.

Which of the following ways is NOT a way to prevent groupthink?

The members refrain from challenging group leaders and each other.

Which is an example of an adaptation- a universally inherited feature that arose out of natural selection and helped to solve some problem of survival?

The navel

How are the two processes of cell division different?

The process of meiosis results in cells that are not genetically alike.

Behaviors that are maintained by certain schedules of reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those maintained by other schedules of reinforcement.

This statement is true.

"When a group is evenly split on an issue, the majority of people leave the discussion with:"

a more moderate view on the issue than they had when the discussion began.

A similarity that stems from convergent evolution is a(n):

analogy

"Ben and Sharon are a married couple that you have known for a long time. Recently, however, they have had financial difficulties and have been fighting a lot. In this stressful situation, Ben is more likely to develop _____ while Sharon is more likely to develop _____."

antisocial personality disorder; depression.

Alicia, a seven-year old girl, has started to exhibit some self-destructive behaviors. She may have a developmental disability but has not been diagnosed yet. What process would be considered the most ideal route to help Alicia?

behavior analysis.

By age two, a child's possession of empathic concern can be seen by:

children expressing a wanting to comfort other people.

Randy likes car racing events. Thus, when he sees a billboard with his favorite driver holding a product, he is more likely to purchase the product. This illustrates the use of _____ in advertising.

classical conditioning.

Tom and Jennifer have been living together for a couple of years but recently they have had some troubles at home. Because the house has been paired so often with emotional outbursts and fighting between the couple, both Tom and Jennifer find that the house now elicits bad emotions. From the standpoint of _____, the emotional responses to the house are known as _____.

classical conditioning; conditioned responses.

Jeff is an Iraq War veteran who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Because highway overpasses were commonly paired with ambushes, overpasses in the United States trigger the same anxiety for Jeff as an ambush. In terms of _____ this occurs because _____.

classical conditioning; the overpass signals the availability of an ambush.

Tom is a high school student who has had trouble with a bully in the past. Based on his prior experiences, the mere sight of the bully elicits an aversive reaction in Tom. In classical conditioning terms, the sight of the bully, aside from the bully's behavior, is a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Social interference refers to a(n) _____ in performance with observers are present.

decline

The male songbird's song serves to attract a female for mating and to warn other males to stay away from the singer's territory in order to avoid a fight. In the evolution of these birds, males whose genes promoted such singing produced more offspring (more copies of their genes) than did males whose genes failed to promote such singing. What type of explanation would account for the songbird's behavior?

distal

Egocentric empathy occurs when:

distressed children seek comfort for themselves rather than for other distressed people

Little Timmy likes candy. When he is in the grocery store with his mom, he cries at the checkout line until she buys him chocolate. But Timmy's older sister thinks crying is not a desirable behavior and that candy is bad for his health. She decides to put Timmy's crying behavior under extinction. When the sister takes Timmy to the grocery store and he cries, she:

does not give him candy.

Social facilitation refers to the _____ effect of an audience on task performance.

enhancing

In operant conditioning, the phenomenon in which the absence of reinforcement of a response results in the response ceasing to occur is referred to as:

extinction.

A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which the first behavior after a set, consistent period of time is reinforced.

fixed-interval.

Guilt has been seen to help children's moral development by:

helping curb aggression and selfishness by promoting acts of kindness and helping after a child experiences another's hurt.

What is artificial selection?

human-controlled selective breeding

"Sarah is experiencing high energy and confidence and an increase in productive work, but her behavior is not yet maladaptive. She is experiencing a(n):"

hypomanic episode.

The effects of selective breeding on single-gene characteristics are _____ whereas the effects on polygenic characteristics are _____.

immediate; gradual

"Based on the information given in the textbook, social psychologists concept of the intuitive politician is used to understand:"

impression management.

Martin lives in a neighborhood in which an inordinately high number of 15-25 year olds live. What can Martin expect in his neighborhood?

increased crime

This is a form of verbal reasoning in which the parent induces the child to think about the harmful consequences of the child's actions.

induction

"When the customer first agrees to buy a product at a low price and then, after a delay, the salesperson discovers that the low prices isn t possible and the product must be sold for more is known as the:"

low-ball technique.

Adolescence is a period of rapid growth in the sophistication of _____ reasoning.

moral

An addict's best hope for overcoming a long-term addiction may be to:

move permanently to an entirely new environment.

Jason ate all of his sister's candy and did not clean his room. His parents took away his toys for a week. After that, Jason left his sister's candy alone and kept his room clean. The consequence of no toys for Jason's behavior resulted in the process called:

negative punishment.

Not all characteristics are functional; some are the result of chance. Which answer is an example of this phenomenon?

nose shape in humans

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to:

observable damage in the brain.

The key feature of operant responses is that they:

operate on the world to produce some effect.

This disorder is always brought on by stressful experience.

posttraumatic stress disorder

A child with this type of ADHD would have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork and would show carelessness in completing academic assignments.

predominantly inattentive type

Positive punishment refers to a stimulus being _____ and a(n) _____ in response rate.

presented; decrease.

The increased period of daylight in the spring triggers, through the birds' visual system, a physiological mechanism that leads to the increased production of the sex hormone testosterone, which in turn acts on certain areas of the brain (which we might call the "song areas"), promoting the drive to sing. This explanation of why the songbird has the drive to sing is a(n):

proximate explanation.

"In some cases, an abnormality in neural pruning may lead to the development of:"

schizophrenia.

_____ is the depressed mood many people living in northern latitudes experience during winter months.

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Tom and Suzy are very confident in each other and do not get jealous often. In other words, they have a _____ relationship.

secure

Stereotype threat can involve instances when the person believes that the stereotype about themselves is true and also that they will do badly. This phenomenon is known as:

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Some clinicians believe that Internet addiction:

should be added to the DSM.

"After a terrible blow to the head, Brad begins to obsess about potential life-threatening situations and stimuli. As a response to his fear of death, he repeatedly turns on and off the stove in order to ensure that it is off and will not cause a fire. Which of the following brain areas did Brad most likely suffer damage to?"

the frontal lobes of the cortex