Psy 101 - Review 2

Which of these is not one of the structures found in the middle ear? A) the basilar membrane B) the malleus C) the oval window D) the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A) the basilar membrane

magine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n): A) unconditioned stimulus. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) conditioned response.

C) conditioned stimulus.

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A) cognitive mapping B) conditioning C) latent learning D) reinforcement

C) latent learning

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ___________. A) generalization B) discrimination C) latent learning D) insight learning

C) latent learning

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain. A) antipsychotic B) hallucinogen C) narcotic/opioid D) stimulant

C) narcotic/opioid

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? A) counterconditioning B) instinctive drift C) spontaneous recovery D) extinction

C) spontaneous recovery

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? A) REM B) stage 1 C) stage 2 D) stages 3-4

C) stage 2

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming? A) the surfacing of repressed sexual urges B) biological attempts to make recent memories more permanent C) the cortex making sense of random signals from the pons D) the use of elaborate symbolism to disguise "unthinkable" topics

C) the cortex making sense of random signals from the pons

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable times. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A) fixed interval B) fixed ratio C) variable interval D) variable ratio

C) variable interval

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B) Fear is a conditioned response. C) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D) One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A) Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

________ fall under one group of sleep disorders in which there are problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or with the timing of one's sleep. A) Dyssomnias B) NREM phases C) Parasomnias D) REM phases

A) Dyssomnias

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true? A) Learning is another word for "maturation." B) Learning is relatively permanent. C) Learning involves changes in behavior. D) Learning involves experiences.

A) Learning is another word for "maturation."

Morgan whistles while tickling Kevin with a feather. Eventually, Kevin starts to squirm and giggle every time Morgan whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned response D) unconditioned stimulus

A) conditioned response

Samantha walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A) cones B) fovea C) lens D) rods

A) cones

In audition, ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A) higher; louder B) higher; quieter C) higher; weaker D) lower; louder

A) higher; louder

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle? A) proximity B) closure C) contiguity D) figure-ground

A) proximity

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A) taste aversion B) taste response C) unconditioned aversion D) unconditioned response

A) taste aversion

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A) negative punishment B) negative reinforcement C) positive punishment D) positive reinforcement

B) negative reinforcement

Tolman's experiments with rats demonstrated that A) organisms can learn only if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. B) organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. C) failed prior attempts to escape can lead to learned helplessness in new situations. D) learning can take place after an incubation period.

B) organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A) lucid dreaming B) parasomnias C) protoconsciousness D) somnambulism

B) parasomnias

Veronica is standing on one leg with her arms in the air. Her sense of ________ helps her to know that she only has one foot on the ground. A) nociception B) proprioception C) gustation D) vestibular

B) proprioception

Tamar depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? A) physical dependence B) psychological dependence C) tolerance D) withdrawal

B) psychological dependence

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. A) conditioned response B) stimulus discrimination C) stimulus generalization D) unconditioned response

B) stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is NOT true of people in REM sleep? A) they report dreaming vividly when awakened B) they are very hard to wake up C) their blood pressure, breathing, and body temperature are similar to wakefulness D) their eyes move rapidly and may flutter open

B) they are very hard to wake up

The ___________________ theory proposes that the activity of the red, blue, and green cones will determine the color we see. A) opponent-process B) trichromatic C) afterimage D) color constancy

B) trichromatic

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

A) 1

This type of disparity explains the slightly different view of the visual field that each eye receives, and provides a distance cue that allows us to perceive the an object in 3 dimensions and how far away it is. A) Binocular B) Opponent C) Monocular D) Trichromatic

A) Binocular

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. A) physical dependence B) psychological dependence C) tolerance D) withdrawal

C) tolerance

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A) conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B) neutral response and a conditioned response C) neutral stimulus and a neutral response D) neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

D) neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Veronica fell over while trying to stand on one foot with her arms in the air. Her sense of _________ helps her to know that she hurt her hip during the fall. A) nociception B) proprioception C) gustation D) vestibular

A) nociception

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ______ cycle. A) infradian B) circadian C) diurnal D) ultradian

B) circadian

Visual information is processed in the _______ lobe of the brain. A) Occipital B) Temporal C) Parietal D) Frontal

A) Occipital

Marcus is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Susan, and he tunes out all the background noise. Marcus's friend, Kiki, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Marcus says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A) attention B) motivation C) habit D) mood

A) attention

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. A) depressant B) hallucinogenic C) opioid D) stimulant

B) hallucinogenic

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept? A) bottom-up processing B) inattentional blindness C) sensory adaptation D) top-down processing

B) inattentional blindness

Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy? A) "I have difficulty getting to sleep." B) "I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills." C) "I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation." D) "When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."

C) "I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A) Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B) Because they are unrelated to biological senses. C) They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D) We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.

C) They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen EXCEPT ______. A) paying attention to what the model does B) remembering what the model did C) being capable of doing what the model did D) being reinforced for imitating the model

D) being reinforced for imitating the model

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) basal ganglia D) hypothalamus

D) hypothalamus

Maggie attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Maggie realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A) acquisition B) conditioning C) extinction D) learning

C) extinction

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D) rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

C) knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A) checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D) playing the slot machine

C) knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content. A) biological B) circadian C) latent D) manifest

C) latent

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A) can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B) report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized C) usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors D) usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

D) usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Veronica is standing on one leg with her arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep her balanced so she has less chance of falling over. A) nociception B) proprioception C) gustation D) vestibular

D) vestibular

In vision, ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ colors. A) higher; lighter B) lower; lighter C) lower; more red D) lower; more blue-violet

B) lower; lighter

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its ______. A) primary content B) manifest content C) secondary content D) latent content

B) manifest content

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. A) Cognitive behavioral B) Dissociative C) Jungian D) Social-cognitive

B) Dissociative

Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal? A) Receiving harsh criticism for lying to your parents. B) Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew. C) Getting stung by a bee when walking barefoot outside and stepping on the bee. D) Getting pepper sprayed for making a lewd comment to a stranger.

B) Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew.

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A) Perception; transduction B) Perception; sensation C) Transduction; perception D) Sensation; perception

B) Perception; sensation

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? A) Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. B) Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. C) Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. D) Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

B) Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate? A) continuity B) closure C) proximity D) contiguity

B) closure

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A) antipsychotic B) depressant C) hallucinogen D) stimulant

B) depressant

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A) blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C) pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D) rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

B) determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

The restorative theory views sleep as ________. A) having evolutionary advantages B) helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events C) a means to cope with stress D) important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation

B) helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events

Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence? A) obsessing about a drug B) getting caught with a drug C) abusing a drug D) drug tolerance

D) drug tolerance

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____________. A) negative reinforcement B) spontaneous recovery C) extinction D) shaping

D) shaping

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

D) temporal

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? A) bottom-up B) inside-out C) outside-in D) top-down

D) top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages (action potentials) that can then travel to your brain. This is an example of ________. A) a just noticeable difference B) subliminal perception C) top-down processing D) transduction

D) transduction