Psy 200

One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by _____.

myelination

Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do?

Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age

Which of the following statements is true about brain development?

Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later

Tristan has a genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks. His doctor told Tristan's mother that he has:

Fragile X syndrome

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality

Of the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS?

Mimi; her mother smokes

_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.

Normative age-graded influences

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?

The overall size of the brain does not increase dramatically from ages 3-15

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the LEAST stranger anxiety?

When she meets another 9-month old baby at her home

Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Sandra should:

be content that this is normal for Manuel's age

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that

begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.

biological

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a _____ pattern of growth.

cephalocaudal

Mary's mother has blonde hair and her father has brown hair. Mary has a gene for brown hair and a gene for blonde hair. She has brown hair. This indicates that the gene for brown hair is a(n) _____.

dominant gene

When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.

emotion-coaching

Which of the following emotions is expressed by infants in the first six months of life?

fear

Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic due to the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how:

for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expresses

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.

frontal

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

hunger cry

Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This indicates a belief in the concept of:

immanent justice

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

initiative versus guilt

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere is due to _____.

lateralization

During the process of _____, the cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides resulting in the formation of two cells.

mitosis

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

multidirectional

A(n) _____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

myelin sheath

The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

proteins

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.

reflexive

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of _____.

social referencing

The social role theory suggests that:

the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.