PSY 110 EXAM 1
When a participant is not told about the purpose or true intention of the study
Deception
Philosopher ____ argued that the mind and body were completely separate
Descartes
_________ research cannot prove what causes some phenomenon, but it can reveal important information about people's behaviors and attitudes.
Descriptive
A researcher is studying how trauma might affect a person's day-to-day functioning. What types of research might the designer choose to conduct this study?
Descriptive Correlational
Interested in the way we adapt to our environment throughout human history
Evolutionary Approach
_______ is the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system.
Neuroscience
Emphasizes the important influence culture has on our behavior
Sociocultural Approach
Researchers have strict ethical standards they must follow. T/F
T
A test of intelligence is given to a subject. The subject scores a 110 on the first administration. Six months later, the same subject is given the test again and receives a score of 75. After another six months have passed, the subject is given the test one last time and receives a score of 138. What conclusions can be drawn from these scores?
The scores are not reliable.
The media reports that a research study found that students learn better if they eat chocolate while reading. If your teacher insists that you eat chocolate, based on this report, what errors is he making?
The teacher is overgeneralizing the results of this report to all students The teacher is assuming that the class is similar to the participants in the study
When writing about your feelings, which of the following would be most helpful?
You should try to write every day, even for just a few minutes.
In order to test a hypothesis and conduct valid empirical research, a psychologist first needs
a concrete way to measure the variable of interest
The humanistic approach emphasizes
a person's positive qualities, capacity for positive growth, and freedom to choose one's destiny.
Critical thinking is a(n) _____ process that involves engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers. Multiple choice question.
active
A hypothesis is
an 'educated guess' or a prediction that can be tested.
A cognitive psychologist is likely to study
attention and information processing.
The ________ approach focuses on an organism's observable behavior as opposed to thoughts or feelings.
behavioral
Neuroscience is a(n) _____ approach to psychology.
biological
Researchers must use experiments to determine whether _____ relationships exist between variables.
causal
Many _______ psychologists focus on the way that the mind interprets incoming information, evaluates it, stores it, and applies it to decision making.
cognitive
The responsibility of the researcher to protect identifying information of participants when possible
confidentiality
Statistics are mathematical methods for reporting ______
data
The purpose of inferential statistics is to _______.
determine whether a hypothesis has been supported
Descriptive research serves the purpose of
determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs; but it cannot provide causal information.
Sigmund Freud theorized that
early relationships with parents shaped an individual's personality.
Critical thinking is the practice of evaluating
evidence
True or false: Humanistic psychologists theorize that people are driven by unconscious impulses and external rewards.
false
Positive psychology is a movement that emphasizes
human strengths
What is the term for an educated guess based on a theory that can be tested? Multiple choice question.
hypothesis
Generalizing research results of a group study to a(n) ___ may encourage a person to falsely apply the results to their own situation.
individual
______ statistics are the mathematical methods used to indicate whether data sufficiently support or confirm a research hypothesis.
inferential
According to evolutionary psychologists, evolution influences everything EXCEPT mating patterns. aggression. inherited behaviors. physical features.
inherited behaviors
Maria has just recovered from three days of a miserable cold. Now problems that seemed insurmountable in the last few days appear to be manageable. This illustrates
mind-body connectedness.
Darwin's principle of ____________ is an evolutionary process in which organisms best adapted to their surroundings will survive and produce offspring.
natural selection
A ______ is able to prescribe psychoactive medications to treat psychopathology.
psychiatrist
The third step in the scientific method is the need to collect and analyze data, that is, the testing of hypotheses by conducting empirical _____
research
The key feature of a correlational study is
that the factors of interest are examined to see how changes in one relate to changes in another
William James was
the founder of functionalism.
The cognitive approach emphasizes
the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
The sociocultural approach examines
the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.
a broad idea that can be used to explain observations.
theory
Correlational research is about establishing relationships between two or more
variable
Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more ____ in order to describe how they change together.
variables
After analyzing their data, what would researchers do next?
Present their findings
Has medical degree and May prescribe drugs
Psychiatrist
Focuses on unconscious thought, the role of biological conflict, and early childhood experiences
Psychodynamic Approach
Completes an internship in a mental health facility and Has doctorate degree in psychology
Psychologist
Which of the following statements are true about conducting research with animals?
Researchers sometimes do things to research animals that would be unethical if done to humans Researchers follow strict ethical guidelines whether their participants are humans or animals Researchers working with animals follow standards of care for the animals' well-being
was a behavioral psychologist.
Skinner and Watson
Why are ethical guidelines used by researchers?
So that the research does not cause the participant emotional distress So that the research proposal is accepted by the review board So that the research does not physically harm the participants
Which psychological perspective argues that understanding a person's behavior requires knowing about the environment in which the behavior occurs?
Sociocultural approach
After formulating hypotheses and predictions, what step must a psychologist take next?
Test the hypotheses and predictions through empirical research.
emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
The behavioral approach
uses ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining human behaviors.
The evolutionary approach
was the founder of the first psychological laboratory.
Wundt (1879)
Because most journalists, television reporters, and other media personnel are not usually trained in psychological research, one must
consume psychological information critically and wisely.
Health psychologists view health behavior as a subset of behaviors that are relevant to psychological health. T/F
false
True or false: Researchers have limited guidelines for research involving animals
false
What setting would a researcher choose if they needed to remove many of the complex factors of the real world to conduct their research?
laboratory
___ research takes place in a controlled setting and provides researchers a way to control many aspects of the situation and exclude potential confounds.
laboratory
The distance between the highest and the lowest scores in any data set is considered the ______.
median
Oliver spent a late night out at the movies with friends, and when he wakes up the next morning, he feels achy and sore to the point that he cannot concentrate. This is an example of __________ - body connectedness.
mind
Which of the following is NOT one of the three key parts of the definition of psychology? physical processes mental processes behavior science
physical processes
The _______ refers to the entire group that a researcher is interested in studying.
population
The entire group about which a researcher wants to draw conclusions is called the
population
Human strengths are emphasized in a branch of psychology called ______ psychology.
positive
The ______ psychology movement emphasizes human strengths, optimal traits, and qualities that reflect the best of humanity. Multiple choice question.
positive
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is the definition of
psychology
Results are considered reliable if they can be ___.
replicated
Statistics are used to ____ the data collected from a research study.
report
The _________ approach examines the ways in which social and cultural factors influence behavior.
sociocultural
The scientific method order
1. obervation of some interestnig situation or experience 2. create a hypothesis and make predictions 3. conduct the research 4. formulate conclusions from the research 5. evaluate the theory
What is a theory?
A broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations
involves manipulating one or more variables in order to determine their effect on other variables.
An experiment
_____ believed that the mind and body were linked, while _____ believed that they were two separate entities. Multiple choice question.
Aristotle; Descartes
Formally defined, psychology is the scientific study of human ______ and mental processes.
Behavioral
Interested in the study of observable responses and environmental influences
Behavioral Approach
Interested in genetics, structures and functions of the brain and nervous system
Biological Approach
Emphasizes the concepts of knowing, attention, perception, memory, and thinking to solve problems
Cognitive Approach
Which psychological perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems?
Cognitive approach
examines attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory.
Cognitive psychology
Discovering the relationships or associations between variables, such as whether having a college degree predicts greater happiness in women.
Correlational Research
When participants are told about the research purpose and methods used in the study
Debriefing
Learning about the basic factors of some variables, such as the average amount of student loan debt for graduate students.
Descriptive Research
What is a psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?
Evolutionary approach
Establishing cause and effect is the primary goal of this type of research, such as whether living in hot temperatures predicts aggressive behavior in men.
Experimental Research
The founding father of the psychodynamic approach was
Freud
______ was the founder of the psychodynamic approach.
Freud
Thinking critically means asking ourselves ______ we know something.
HOW
Focuses on a person's capacity for growth and improvement and stresses the positive aspects of an individual
Humanistic Approach
Which psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny?
Humanistic approach
Media reported that a research study found that most of us can not react when threatened by an attacker. What specific information might be important to know about the details of this study?
Information about the characteristics and size of the sample
When a participate knows what is involved in the research and understands any risks involved
Informed Consent
Who was the major proponent of the functionalist movement?
James
Which statements are true regarding popular media reports of psychological research?
Media often only present sensationalistic and dramatic research findings
____ is an evolutionary process in which organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring. Multiple choice question.
Natural selection
____ is an evolutionary process that favors organisms' traits or characteristics, which are best adapted to reproduce and survive.
Natural selection
A researcher is interested in studying visibility of tattoos on perceptions of competence for work. What type of design would be appropriate for this topic?
Case Study and Observational
After researchers have gathered data, what do they do next?
analyze the findings to see what the results say about the theory used to guide their study and analyze their data to see if supports the predictions of their hypothesis
