Psy 136 Exam 1 Ch 1-4

Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is _____.

Anecdotal

Natural selection is often:

behind the times.

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a _____.

rat

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around _____.

1900

Zing Yang Kuo found 86% of kittens who saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He also found _____ of kittens who never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

45%

_____ suggested that natural selection is analogous to breeding.

Darwin

Peter's fear, like Albert's, was the result of conditioning by a researcher

FALSE

The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably _____.

Galen

_____ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

H.G. Wells

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. Given what we know about humans, this reaction is most likely:

Learned behavior

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _____.

Mary Cover Jones

A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _____.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

If an aversive stimulus, such as a noxious odor, regularly precedes a pleasant stimulus, such as a tasty meal, the former stimulus may lose much of its unpleasant quality.

TRUE

Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by:

Thomas Robert Malthus

_____ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

Unconditional

The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. Given what we know about real animals, this reaction is most likely:

a reflex

Evolution is widely accepted by people except those in:

america

An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

aversive

Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is _____.

bad science

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a _____. Group of answer choices

between-subjects design

Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that:

children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

Pavlovian conditioning is also called _____ conditioning.

classical

Prejudice is an example of a CER, or _____.(Note: three words, please check spelling)

conditioned emotional responses

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) _____.

conditioned taste aversion

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show _____.

decreased immune functioning

In _____ conditioning the CS and US overlap.

delayed

Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) _____ variable.

dependent

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were _____.

flavored water and radiation

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

fluency

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of _____.

flying

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of _____.

higher-order conditioning

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called _____.

latent inhibition

Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of:

learning

Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be

measured

One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _____.

older adults

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a _____, respectively.

rat and loud sound

Modal action patterns are induced by events called:

realizers

Pavlov was a physiologist from _____

russia

Work on selective breeding in foxes over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be _____ so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors.

selectively bred

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of _____.

stimulus substitution theory

One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a/an ____ trial.

test

In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity usually refers to the _____.

time between CS and US

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with _____.

toothpaste

A change in the form that behavior takes is called a change in _____.

topography

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

true

Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

true

Staats and Staats demonstrated that both positive and negative biases could be established through conditioning.

true