PSY 15

Chronic schizophrenia:

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

Insomnia Disorder

-Feeling unsatisfied with amount or quality of sleep -Sleep disruption causes distress or diminished everyday functioning -Happens 3 or more times a week -Occurs at least 3 consecutive months -Happens even with sleep opportunities -Independent from other sleep disorders or from substance use or abuse or mental disorders

The symptoms of phobias begin to appear at a median age of about:

10

Nearly 1 in _____ people will develop schizophrenia.

100

Why is there controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A child (or, less commonly, an adult) who displays extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity may be diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and treated with medication and other therapy. The controversy centers on whether the growing number of ADHD cases reflects overdiagnosis or increased awareness of the disorder. Long-term effects of stimulant-drug treatment for ADHD are not yet known.

Possible early warning signs of Schizophrenia

A mother whose schizophrenia was severe and long-lasting Birth complications, often involving oxygen deprivation and low birth weight Separation from parents Short attention span and poor muscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play Childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse

How do major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder differ?

A person with major depressive disorder experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Persistent depressive disorder includes a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms. A person with the less common condition of bipolar disorder experiences not only depression but also mania—episodes of hyperactive and wildly optimistic, impulsive behavior.

Flat affect

A severe reduction in emotional expressiveness. People with depression and schizophrenia often show flat affect.

How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?

According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

The _____ classified homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973.

American Psychiatric Association

How do generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias differ?

Anxious feelings and behaviors are classified as an anxiety disorder only when they form a pattern of distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. People with generalized anxiety disorder feel persistently and uncontrollably tense and apprehensive, for no apparent reason. In the more extreme panic disorder, anxiety escalates into periodic episodes of intense dread. Those with a phobia may be irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation. Two other disorders (OCD and PTSD) involve anxiety but are classified separately from the anxiety disorders.

Mental illnesses are a __________. The DSM - 5 treats them as a ________. a. dichotomy; spectrum b. spectrum ; dichotomy c. spectrum ; spectrum d. dichotomy ; dichotomy

B

What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?

Biological factors include abnormalities in brain structure and function, prenatal exposure to a maternal virus, and a genetic predisposition to the disorder. However, a high-risk environment, with many environmental triggers, can increase the odds of developing schizophrenia.

Researchers believe that conditioning and cognitive processes contribute to anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. What biological factors also contribute to these disorders?

Biological factors include inherited temperament differences and other gene variations; learned fears that have altered brain pathways; and outdated, inherited responses that had survival value for our distant ancestors.

What is the biopsychosocial approach, and why is it important in our understanding of psychological disorders?

Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences combine to produce psychological disorders. This broad perspective helps us understand that our well-being is affected by our genes, brain functioning, inner thoughts and feelings, and the influences of our social and cultural environment.

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. hallucinations b. delusions c. social withdrawal d. inappropriate rage

C

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the a.DID. b.medical model. c.DSM-V d. biopsychosocial approach.

C (book they use to diagnose; 2 out of 5 or whatever)

The most common scheme for classifying psychological disorders is the: DSM-5. learning perspective. medical model. biopsychosocial approach.

DSM-5.

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the U.S., she should read the: WISC-R. APA manual. DSM-5. WAIS-R.

DSM-5.

What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?

Dissociative disorders are conditions in which conscious awareness seems to become separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Skeptics note that dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, increased dramatically in the late twentieth century; is rarely found outside North America; and may reflect role playing by people who are vulnerable to therapists' suggestions. Others view this disorder as a manifestation of feelings of anxiety, or as a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by anxiety-reduction.

What are the three main eating disorders, and how do biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences make people more vulnerable to them?

In those with eating disorders (most often women or gay men), psychological factors can overwhelm the body's tendency to maintain a normal weight. Despite being significantly underweight, people with anorexia nervosa (usually adolescent females) continue to diet and exercise excessively because they view themselves as fat. Those with bulimia nervosa (usually females in their teens and twenties) secretly binge and then compensate by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise. Those with binge-eating disorder binge but do not follow with purging, fasting, and exercise. Cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders.

Over the last three months, Jada's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Jada says that she feels completely detached from people and worthless, and she has even thought about killing herself. Jada's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:

MDD

What does it mean to say that "depression is a whole-body disorder"?

Many factors contribute to depression, including the biological influences of genetics and brain function. Social-cognitive factors also matter, including the interaction of explanatory style, mood, our responses to stressful experiences, and changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving. The whole body is involved.

Do psychological disorders predict violent behavior?

Mental disorders seldom lead to violence, but when they do, they raise moral and ethical questions about whether society should hold people with disorders responsible for their violent actions. Most people with disorders are nonviolent and are more likely to be victims than attackers.

A disorder that is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions is called _____.

OCD

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of _____.

PTSD

Which of the following statements is TRUE? People with mental disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence. Restricting gun ownership by those with psychological disorders will greatly reduce gun violence. Those who have a psychological disorder are more likely to be violent if the violence is triggered by substance abuse. Those with psychological disorders are more likely to be violent toward others.

People with mental disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence.

What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia have increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. Interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia's symptoms.

What is OCD?

Persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize the antisocial personality?

Personality disorders are disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters, characterized by (1) anxiety, (2) eccentric or odd behaviors, and (3) dramatic or impulsive behaviors. Antisocial personality disorder (one of those in the third cluster) is characterized by a lack of conscience and, sometimes, by aggressive and fearless behavior. Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.

What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?

Possible contributing factors include viral infections or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy; low weight or oxygen deprivation at birth; and maternal diabetes or older paternal age.

What is the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders?

Poverty-related stresses can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus, poverty and disorder are often a chicken-and-egg situation, and it's hard to know which came first.

How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder? Is poverty a risk factor?

Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey. In one multinational survey, rates for any disorder ranged from less than 5 percent (Shanghai) to more than 25 percent (the United States). Poverty is a risk factor: Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty.

_____ helps maintain phobias and compulsions after they arise.

Reinforcement

How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?

Schizophrenia typically strikes during late adolescence, affects men slightly more than women, and seems to occur in all cultures. In chronic (or process) schizophrenia, the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. In acute (or reactive) schizophrenia, the onset is sudden, in reaction to stress, and the prospects for recovery are brighter.

Are psychological disorders universal, or are they culture-specific? Explain with examples.

Some psychological disorders are culture-specific. For example, anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in North American cultures, and taijin-kyofusho appears largely in Japan. Other disorders, such as schizophrenia, are universal—occurring in all cultures.

The vicious cycle of depressed thinking

Stressful experiences Negative explanatory style Depressed mood Cognitive and behavioral changes

What factors increase the risk of suicide and what do we know about nonsuicidal self-injury?

Suicide rates differ by nation, race, gender, age group, income, religious involvement, marital status, and (for gay and lesbian youth, for example) social support structure. Those with depression are more at risk for suicide than others are, but social suggestion, health status, and economic and social frustration are also contributing factors. Environmental barriers (such as jump barriers) are effective in preventing suicides. Forewarnings of suicide may include verbal hints, giving away possessions, withdrawal, preoccupation with death, and discussing one's own suicide. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) does not usually lead to suicide but may escalate to suicidal thoughts and acts if untreated. People who engage in NSSI do not tolerate stress well and tend to be self-critical, with poor communication and problem-solving skills.

What is PTSD?

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include four or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or sleep problems following some traumatic experience.

What patterns of perceiving, thinking, and feeling characterize schizophrenia?

Symptoms of schizophrenia include disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions. Delusions are false beliefs; hallucinations are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Schizophrenia symptoms may be positive (the presence of inappropriate behaviors) or negative (the absence of appropriate behaviors).

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of

THE MEDICAL MODEL

How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?

The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research. Most U.S. health insurance organizations require a DSM diagnosis before paying for treatment. Some critics believe the DSM editions have become too detailed and extensive. Others view DSM diagnoses as arbitrary labels that create preconceptions, which bias perceptions of the labeled person's past and present behavior.

How can the biological and social-cognitive perspectives help us understand depressive disorders and bipolar disorder?

The biological perspective on depressive disorders and bipolar disorder focuses on genetic predispositions and on abnormalities in brain structures and function (including those found in neurotransmitter systems). The social-cognitive perspective views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences.

How do conditioning, cognition, and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts that mark anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?

The learning perspective views anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD as products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognitions (interpretations, irrational beliefs, and hypervigilance). The biological perspective considers the role that fears of life-threatening animals, objects, or situations played in natural selection and evolution; genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; and abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.

How do the medical model and the biopsychosocial approach influence our understanding of psychological disorders?

The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses with physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured through therapy, sometimes in a hospital. The biopsychosocial perspective assumes that three sets of influences—biological (evolution, genetics, brain structure and chemistry), psychological (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories), and social and cultural circumstances (roles, expectations, definitions of "normality" and "disorder")—interact to produce specific psychological disorders. Epigenetics also informs our understanding of disorders.

The psychodynamic and learning perspectives agree that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are ways of dealing with anxiety. How do their explanations differ?

The psychodynamic explanation of DID symptoms is that they are defenses against anxiety generated by unacceptable urges. The learning perspective attempts to explain these symptoms as behaviors that have been reinforced by relieving anxiety in the past.

What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?

Therapists and others use disorder labels to communicate with one another using a common language, and to share concepts during research. Clients may benefit from knowing that they are not the only ones with these symptoms. The dangers of labeling people are that (1) people may begin to act as they have been labeled, and (2) the labels can trigger assumptions that will change our behavior toward those we label.

Do genes influence schizophrenia? What factors may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children?

Twin and adoption studies indicate that the predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited. Multiple genes probably interact to produce schizophrenia. No environmental causes invariably produce schizophrenia, but environmental events (such as prenatal viruses or maternal stress) may "turn on" genes for this disorder in those who are predisposed to it. Possible early warning signs of later development of schizophrenia include both biological factors (a mother with severe and long-lasting schizophrenia; oxygen deprivation and low weight at birth; separation from parents; short attention span and poor muscle coordination) and psychological factors (disruptive or withdrawn behavior; emotional unpredictability; poor peer relations and solo play).

How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?

Twin and adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with this disorder are at increased risk for antisocial behavior. Negative environmental factors, such as poverty or childhood abuse, may channel genetic traits such as fearlessness in more dangerous directions—toward aggression and away from social responsibility.

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by:

a biopsychosocial approach.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD):

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Bipolar disorder:

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Delusion:

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Jack was found sleeping on a park bench. When awakened by a police officer, he could not remember who he was or where he lived. Later, investigators discovered that Jack's wife had left him the night before after a violent fight in which he tried to attack her. Jack insists that he has no memories of the dispute with his wife or even of having been married. His loss of memory illustrates: a fugue state dissociative identity disorder bulimia nervosa anorexia nervosa

a fugue state

Mania:

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with a. a manic episode. b. schizophrenia. c. a dissociative disorder. d. antisocial personality disorder.

a manic episode.

Major depressive disorder is

a mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, as well as at least four other symptoms

Major depressive disorder

a persistent state of hopelessness and lethargy a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

a person alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity

Antisocial personality disorder:

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Schizophrenia:

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID):

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Psychological disorder:

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Catatonia

abnormality of movement and behavior

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

acute schizophrenia

People are more likely to recover from ________ schizophrenia than from ________ schizophrenia. acute; chronic acute; reactive process; chronic chronic; acute

acute; chronic

When Margaret sees a chicken nugget, she becomes so afraid that she must flee the scene. This phobia can be seen as over-activation of the

amygdala

Generalized anxiety disorder:

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Phobia:

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Panic disorder:

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Anorexia nervosa:

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Bulimia nervosa:

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.

People with ______________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. Those with ______________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) tend to have weight that fluctuates within or above normal ranges.

anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa

Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain is to _____ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting is to _____. bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa dissociative disorder; anorexia nervosa anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa bulimia nervosa; dissociative disorder

anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa

A person with _____ personality disorder is aggressive and ruthless and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing.

antisocial

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

antisocial personality disorder

Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably _____.

anxiety

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder: interrupt conversations and act impulsively. are prone to sleep too much. suffer from delusions. are tense and apprehensive all of the time.

are tense and apprehensive all of the time.

Because Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a(n):

avoidant personality disorder.

According to the text, many contemporary psychologists have turned to the following perspectives on anxiety: conditioning, cognition, and _____.

biological

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by a(n) _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

The symptoms of _____ disorder begin to appear at a median age of about 20.

bipolar

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):

bipolar disorder.

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n): dissociative disorder. bipolar disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. major depressive disorder.

bipolar disorder.

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

bulimia nervosa

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

chronic schizophrenia

Rumination:

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

A learning theory would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________ in the onset of anxiety disorders. flat affect dissociation linkage analysis conditioning

conditioning

Dissociative disorders:

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

A person with schizophrenia having selective-attention difficulty is most likely to experience: paranoid tendencies. disorganized thoughts. hallucinations. catatonia.

disorganized thoughts.

Researchers have found reduced activation in a murderer's _________

frontal lobes.

Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of ______________ ______________ disorder.

generalized anxiety

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

generalized anxiety disorder

Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a(n):

generalized anxiety disorder.

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

generalized anxiety disorder.

If one has too much _____, the brain's alarm centers may become overactive.

glutamate

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce

hallucinations

Who has a WAYYYY greater risk of getting schizophrenia: fraternal twins or identical twins?

identical twins

Persistent depressive disorder

in which a person experiences milder depressive feelings

Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder are distinguished by:

intensity of symptoms.

_____ see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.

learning theorists

In stressful situations, people with an antisocial personality disorder show _____ fear and _____ autonomic arousal when compared with people unaffected by the disorder.

less, less

A lawyer is distressed by feeling the need to wash his hands 100 times a day. He has no time left to meet with clients, and his colleagues are wondering about his competence. His behavior would probably be labeled disordered, because it is ______________ that is, it interferes with his day-to-day life.

maladaptive

PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder)

mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

mood disorder

A person with schizophrenia who has ______________ (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. These symptoms are most common with ______________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy. Those with ______________ (positive/negative) symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with ______________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia, which is much more likely to respond to drug therapy.

negative; chronic; positive; acute

For the past three months Nathanial, a heavy smoker, has been severely depressed. His doctor told him that it is likely that he smokes so much because:

nicotine can temporarily increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter scarce in people with depression.

Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n) ______________-______________ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

OCD is more common among teens and young adults than among

older people

Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ______________ disorder.

panic

Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from _____.

panic attacks

If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a ______________.

phobia

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of:

phobia

Social anxiety disorder is classified as a _____ because there is a clear and specific source for the person's anxiety.

phobia

Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a(n) _____.

phobia

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of

post-traumatic stress disorder.

Those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with ______________ ______________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory uses the:

psychoanalytic perspective.

Anxiety disorders:

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

The most common hallucinations experienced in _____ are auditory.

schizophrenia

Binge-eating disorder:

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a: low self-esteem. major depressive disorder. social anxiety disorder. dissociative disorder.

social anxiety disorder.

Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has become intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a: social phobia. low self-esteem. dissociative disorder. major depressive disorder.

social phobia.

A person attacked by a fierce dog develops a fear of all dogs. This best illustrates: dissociation. agoraphobia. linkage analysis. stimulus generalization.

stimulus generalization.

One of the most significant symptoms that can be present in major depressive disorder (MDD) but is not present in persistent depressive disorder is

suicidal thoughts.

One of the most interesting differences between GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and the other anxiety disorders is:

that GAD often resolves as a person gets older.

Medical model:

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Epigenetics:

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

hallucinations—

they see, feel, taste, or smell things that exist only in their minds.