PSY 151 MCIDA 1
Social categorization involves a _____ process. A. Cognitive B. Psychological C. Social D. Emotional
A. Cognitive
A statement of how to measure variable(s) or how to define terms is a(n) ______________. A. Operational Definition B. Variable C. Research Question D. Research Hypothesis
A. Operational Definition
In Adam's (2015) Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning objectives, the author states the six categories of cognitive skills ranging from lower-order skills to higher-order skills. Which of the following requires higher-order skills with a deeper learning and a greater degree of cognitive processing? A. Knowledge B. Evaluation C. Analysis D. Application
B. Evaluation
What is an example of a qualitative variable? A. Age B. Happiness C. Height D. Distance
B. Happiness
The statement " older people are not able to use technology" is an example of what ? A. Social role theory B. Illusory correlation C. Outgroup homogeneity effect D. causation correlation
B. Illusory correlation
During the lecture students participated in an experiment using the minimal group paradigm. Students were placed into one of two groups based on the condition if they wore Jeans or Non-Jeans that day. The study required the groups to list as many reasons why the opposing groups' members wore Jeans or Non-Jeans. Using Ultimate Attribution Error, assess the following statements about the in-class experiment. Statement 1: Students from Non-Jeans viewed all students from Jeans as busy and motivated individuals. Statement 2: Students from Jeans viewed all students from Non-Jeans as unmotivated and incapable individuals. A. Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. B. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct. C. Both statements are correct. D. Both statements are incorrect.
B. Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
Jessica is having trouble in her math class and believes that her friend, Amber, is doing better than her because she is Asian. Jessica's thought is an example of which of the following? A. Sexism B. Stereotyping C. Prejudice D. Discrimination
B. Stereotyping
Weightism or sizeism
Bias or discrimination against people who are overwieght
Which statement is considered to be a self-fulfilling prophecy? A. "I thought I was going to pass my test, but I actually got an F!" B. "My teacher thought I was just faking my headache, but I have a cold." C. "I knew walking onto the track I'd win the race, I left with a 1st place medal." D. "My grandpa wanted to learn how to use the computer, after 3 hours he gave up."
C. "I knew walking onto the track I'd win the race, I left with a 1st place medal."
When performing an experiment using the fMRI machine, what part of the brain would be activated, especially with negative emotions? A. Medulla oblongata B. Pons C. Amygdala D. Nucleus accumbens
C. Amygdala
Paul usually studies for one hour a day, every day for a week prior to his exams. Unhappy with his grades, Paul hypothesizes that if he studies two hours a day instead, his exam scores will improve. Paul decides to test his hypothesis by studying two hours a day for a week, taking his exam, and comparing the results to his last exam. In Paul's experiment, what is the dependent variable? A. Time spent studying B. Amount of exams C. Change in exam score D. Exam subject
C. Change in exam score
Read the passage below. "Manuel has prejudice towards women. He believes that men are superior by skill, ability, and intelligence." What type of prejudice is Manuel presenting? A. Bias B. Stereotyping C. Chauvinism D. Discrimination
C. Chauvinism
Qualitative data includes the following except: A. Collecting data through interviews, focus groups, observations, etc. B. Collecting survey questionnaires - opened ended questions C. Collecting data in the form of numbers D. Identifying themes in the data, recurring patterns
C. Collecting data in the form of numbers
People exhibit (a) _____ when they have difficulty drawing distinctions between members of other ethnic groups. A. Stereotype Content Model B. Social Role Bias C. Cross-Racial Identification Bias D. Prejudice
C. Cross-Racial Identification Bias
According to Greenhalgh's (1997) hierarchy of evidence, which research methods are considered to be of the highest quality? A. Background Information/Expert Opinion B. Case-Control Studies C. Meta-Analysis D. Case Series/ Case Reports
C. Meta-Analysis
Which type of research seeks to determine an average relationship across studies and aims to identify a consistent variable? a. Probability survey b. Content analysis c. Meta-Analysis d. Field Experiment
C. Meta-Analysis
Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomy of a multiple choice question? A. Stem B. Distractors C. Standard D. Key
C. Standard
In the following example, what is the most fitting theory of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination that is being applied: Homosexuals marching to advocate for their right to marry each other. A. Social Role B. Cognitive Theory C. Evolutionary Theory D. Relative Deprivation Theory
D. Relative Deprivation Theory
There are many theories regarding prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. In this particular theory, people often view outgroups in a negative fashion in order to protect the ingroup's image and ideals. This particular theory is stemmed from: A. Relative Deprivation Theory B. Life History Theory C. Sociocultural Theory D. Social Categorization and Identity Theory
D. Social Categorization and Identity Theory
A male UC Merced student is having an argument with his girlfriend, who has asked him to cook dinner. He says, "Men are the breadwinners in the family and the head of the household. Women stay home, cook, and take care of the children. I know this because these are the roles my parents play in our household." Which theory BEST coincides with the student's statement? A. Evolutionary theory B. Psychodynamic theory C. Cognitive theory D. Sociocultural theory
D. Sociocultural theory
Which of the following statements is not an example of stereotyping? A. Boys don't like to play with dolls B. All Mexicans like hot food C. People with red hair get angry easily D. Someone who looks like a Muslim should be questioned at airport security.
D. Someone who looks like a Muslim should be questioned at airport security.
What is the level of cognitive skill that is located directly above the analysis level according to Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Learning ? A. Knowledge B. Evaluation C. Application D. Synthesis
D. Synthesis
Which of the following was not mentioned, by Nancy E. Adam's, to be useful in Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive Learning ? A. To transfer knowledge and skills to a greater variety of tasks and contexts. B. To demonstrate deeper cognitive processing. C. To Increase varying levels of skills and function. D. To focus on psychomotor or affective skills.
D. To focus on psychomotor or affective skills.
What are some benefits of social categorization?
Doing so provides us with information (what they are about, what they know, if they can help or hinder us) of the groups we are categorizing provides us with less information and makes it easier and faster to deal with groups instead of individually (helps cognitive overload) Heuristics: a strategy that helps us simplify/reduce all the information that bombards us with information
Stereotype
Exaggerated belief, image, or distorted truth about a person or group that allows for little or no individual differences. Textbook: beliefs and opinions about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of members of various groups; "pictures in our heads"
jigsaw classroom
Focus on cooperation/interdependence rather than competition A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class
Implicit awareness of social categories in children consists of...
Gender Race Age Physical attractiveness
Gender preferences in children
Kids self-segregate: Preference for same-gender friendships throughout school years Same-sex preference diminishes with the onset of heterosexual attraction
Racial preferences in children: Elementary school kids
Prefer to interact with same-race peers in social situations but not in class Girls show a stronger same-race preference than boys Black children more likely to list other-race friends than white children Reason for racial preference: intergroup contact
Religion & prejudice
Research that links religion to prejudice is inconsistent All religions advocate tolerance for all groups, but this tolerance/acceptance tends to be limited to the religious in-group Religion permits prejudice to those of different religion values
Evolutionary Theory
SPD based on psychological mechanisms that evolved to allow survival Example: life history theory
Category preference
The tendency for children to prefer to interact with members of one social category over another children prefer one group over another, but that may or may not involve derogation of non-prefered groups
Mike made a comment to Amy that "women don't know how to drive", making Amy feel uncomfortable. Which term best describes this? a. Stereotype. b. Prejudice. c. Discrimination. d.Racism.
a. Stereotype.
According to the syllabus, class participation and attendance will count for __________ percent of your overall grade. a. 2.5% b. 5% c. 10% d. 15%
b. 5%
What is the most likely relationship between one's feelings towards his/her ingroup versus the outgroup? a. A person will show no preference to their ingroup or outgroup. b. A person will show more preference to their ingroup than their outgroup. c. A person will show more preference to their outgroup than their ingroup. d. A person will show equal preference to their ingroup and outgroup.
b. A person will show more preference to their ingroup than their outgroup.
Sally is a part of the African American community. Sally's friends always tell her that lighter skin is considered beautiful. Sally starts to believe that people of color are not as beautiful. Sally starts to engage in self-harming behavior, such as skin bleaching. Which form of discrimination is her behavior an example of? a. Systematic/ Institutional Discrimination b. Internalized Discrimination c. Heterosexism d. Interpersonal Discrimination
b. Internalized Discrimination
A researcher wants to measure prejudice between two groups using naturalistic observation. What type of research method is this? a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Inferential statistics d. Mixed- Methods
b. Qualitative
illusory correlation
believing that a relationship exists between 2 variables when it does not exist EX: thinking that being old means having bad ability to text
sexism
discrimination or prejudice based in gender, and the power to enforce it
racism
discrimination or prejudice due to a person's race
What is an example of cooperative learning/contact reducing prejudice & discrimination?
jigsaw classroom
Bipartisan prejudice
liberals & conservatives are equally prejudiced but towards different social groups
Stigma (prejudice) consciousness
the extent to which stereotyped individuals focus on their stereotyped status and believe it pervades all their life experiences type of self-fulfilling prophecy
Interpersonal Discrimination
when one person treats another unfairly because of the person's group membership directly perceived discriminatory interactions between individuals, whether in their institutional roles or as a public or private individuals EX: bullying
What are 5 conditions that facilitate/inhibit stereotype activation & application?
1. Prototypicality 2. Situational context 3. Prejudice - being already prejudice will likely lead to a quick activation and application of a stereotype 4. Cognitive overload 5. Motivations/goals/need
Match each definition with its theory. Each answer will only be used once. 1. _____ Evolutionary 2. _____ Cognitive 3. _____ Scientific Racism 4. _____ Sociocultural a. Interpreting "scientific results" to prove a minority group's inferiority b. Discriminatory and prejudiced behavior evolved in order to promote the survival and passing down of genes from one generation to the next c. Stereotypes are rooted in culture, which links to prejudice over time d. The brain's attempt to simplify the plethora of information the brain receives on a daily basis
1. __B___ Evolutionary 2. ___D__ Cognitive 3. __A___ Scientific Racism 4. __C___ Sociocultural
Emotions & prejudice what are the 6 basic emotions?
1. happiness 2. sadness 3. fear 4. disgust 5. anger 6. surprise
What are the 6 theories of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination (SPD)?
1. scientific racism 2. psychodynamic theory 3. sociocultural theory 4. intergroup relations theory 5. cognitive theory 6. evolutionary theory
Scientific Racism Example?
A collection of pseudoscientific theories, beliefs, & research practices that aimed to: interpret research results to show minority groups in a negative light "Prove" the superiority of dominant group & justify status quo example: eugenics (beliefs & practices that aimed to improve the so-called genetic equality of the human population)
differential psychology
A psychology field that examines how people differ; individual differences How and why do people differ in terms of prejudice?
Contra-power harassment & discrimination
A shifted power dynamic where the individual with lesser power attmepts to exert control or influence over a person with greater authority or stauts
In Adams (2015) "Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning objectives," the article introduces and explains the six cognitive categories that encourage higher-level thinking and cognitive process which creates the system known as Bloom's taxonomy. What would be a real-world example that demonstrates analysis based on Bloom's taxonomy? A. A person explaining the difference between Instagram and other forms of social media. B. A person defining what a tweet is. C. A person translating an Instagram post in another language. D. A person providing an example demonstrating how to upload an Instagram story.
A. A person explaining the difference between Instagram and other forms of social media.
When someone with a negative attitude towards face tattoos encounters someone with face tattoos, they... A. Are more likely to have higher levels of amygdala activation. B. Are more likely to have lower levels of amygdala activation. C. Are more likely to have higher levels of dopamine. D. Are more likely to have lower levels of dopamine.
A. Are more likely to have higher levels of amygdala activation.
A bank manager believes and argues that people with facial tattoos should not be hired because they cannot be trusted. This is an example of which of the following? a. Explicit bias. b. Implicit bias. c. Relative deprivation theory. d.Contra-power harassment.
A. Explicit bias.
Which of the following categories from Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning objects are listed in order from least complex to most complex? A. Knowledge, Application, and Evaluation B. Evaluation, Comprehension, and Knowledge C. Evaluation,Application, and Comprehension D. Knowledge, Synthesis, Application
A. Knowledge, Application, and Evaluation
Why are the advantages of membership in the dominant group (group privilege) typically invisible to the members of the dominant group? A. Members of the dominant group have never experienced unfavorable treatment and they always have received missed treatment solely because of their membership in the dominant group. B. Members of the dominant group typically do not associate with members of minority groups, and therefore are unaware of the unfavorable treatment received by members of minority groups. C. Members of the dominant group believe that they actually have earned favorable treatment, and therefore do not believe that they have a special privilege. D. Members of the dominant group believe that the idea of "group privilege" is merely a political ploy created by the minority groups to gain unfair advantage.
A. Members of the dominant group have never experienced unfavorable treatment and they always have received missed treatment solely because of their membership in the dominant group.
Read the passage below. "Daniel overheard two female students discussing how they were going to dress for a party they were planning. Daniel stated, "All the girls on campus only talk about parties and looking good, why can't girls talk about anything else?" Which of the following terms is Daniel expressing? A. Stereotype B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D. Bias
A. Stereotype
Read the following scenario carefully: Anna has five different scholarships she wants to apply to, but all of them require essay submissions. She doesn't want to write five separate essays for the scholarships, so she writes a general chunk of text first and adds finer details to certain sections depending on what scholarship she's submitting it to. Given the information provided, what level of Bloom's taxonomy does this scenario relate to? A. Synthesis B. Knowledge C. Evaluation D. Comprehension
A. Synthesis
According to Inzlicht et al. (2008), what was the effect of high stigma consciousness among the women participants? A. They saw contempt longer on a man's face compared to a woman's face. B. They saw contempt longer on a woman's face compared to a man's face. C. They saw contempt last the same amount of time on both a man's and a woman's face. D. They saw contempt longer on a man's face and anger on a woman's face.
A. They saw contempt longer on a man's face compared to a woman's face.
In what ways can discrimination manifest? A. Verbally, behaviourally, and in various settings. B. It is not possible for a person to be discriminated against by being treated more positively. C. It's impossible to manifest discrimination. D. Discrimination can only be manifested via body language.
A. Verbally, behaviourally, and in various settings.
What can you infer from a study that uses implicit cognition measures? A. You can assess which concepts will be associated with one another in one's memory. B. You can find the cause of one's personal prejudice(s). C. You can assess the changes in one's body in response to different stimuli. D. You can analyze a person's behavior.
A. You can assess which concepts will be associated with one another in one's memory.
Young people's attitudes towards sexual orientation
Adolescents tend to have pro-heterosexual attitudes Early adulthood is a tolerant time period when it comes to non-heterosexual sexuality (deviation from) ingroup value systems explains attitudes towards sexual orientation
Cognitive Theory example?
Argue that SPD is (1) universal and inevitable and (2) stereotyping is a normal cognitive process that aims to simplify information stored in memory Example: Social categorization & identity theory
Psychodynamic Theory example?
Argue that SPD: Results from the individual's psychological processes & personality characteristics Serves to strengthen one's self-esteem Is based on irrational beliefs example: authoritarian personality
What would be an example of interpersonal discrimination? A. A person who only favors apple products and not Microsoft products. B. A waitress who only pays attention to people wearing colored shirts and not black and white shirts. C. A person asking permission from a fellow colleague to call them a specific name. D. A person who buys a cake for their best friend's birthday party.
B. A waitress who only pays attention to people wearing colored shirts and not black and white shirts.
The FMRI shows activation of the _______ which indicates high levels of negative intense emotions. A. Hippocampus B. Amygdala C. Thalamus D. Implicit Cognition
B. Amygdala
According to the article Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Learning objectives which level of Adams' (2015) theory demonstrates critical thinking, and the distinction between fact vs. opinion? A. Comprehension B. Analysis C. Knowledge D. Evaluation
B. Analysis
Read the passage below. "Jordan is a student in Psychology 151 at UC Merced, he is required to assess his peers on how prejudice can affect modern-day society. Jordan creates a question where students have to apply previous knowledge and predict the outcomes of an event." Which part of Bloom's Taxonomy does Jordan's question address? A. Knowledge B. Application C. Comprehension D. Evaluation
B. Application
According to the article "Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning objectives" by Adams (2015), there are two important reasons as to why the taxonomy is useful. What is one of those reasons? A. It allows for a variety of unique answers by having a mixture of Bloom's taxonomy levels. B. As you go up each level, there are learning objectives which require higher levels of cognitive skills. C. It is an effective way to prepare test questions depending on the level of complexity that is wanted. D. All of the above
B. As you go up each level, there are learning objectives which require higher levels of cognitive skills.
What is an example of explicit bias? A. Women who walk alone are suspicious of men. B. Censoring an image due to its inappropriate content. C. An individual who hasn't interacted with people of a different race. D. A girl playing with other girls in her class.
B. Censoring an image due to its inappropriate content.
At a private school, two girls were suspended for holding hands walking down the hallway. The principle of the school said that they don't allow the public display of affection with same-sex relationships, only opposite-sex relationships. Which "ism" would this incident fall under? A. Sexism B. Heterosexism C. Racism D. Ageism
B. Heterosexism
When separated into opposing groups, members of each group are less likely to... A. Talk negatively about the other group (out-group). B. Praise the out-group. C. Have biased positive opinions about their own group (in-group). D. Have tension with the out-group.
B. Praise the out-group.
"Isms'" are described as systems of prejudice and discrimination that are aimed at particular groups. Why do these "isms"' continue to be a part of our systems? Please choose the most reasonable answer. A. This is how it has always been, so there is no point in changing. B. There are social laws and policies put in place that have the power to enforce these "isms". C. It has only recently been discovered in our system. D. None of the above.
B. There are social laws and policies put in place that have the power to enforce these "isms".
Discrimination
Behavior or actions that can treat people unequally because of their individual characteristics or group memberships Textbook: treating people differently from others based primarily on membership in a social group
Max believes that all women are bad drivers. Because of this he does not want to get in a car when a woman is driving. This is an example of: A. Stereotype B. Prejudice C. Discrimination D. Heterosexism
C. Discrimination
Which level of Bloom's Taxonomy is least useful for MCIDAs? A. Knowledge B. Application C. Evaluation D. Synthesis
C. Evaluation
According to Adams (2015), which of the following is NOT a part of the 6 objectives in Bloom's taxonomy? A. Evaluation B. Knowledge C. Functioning D. Analysis
C. Functioning
Naomy took an online IAT to discover any implicit attitude she may have towards Young people v.s Old people. In a series of steps, she had to quickly categorize presented images of Young/Old people, and Good/Bad words while each category was assigned to one of two keys. Her results indicate she has an "Automatic preference for Old People over Young People". What do these results indicate about Naomy? Naomy's implicit attitude is towards Old people, she is faster at associating Good and Old people to the same response key. Naomy's time is spent caring for Old people so she believes Young people are Bad and cause problems. Naomy's time difference can only provide evidence that she evaluates Old people more positively than Young people, it is not a measure of how much more positively. A. I and II B. II and III C. I and III D. I,II, and III
C. I and III
Read the passage below: "Psychology 151 is studying students' bias on campus minority groups. The questionnaire is made up of ten scenarios that students have to decide to agree with them or not." Which scale would best measure bias in the study? A. Bogardus Social Distance Scale B. Self-Reporting Scale C. Likert Scale D. 10 Question Scale
C. Likert Scale
Based on the hierarchy of evidence what is the highest level regarding quality of information? A. Cohort studies B. Case reports C. Meta analysis D. Systematic review
C. Meta analysis
The article "Musical Taste and Ingroup Favoritism" by Lonsdale and North (2009) describes two different studies concerning a person's taste of music and whether they show favoritism to those who also have similar tastes in music. Participants of this study were required to answer a questionnaire based on several different genres of music in an eleven-point scale ranging from poor to excellent. The design of this study is considered to be a... A. Qualitative Study B. Observational Study C. Quantitative Study D. Experimental Study
C. Quantitative Study
Billy and his friends walk into his home and see his mom in the kitchen baking cookies. One of his friends says, "Good that's where women belong!" What kind of "ism" does this represent? A. Racism B. Ableism C. Sexism D. Heterosexism
C. Sexism
In the chapter, Social Categorization and Stereotypes, the conclusion "Actors are what they do '' that derives from the stereotype formation, addresses what concept? A. Stereotype Content Model B. Self-fulfilling prophecy C. Social Role Theory D. Stereotype application
C. Social Role Theory
When the Jim Crow laws were put in place, African Americans were not allowed to drink from the same water fountain as whites (just one example). This type of discrimination can be further noted as: A. Prejudice B. Interpersonal Discrimination C. Systematic or Institutional Discrimination D. Internalized Discrimination
C. Systematic or Institutional Discrimination
According to McIntosh, (1988) What is the definition of Group Privilege? A. To earn recognition from everyone because of one's race. B. To be recognized above everyone else due to social class placement. C. Unearned favored state conferred simply because one's race, gender, social class, or sexual orientation. D. To lose recognition due to sexual preference.
C. Unearned favored state conferred simply because one's race, gender, social class, or sexual orientation.
The MCIDA assignments are required to be inspected by ________ and approved by _________ prior to being turned in: A. Professor; Teacher Assistant B. Teacher; Writing Center C. Writing center; Teacher or Teaching Assistant D. Writing center; teacher
C. Writing center; Teacher or Teaching Assistant
minimal groups paradigm
Categorize people on random/unimportant categories Putting people into groups in the basis of trivial minimal criteria
Mixed Methods Design
Combining different research designs and different measures; the strengths in one research method can compensate the weak design of another research method helps with triangulation
According to Matsumoto & Juang (2013), which of the following is not included in the definition of human culture? Culture is "a unique meaning and information system ... A. ... shared by a group" B. ... transmitted across generations" C. ... allows the group to meet basic needs" D. ... exclude those who deviate from the norms.
D. ... exclude those who deviate from the norms.
Which of the following is the best way to use a course textbook? A. Approach the information critically B. Read additional sources such as articles and examples to supplement the information C. Use the text as a guide for basic sources of information D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Low stakes writing is __________ . A. Informal writing, involving (somewhat) informal grading B. In class writing and discussion which prepares for the writing reflection C. Is formal writing, involving formal grading D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
According to cognitive theories, how does stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination (SPD) occur? A. SPD results from individuals preferring their own group (in-group) and looking for negative aspects of another group (out-group). B. SPD results from individuals' psychological processes and personality characteristics. C. SPD is universal and inevitable. D. Both A and C
D. Both A and C
Why is it important to attend and actively participate during lecture? A. Class participation and attendance is worth 5% of your grade. B. You will receive extra credit for participation. C. Lecture slides will not be posted onto CatCourses. D. Both A and C are correct.
D. Both A and C are correct.
In Fellanz's (2004) "Using assessment to support higher-level learning: the multiple-choice item development assignment," all of the following are justifications for the four-questions technique for students to think more deeply except: A. For recall purposes B. To justify which is less valuable C. To test higher knowledge D. For feedback purposes
D. For feedback purposes
After repetitive harassment Corey has accepted that he is inferior to the oppressors, what type of discrimination is this an example of? A. Interpersonal discrimination B. Systematic discrimination C. Institutional discrimination D. Internalized discrimination
D. Internalized discrimination
Favoring a particular religion, based on the conviction that one's religion is superior to other religions is an example of: A. Classism B. Ableism C. Ethnocentrism D. Religiocentrism
D. Religiocentrism
Qualitative
Data in the form of words Researchers collect data through interviews, direct observations, video/audio recording, and their own personal experience Qualitative Questionnaires: questions are open-ended ex: content/thematic analysis
How did the students demonstrate outgroup discrimination in the lab in Musical Taste and Ingroup Favoritism (Lonsdale & North, 2009)?
Each student was told that they either prefer paul lewis or citizen 64 (the preferences were random) They were told that they would have to pay everyone (with reward tokens) for participation. They were given the names and preference of music for everyone in the in and out-group The students gave fewer reward tokens to those who did not have the same musical preference (out-group)
Musical Taste and Ingroup Favoritism (Lonsdale & North, 2009) Hypothesis/focus? IV? DV? Results?
Hypothesis: people (university psy students in Uk) would show in-group and out-group bias/discrimination based on musical taste IV: musical style DV: in-group favoritism/bias Results: 1st study: students were significantly more likely to attribute negative characteristics to the fans of the musical style they did not like; they were more likely to attribute positive characteristics to the fans of the music they liked 2nd study: used the minimal group paradigm to show that individuals allocate greater rewards to those believed to share their musical taste.
Prejudice
Is an opinion, prejudgment, or attitude about a group or its individual members Can be caused by ignorance or fear of people or groups we aren't familiar with Textbook: attitudes directed toward people because they are members of a specific social group
Sociocultural theory example?
Most individuals internalize their culture's stereotypes along with other cultural norms and attitudes example: social role theory
Intergroup Relations Theory example?
SPD result from perceptions of competition with other groups Groups compete with one another for resources and people develop a dislike of members of other groups because they are trying to get the things they want. example: Relative deprivation theory
How did the researchers create the conditions for in-group favoritism & outgroup discrimination in Musical Taste and Ingroup Favoritism (Lonsdale & North, 2009)?
Students were divided into 2 groups (in/out-group) of 8 and listened to 14 songs by fictional artists. Students were told that in their in-group 4 of them prefer paul lewis and 4 liked the other artists, which was a lie to create in-group diversity
What is a reason for outgrip homogeneity?
We see outgroups as homogenous because of lack of contact/interaction with the group
Operational definition
a statement of how to measure the variables or how to define terms Must indicate how the variable is measured (ex: negative attitudes through questionnaire)
The United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and Northern Europe are seen as ________ because they are independent, high in autonomy and value uniqueness more than equal treatment and opportunity for all people. a. Individualistic. b. Egalitarianism. c. Compassionate. d. Sexist.
a. Individualistic.
While using public transportation, a Caucasian passenger chose to stand instead of sitting next to a person of color. What type of discrimination would best describe this encounter? a. Interpersonal discrimination. b. Institutional discrimination. c. Cultural discrimation. d.Organizational discrimination.
a. Interpersonal discrimination.
affect = _________ cognition = ________ behavior = _________
affect (emotion)= prejudice cognition (thoughts) = stereotype behavior = dicrimination (put things in action)
Internalized discrimination
an individual accepts negative attitudes, beliefs, or ideologies about the superiority of other groups and the inferiority of their own group
Variable
any characteristic in which people differ; any factor that can change in a research project
Physiological measures
assess changes in the body's responses to a stimulus Include measures of blood pressure, small facial movement, muscle movements, brain imaging techniques (fMRI) Participants connected to some kind of machine and were given stimuli. The machine captures the body's reaction to images, words, sounds Example: Prejudice towards people with face tattoos can be seen using physiological measures (through amygdala activation using fMRI to capture the intensity of negative emotions towards facial tattoos)
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
assesses the extent to which unassociated concepts make responding more difficult participants are seated in front of a computer screen and shown stimuli. They are asked to sort words or images in two categories (some words are positive and negative)
What dual processes does stereotyping activation & application involve?
automatic and controlled can occur in close succession or simultaneously
What does MCIDA stand for? a. Multiple-choice Intellectual Developed Assessment. b. Multiple-choice Item Development Assignment. c. Multiple-choice item Developed Assignment. d.Multiple-choice Item Developing Assessment.
b. Multiple-choice Item Development Assignment.
Why are humans 'prejudice' (from birth, it seems)?
categorization Boils down to our survival (as a species, society, worldview)
How do researchers test explicit awareness in infants/children?
classification & sorting Classification: show a picture and put the object in the category it belongs to. During preschool, gender, race, and age make it easy for the child to categorize
_______ reduces prejudice
compassion: a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for other people's suffering or bad luck and a desire to help
prejudice gap
conservatives are more prejudiced/intolerant than liberals
the more the _______, the less the prejudice
contact
situational context
cues in the environment that we do not realize that can facilitate/inhibit stereotypes
In the article, "Psychology's favourite tool for measuring implicit bias is still mired in controversy," Jesse Singal (2018) makes all of the following claims EXCEPT a. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) shows little evidence for predicting real-world behavior. b. The IAT measures familiarity with racially based concepts, not endorsement of such concepts. c. The IAT measures biases in a decontextualized social setting, which falsifies the statement that the IAT measures biases based on social context. d. Implicit biases, when made aware of through measures such as the IAT, can lead to changes in explicit behavior.
d. Implicit biases, when made aware of through measures such as the IAT, can lead to changes in explicit behavior.
A common criticism of the Implicit Associations Task (IAT) is: a. It measures implicit attitudes rather than explicit attitudes. b. Implicit attitudes cannot be measured. c. The task is too easy. d. It measures familiarity with cultural norms, rather than implicit attitudes.
d. It measures familiarity with cultural norms, rather than implicit attitudes.
Which theory attempts to strengthen one's self-esteem and explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious? a. Sociocultural theory. b. Cognitive theory. c. Intergroup relations theory. d. Psychodynamic theory.
d. Psychodynamic theory.
Controlled processes
explicit, slow, thoughtful, deliberate
How do researchers test implicit awareness in infants/children?
habituation and discrimination paradigms Babies presented with stimuli, e.g., images, until they are used to stimuli (habituation) looking/staring/sucking time is recorded Discrimination & preference as a function of time invested in staring, sucking, etc.
automatic processes
implicit, fast, spontaneous, reacting to stimuli without a lot of deliberation
hierarchy of evidence
indicates the most trustworthy sources of evidence from most trustworthy/good quality to least: meta-analysis systematic review randomized controlled trials cohort studies case control studies case series/case reports background information/expert opinion
Contact hypothesis
inter-group contact more likely to reduce prejudice, under four conditions: 1. Equal status 2. Cooperation 3. Common goals 4. Support by social & institutional authorities The idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
independent variable
manipulated/changed variable to see if it will result in changes in the DV
dependent variable
measured variable; variable of interest; changes based on manipulation of IV
what is a con of physiological measures?
measures how familiar people are with the subject, fast associations bw concepts may reflect familiarity instead of bias
Intention-Behavior Gap
mismatch between people's attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and their actual behaviors; people's beliefs do not always end up to that action
Self-report
most direct way to find out people's attitudes; assuming that participants attitudes/opinions/beliefs predict actual behavior
ageism
negative reactions to older people; involves prejudice and discrimination
What is a consequence of social categorization?
outgroup homogeneity effect
Bogardus Social Distance Scale
participants report how closely they would be interacting with members of a group
What is a con about self-report?
people may want to give socially-desirable answers participants easily conceal their true beliefs and behaviors
Ideologies
predispose us in seeing the world in certain ways; they inspire, motivate, and drive us to reach our goals Conservative tend to be more prejudice towards a variety of social groups compared to liberals
classism
prejudice due to a person's social class
Perceived value differences hypothesis
prejudice is, in part, based on the perception that outgroups' value systems differ from one's own Intense dislike for those who have different values than our own
Relative Deprivation Theory
prejudice results from the resentent people feel when they believe that their group has been deprived of some resource that another group receives
implicit cognition measures
quick, almost automatic and do not require a lot of attention measures assess the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory Ex: not wanting to sit next to someone w/ facial tattoos
implicit cognition measures one type of implicit cognitive measure
quick, almost automatic and do not require a lot of attention measures assess the degree to which concepts are associated with one another in memory. Ex: not wanting to sit next to someone w/ facial tattoos Type: Implicit association test (IAT)
What are some types of isms?
racism classism sexism heterosexism ageism religious centrism
Prototypicality
refers to a person's perception of the most typical/representative characteristics of people belonging to a group extent to which a member of a social group or category fits the observer's concept of the essential features characteristic of that social group or category
what is a con of implicit cognitive measure?
require participants to do complicated task, slow reaction could be because of difficulty of executing tasks
meta-analysis
research method that statistically combines the results of multiple studies to determine the average relationship between the variables across studies
Quantitative Research
research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form ex: surveys and experimental design
Likert scale
scale to show the degree people agree or disagree with a statement
individualism
self-reliance, independence, uniqueness, protestant work ethic (hard word, discipline, frugality) emphasizing personal responsibility, hard work as the means to success, self-reliance, and trying to improve one's lot in life USA, Canada, Australia, the UK, and Northern European countries
explicit cognitive measures
slow, requires conscious/deliberate attention ex: After a while of driving, driving goes from explicit to implicit
What theory was mentioned in Musical Taste and Ingroup Favoritism (Lonsdale & North, 2009)?
social identity theory predicts that individuals should perceive and behave more favorably towards those perceived to share their musical taste than towards those who do not
Hypothesis
states a relationship between 2 or more variables that can be investigated, tested, or explored; educated guess about what could and what should happen in a study.
Egalitarianism
strong emphasis on principles of equal opportunity, equal treatment for all people, and concern for others well-being Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland (also in Northern Europe)
Instituational (systemic) discrimination
structured into political and social institutions and discriminates either directly or indirectly of a social group Textbook: when norms, policies, and practices associated with a social institution, such as the family, religious institutions, the educational system, and the criminal justice system, result in different outcomes for members of different groups
Terror management theory
suggests that all these intense emotions are based on fear of death Hypothesizes human beings unconsciously defend themselves in 2 ways: (a) faith in internalized cultural worldview, and (b) self-esteem, which is attained by living up to the standards of value prescribed by one's worldview
Evidence synthesis
summaries and overviews of the literature summarize/synthesize all available information/evidence on a topic to provide recommendation of future research and practice
cognitive overload (busyness)
the amount of information we are dealing with can facilitate/inhibit stereotypes High cognitive load can facilitate stereotypes
social categorization
the creation of in-groups (group we belong to) and out-groups (group we don't belong to); it is easier to see/prefer our group in a better light A natural process through which we place individuals into social categories/groups; we typically categorize people on the basis of demographics (race, religion, personality traits, weight, height, interests, occupation)
stereotype application
the extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of the stereotyped group
Bullying
verbal, physical, social or psychological abuse. A form of discrimination, especially when based on characteristics, such as age, gender, rac, or religion
social role theory
when people observe others, they pay attention to the social roles others occupy, such as their occupations. As they watch individuals complete certain tasks, such as women caring for children or men conducting a business meeting, they draw the conclusion that actors are what they do. That is, they come to associate the characteristics of the role with the individuals who occupy it.
Cultural discrimination
when the dominant group establishes and maintains its position at the top of the societal hierarchy byrewarding the values and associated behaviors that correspond to its views and punishing values and behaviors that do not Within a culture, one group may retain the power to define the culture's value system and minority groups and their cultural heritage are marginalized
Organizational discrimination
when the practices, rules, and policies of formal organizations, such as corporations or government agencies have discriminatory outcomes EX: racial or gender discrimination in work place
outgroup homogeneity effect
when we categorize we begin to look at people in the out-group as similar/homogenous and the in-group as being more diverse/unique than they actually are people tend to see members of their own group as very different from one another and, at the same time, tend to underestimate the differences between members of other groups
self-fulfilling prophecy
you believe something is true → you look for signs that support your view → you start to act differently towards others → other people notice your behavior → they start to believe it and act accordingly A strong belief that we have about ourselves, about other people, or future events. This strong belief comes true because we hold it and behave in ways that make it happen
_______ refers to asking people about their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors and then recording what they say (Kite & Whitley, 2016). a. Physiological Measures b. Self Report c. Implicit Cognition Measures d. Unobtrusive Measures
b. Self Report
Which of the following is the most effective way to observe the best quality of information regarding research findings in the hierarchy of evidence? a. Expert opinions. b. Case control studies. c. Meta-analysis. d. Randomized controlled trials.
c. Meta-analysis.
Janell is curious how tall her first grade students are and checks their height with a stadiometer/ruler. What type of measure was used to calculate height? a. Content analysis measure. b. Quantitative measure. c. Qualitative measure. d.Mixed method measure.
c. Qualitative measure.
A study is conducted on undergraduates at UC Merced to determine the levels of prejudice towards students with facial tattoos. Three confederates, one with facial tattoos, the other two without facial tattoos took part in the study. The confederate with facial tattoos was given a resume containing more qualifications than the others. In the first part of the study, research participants are handed resumes of potential candidates and asked to decide which is the most qualified candidate. They record their ratings on a scale. For the second part of the study, participants were asked to conduct in-person interviews, in which the same information listed in the resumes was shared. Again, the confederate with the facial tattoos reported a higher number of qualifications. Results showed that in the first part of the study, participants overwhelmingly chose the resume of the confederate with facial tattoos. In the second part of the study, the participants denied the confederate with facial tattoos the job a majority of the time. Which statement best explains the findings of the study? a. Undergraduates in this study harbor no prejudice over those with facial tattoos. b. Undergraduates in this study harbor racist beliefs towards those with facial tattoos. c. Undergraduates in this study harbor prejudices against those with facial tattoos. d. Undergraduates in this study harbor positive prejudices towards those with facial tattoos.
c. Undergraduates in this study harbor prejudices against those with facial tattoos.
According to Dietz-Uhler and Lanter (2009), the four-questions technique involves analyzing, reflecting, generating, and _____. A. Synthesizing B. Relating C. Comparing D. Comprehension
B. Relating
In U.S. courthouses, during court sessions, people are required to swear on the Bible before speaking in front of a judge. This form of centrism is called... A. Heterosexism B. Religion-centrism C. Racism D.Classim
B. Religion-centrism
According to the textbook and lecture (Whitley & Kite, 2016; Protogerou, 2020), which of the following is one of the factors that can facilitate stereotype activation? A. Discrimination B. Situational context C. Chauvinism D. Egalitarianism
B. Situational context
Prejudice is affected by social norms. Therefore, one might hypothesize that prejudice against obese poeple might be higher in places where the majority of people are fit, such as the gym. What kind of theory does this hypothesis support? A. Psychodynamic Theory B. Sociocultural Theory C. Intergroup Relations Theory D. Cognitive Theory
B. Sociocultural Theory
Implicit prejudice is ____ activation of stereotypes and attitudes while explicit prejudice is _____ activation of stereotypes and attitudes. A. Quick; slow B. Unconscious; conscious C. Slow; quick D. Conscious; unconscious
B. Unconscious; conscious
Which of the following best defines the term heterosexism? A. A prejudiced attitude or discriminatory practices against homosexuals by heterosexuals. B. A prejudiced attitude or discriminatory practices against heterosexuals by homosexuals. C. Attitudes or behaviors based on traditional stereotypes of gender roles. D. The idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to dominate others or that a particular racial group is inferior to the others.
A. A prejudiced attitude or discriminatory practices against homosexuals by heterosexuals.
According to Dietz-Uhler and Lanter (2013), the four-questions technique is shown to improve students' test performance. How was this achieved in the study? A. By using the four-questions technique before a test B. By using the four-questions technique after a test C. By using the four-questions technique before and after a test. D. There is no actual evidence that the four-questions technique improves test performance
A. By using the four-questions technique before a test
Professor Joe has been receiving multiple threats and demands from his students regarding the taught course. These students are demanding that Professor Joe raise their grades without providing any documentation that the students actually deserved higher grades. Professor Joe believes that he is experiencing a form of.... A. Contra-power harassment and discrimination B. Grade grubbing C. Institutional discrimination D. Interpersonal discrimination
A. Contra-power harassment and discrimination
According to the findings of the study titled "The face of chauvinism: How prejudice expectations shape perceptions of facial affect," conducted by Inzlicht et al. (2007), It was found that members of stigmatized groups who are high in stigma consciousness are sensitive to what emotions? A. Emotions that are central to prejudice expectations B. All types of rejecting emotions C. Emotions of anger and contempt D. A and C
A. Emotions that are central to prejudice expectations
Which of the following statements about experimental designs is TRUE? A. Experimental conditions manipulate the IV, while control conditions do not. B. Experimental conditions include a placebo, while control conditions include a treatment. C. Experimental and control conditions include the same treatment. D. Experimental conditions include a treatment, while control conditions receive a meta-analysis.
A. Experimental conditions manipulate the IV, while control conditions do not.
Jackie is being bullied at school because of the color of her skin. This type of discrimination is an example of: A. Interpersonal discrimination B. Systematic discrimination C. Institutional discrimination D. Internalized discrimination
A. Interpersonal discrimination
Kim has decided to go to her favorite restaurant in town by herself one night. The waitress introduces herself, gives Kim a rude look, and then proceeds to ignore Kim for the rest of the night. Kim soon notices that everyone around her is being served even though Kim had arrived sooner than the other customers. Kim believes the waitress has been ignoring her because she is transgender. Kim does not believe she should be treated this way. What has Kim experienced? A. Interpersonal discrimination B. Systematic/institutionalized discrimination C. Internalized discrimination D. Professional discrimination
A. Interpersonal discrimination
Which of the following is an example of heuristic? A. Placing someone into a social category. B. Feeling intense emotions because we fear death.(terror management theory) C. Following someone because you believe that they are up to no good. (discrimination) D. Perceiving a serious situation and willing to do something about it. (compassion)
A. Placing someone into a social category.
What theory of Discrimination does NOT apply to this scenario? John believes that women make poor workers. This belief holds true throughout his society. He is a manager of a packaging company which has not been making profit. Thus, John intentionally hires all male employees. In his opinion, women make poor employees since they are weaker than men and moody. A. Scientific Racism B. Sociocultural Theory C. Cognitive Theory D. Psychodynamic Theory
A. Scientific Racism
"All Asians can't drive", "all Mexicans are illegal in the US", and "all Asians are smart" are all types of ________. A. Stereotypes B. Discrimination C. Prejudices D. Both Discrimination and Stereotypes
A. Stereotypes
What's the difference between stereotyping and discrimation? A. Stereotyping is a view/ belief people have towards a group/person, whereas discrimination is prejudical treatment against a group/person. B. Stereotyping and discrimination are both acts of mistreatment towards an individual or group. C. Stereotyping is a negative thought about a person has on an individual or group for personal reasons, whereas discrimination is showing kind behavior to an individual. D. None of the above.
A. Stereotyping is a view/ belief people have towards a group/person, whereas discrimination is prejudical treatment against a group/person.
What is an example of implicit bias? A. Disliking all police officers after being harassed by one B. Having all white friends and not understanding why you feel uncomfortable around people of color C. Not hiring people with mohawks for your firm because you believe they are all delinquents D. Trying to be friends with people of color because you want to understand them
B. Having all white friends and not understanding why you feel uncomfortable around people of color
A restaurant owner who refuses to serve a person in a wheelchair purely based on his/her disability is an example of: a. Ageism b. Racism c. Interpersonal Ableism d. Institutional Ableism
C. Interpersonal Ableism
According to the syllabus, at the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT: A. Knowledge of the basic principles, methods, and theories used in research on stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. B. Ability to write research papers in APA style. C. Knowledge and understanding of statistical research. D. Critical understanding and appraisal of course context.
C. Knowledge and understanding of statistical research.
Fatima is a psychologist that is working on a research project. She plans on utilizing a mixed-methods design for her study. How is she most likely going to obtain her data? A. Through utilizing research tactics that yield qualitative data B. Through utilizing research tactics that yield quantitative data C. Through triangulation D. Through research tactics of the hierarchy of evidence
C. Through triangulation
In the study Using the four-questions technique to enhance learning (Dietz-Uhler & Lanter 2009), the researchers stated that ______ gives a student a deeper way to think about the material being taught. A. rewriting their notes B. reading the articles out loud C. relating the material to their own life experiences D. watching supplemental videos
C. relating the material to their own life experiences
Which of these options is an example of contrapower harassment? A. A faculty member hitting on a student. B. One intern is humiliating another intern of the same program at a company. C. A parent teasing their child. D. A person in the military yells inappropriate statements to their commanding officer.
D. A person in the military yells inappropriate statements to their commanding officer.
The ideological-conflict hypothesis (Brandt et al., 2014) What did it show evidence for and against? What did the 3 studies show? What is ideological-conflict hypothesis?
Provided evidence Against: prejudice gap For: bipartisan prejudice For: ideological-conflict hypothesis (aka perceived value differences) For: motivated information processing (confirmation bias) three independent labs conducted multiple studies of liberals' and conservatives' attitudes regarding various issues and groups that either conflicted or were consistent with their respective values and agendas These studies have demonstrated that liberals and conservatives express similar levels of intolerance toward ideologically dissimilar and threatening groups. ideological-conflict hypothesis: predicts that conservatives and liberals will be similarly intolerant against social groups whose values and beliefs are inconsistent with their own
The face of chauvinism (Inzlicht et al., 2008) hypothesis?
Tested a type of self-fulfilling prophecy and predicted that female ungrads who had accepted/internalized/anticipated gender based prejudice/differences by men would interpret men's facial expressions as having contempt, even if it is not there In two studies, participants watched a series of computer-generated movies showing animated faces morphing from expres- sions of rejection (i.e., contempt and anger) to acceptance, and indicated when the initial expression of rejection changed. We also assessed stigma consciousness Hypothesis: females with high stigma consciousness would see contempt last longer Study 1 IV: extent of prejudice expectations (stigma consciousness); operational definition = 10 item stigma conscious questionnaire DV: difference in time to detect contempt in male faces vs female faces; operational definition = scale that measures degree of stigma consciousness Findings: women with high stigma consciousness saw contempt more readily and for longer periods of time on men faces than women faces, despite having the same time for videos Results show that prejudice expectations lead individuals to interpret out-group faces as more rejecting than in-group faces, but only for female perceivers, and not for males.
stereotype activation
The extent to which stereotypes are accessible in one's mind & applied in real life Because a stereotype applies only to a given group, it has no function except in relation to its group and so usually lies dormant until activated, such as through an encounter with a member of a stereotyped group.
religious-centrism
a system of prejudice & discrimination favoring a particular religion. Based on the conviction that one religion is superior to others.
heterosexism
a system of prejudice & discrimination favoring opposite-sex sexiality & relationship. Based on the conviction that opposite-sex attraction is the norm Ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community
According to the textbook, what are the 5 Ds of Difference, the common reactions used when interacting with members of different groups (page 161)? a. Distancing, denial, defensiveness, devaluing, and discovery b. Denial, deviance, diplomacy, directness, and divulging c. Distracting, diplomacy, denial, defensiveness, and discovery d. Diplomacy, directness, difference, dialect, and division
a. Distancing, denial, defensiveness, devaluing, and discovery
What are the types of discrimination (5)?
interpersonal, organizational, institutional, cultural, internalized