PSY 210 - Chapter 6 LearnSmart
True or false: Piaget believed that children were like sponges and passively absorbed information from the world around them.
False; Piaget believed that children actively construct their own knowledge.
Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally put her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back in her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?
First habits and primary circular reactions
Which of the following emphasizes the social context of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction?
Social constructivist approach
Current research on infant cognition tends to be more ____________ than Piaget's theory.
Specialized
True or false: assimilation dominates the initial development of formal operational thought.
True
True or false: many American adults having never become formal operational thinkers.
True
Most developmentalist today believe that Piaget:
Underestimated the early cognitive accomplishments of infants.
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into ___________ substages, each of which builds on the previous one.
6
Which of the following is considered a behavioral scheme?
A baby sucking a thumb
The mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next is referred to by Piaget as:
Equilibr
True or false: concrete operations do not allow the child to consider multiple characteristics of an object.
False
True or false: current research supports Piaget's theory that development occurs in distinct stages.
False
True or false: current research supports Piaget's view that development occurs in distinct stages.
False
True or false: if a preoperational child cannot conserve length, the child also will not be able to conserve number.
False
True or false: research on tasks in concrete operations is consistent with the idea that all abilities of the stage emerge (conservation transitivity etc.) at the same time.
False
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object oriented and less focused on their own body?
Secondary circular reactions
When babies initially become self-preoccupied and more interested in objects, they are most likely in the __________ sensorimotor substage.
Secondary circular reactions
Researchers who have evaluated Piaget's stages have suggested that his theory of __________ development needs to be changed and enhanced.
Sensorimotor
In Piaget's theory, ___________ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order cognitive system.
Organization
Terry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions?
A-not-B error
Callie is a toddler who has never seen a cow before. Initially she calls the couch a horse because she has a toy barn with a horse, and the cows were in the barn on the farm. Her mother tells her that the animal she is looking at is a cow. She quickly learns that what a cow looks, smells, and sounds like after feeding at some grass. What has Callie done with the information that she has gained about cows ?
Accommodated the information about cows and created a cow scheme
A child has learned new information, and it successfully adjust its schemes to take the information into account. Psychologist call this process __________.
Accommodation
Piaget believed that children _________ their own cognitive worlds.
Actively construct
Which of the following is an accurate description of critiques of Piaget's sensorimotor stage in recent research?
An infant's cognitive world is not as neatly packaged as Piaget portrays it.
The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ___________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as temporary support to help a child master a task.
Scaffolding
Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of:
Animism
Abby, a 15-month-old girl, has a white toy poodle as a pet at home. She knows that the pet is a dog. While Abby is at the park with her mother she sees a small white dog. She points to the dog and says, "puppy!" what Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Assimilation
An infant sucks on a thumb, a pacifier, and a bottle. The scheme of sucking similar objects is an example of:
Assimilation
Incorporating new information into existing knowledge is a description of:
Assimilation
___________ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
Assimilation
Through which of the following processes do children seek equilibrium?
Assimilation and accommodation
According to Gelman, which of the following is an important aspect of the development of conservation skills?
Attention
As compared to an elementary school student, a 3-year-old is more likely to draw a picture of a:
Blue sun shining over the pink ocean
Most developmentalist today believe that ____________ is/are involved in infants' cognitive development.
Both nature and nurture
Grasping, strategies for problem-solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ___________, according to Piaget.
Schemes
The limitation of preoperational thought that occurs when an individual focuses attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called:
Centration
During the _________ operational stage, children are able to classify objects and consider their interrelationships.
Concrete
The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when it's appearance is altered is known as:
Conservation
Vygotsky's theory stresses the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate:
Contextual factors in learning
Baby troy sees his favorite bear on the couch across the room. he crawls over to the couch, pulls himself up, and reaches for his bear. which sensorimotor substage does troy fit into
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
When infants begin to engage in eye—hand coordination, they are most likely in the _________ sensorimotor substage.
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory place is more emphasis on:
Cultural context and social interaction
According to criticisms of Piaget's theory, which of the following have a larger effect on cognitive development than Piaget acknowledged?
Culture and education
Adolescent feelings of personal uniqueness are more likely to be related to which of the following?
Depression
Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and thought:
Develop independently and then merge
Which of the following is a tool of scaffolding in the ZPD that helps a child to develop more systematic, logical, and rational concepts?
Dialogue
According to Piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as:
Disequilibrium
Jacob is playing hide-and-seek with his aunt. He believes she cannot see him hiding in a glass-enclosed shower. This is an example of ___________, or only seeing things from his perspective.
Egocentrism
The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective in someone else's perspective is called
Egocentrism
Gisela Labouvie-Vief and her colleagues argue that it is necessary to consider how ___________ maturity might affect cognitive development to understand cognitive changes in adulthood.
Emotional
A persons ability to reason abstractly is referred to as his or her
Fluid intelligence
During the __________ operational thought stage, an adolescent between 11 and 15 years old will be able to reason logically beyond concrete experiences.
Formal
___________ operational thought includes an increase in abstract thinking.
Formal
According to Piaget, ________ _________ thought is the final stage in cognitive development and characterizes adolescence as well as adults.
Formal operational
Sydney told her mother she was trying to think about why she was thinking about her friend in school. This statement lets Sydney's mother know she is now in the ___________ stage of Piaget's theory, due to her use of abstract thought.
Formal operational
One study found that adolescents with a sense of psychological invulnerability:
Had higher self-esteem and were less likely to be depressed.
Some developmental psychologists propose that as young adults enter the world of work, their thinking changes. They face the constraints of reality, and their:
Idealism decreases
What do critics of Vygotsky's theory think of his thoughts on collaboration and guidance?
It has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful or children are lazy
Like Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized that children actively construct their:
Knowledge and understanding
All of the following are enduring components of Piaget's theory except
Latency Components: -Object permanence -Accommodation -Assimilation -Conservation -Seriation -Transitivity -Personal fable -Imaginary audience
Gisela Labouvie-Vief and her colleagues emphasize that in middle-age, individuals become inwardly reflective and context dependent in their thinking than they were as young adults.
More; less
According to the core knowledge approach, which of the following plays the most important role in infant development?
Nature
Many researchers believe that Piaget was _________ about how infants learn about their world.
Not specific enough
When Nancy moves eight-month-old Abigail's toy out of her crib, Abigail begins to look for it. Abigail has developed:
Object permanence
____________ is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Object permanence
According to Piaget's preoperational stage, child does not yet perform _________, which are defined as reversible mental actions.
Operations
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called:
Schemes
What has been done with his knowledge of bike riding?
Organized his knowledge of bike riding.
Theorist suggest that motor, sensory, and __________ development occur much earlier than predicted.
Perceptual
The ________ fable is the part of the adolescence egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
Personal
What term refers to adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility?
Personal fable
One of _________'s enduring contributions to childhood development is the understanding that concepts do not emerge suddenly, full-blown, but instead develop through a series of partial accomplishments.
Piaget
Some theorists have proposed a cognitive stage beyond Piaget's last stage of formal operational thought. They call this fifth stage ________ thought.
Postformal
The stage of __________ thought involves complex thinking, which is more reflective, relativistic, and contextual.
Postformal
According to Piaget's theory, failing the conservation of liquid task is a sign that children are in the ___________ stage of cognitive development.
Preoperational
What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
Preoperational stage
Two-year-old Allison pretends that a banana is a phone. She is using the banana as a symbol, demonstrating that she can reconstruct actions and things in thought rather than relying on what is present. This demonstrates that Allison is capable of:
Preoperational thought
What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Primitive reasoning
In Vygotsky's theory, the use of language for self-regulation is called:
Private speech
According to Piaget, during the ________ substage, young children gain the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present.
Symbolic function
According to Piaget, during the __________ substage, young children gain the ability to represent mentally an object that is not present.
Symbolic function
Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head like a hat. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in?
Tertiary circular reactions
Infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems according to:
The core knowledge approach
In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on:
The infant's own body.
Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's ideas on formal operational thought?
There is more individual variation in formal operational thought than Piaget envisioned.
How does research by with regard to the way young infants see objects differ from Piaget's?
They concluded that infants see objects as unitary, solid, and separate from their background much earlier than Piaget envisioned.
According to Vygotsky, at the point that self talk becomes second nature to children, children have internalized their egocentric speech in the form of inner speech, which becomes their ___________.
Thoughts
Trevor understands that if Paul is older than Jake, and Jake is older than Melissa, then Paul is older than Melissa. Trevor has demonstrated the ability of:
Transitivity
Around the age of 5, children will do which of the following?
-Develop an interest in the ability to use reason -Want to know why things are the way they are
Which of the following are important components of the Tools of the Mind curriculum?
-Dramatic play -Scaffolding writing
Which of the following would be a characteristic of the classroom of a teacher who had adopted Piaget's views?
-Encouragement of peer interaction -Games to stimulate mathematical thinking -Teacher observation of student interests
During Piaget's 5th sensorimotor stage, in which the infant develops tertiary circular reactions, which two of the following are also developed?
-Curiosity -Interest in novelty
How do you theorist today see cognitive development?
-Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage -Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier -It is not as stage-like as Piaget proposed
Which of the following statements illustrate the symbolic function substage?
-Children scribbling a picture to represent their family -Children continuing to see the world only from their perspective -Children dressing up to pretend they are knights and wizards
In which of the following ways did Rochel Gelman's research on conservation differ from Piaget's?
-Conservation appears earlier than Piaget thought -Attention is important in explaining conservation
Which of the following concepts correctly describes an aspect of Vygotsky's theory
-Context and collaboration are fundamental -Children organize through social interactions
Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently Ian is:
-At the upper level of his zone of proximal development
According to neo-Piagetians, Piaget's theory needs more emphasis on which of the following?
-Attention -Memory -Children's strategies -Information-processing speed
Research indicates that children who use a lot of private speech are ___________ than those who do not.
-Better able to improve their performance -More attentive
Which of the following statements best describes the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?
-Children are able to use words to describe their world -Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs -Children form stable concepts and begin to reason
Which of the following are ways that Vygotsky's theories have been incorporated in the classroom setting?
-Encouraging children to develop private speech in the classroom to aid in problem-solving skills -Using more skilled peers as teachers -Providing more real life learning experiences and abstract presentations in classroom instruction
Tools of the Mind, an early childhood education curriculum focuses on which of the following?
-Guiding children to create dramatic play themes based on their interests -Developing self-regulation
Formal operational thought includes which of the following?
-Idealism -Hypothetical and logical reasoning -Abstract propositions
Adolescent egocentrism includes which of the following?
-Imaginary audience -Personal fable
Which of the following are possible explanations for why infants make A-not-B errors?
-Infants tend to repeat previous motor behaviors -Infants have failures in memory
Lauren has just begun to use a sippy cup after sucking out of a bottle for the first year of her life. She becomes frustrated because she tries to suck out of the spout the cup, but nothing comes out. Her father shows her that she needs to tip the cup to get the liquid to come out. Her initial drinking's game has come into conflict. What page and concepts fits with Lauren's cognitive experience?
-Lauren is in a state of disequilibrium -Lauren will organize her knowledge of drinking after experiencing different types of cups -Lauren will need to accommodate her drinking scheme to fit the new information
Which of the following are characteristic of adolescent thought in the formal operational stage?
-Logical -Idealistic -Abstract -Systematic
Which of the following or criticisms of Vygotsky's theory?
-Over emphasizing the role of language -Not specific about age related changes
In comparing Piaget's theory with Vygotsky's theory, which of the following statements correctly describe their viewpoints?
-Piaget and Vygotsky viewed teachers as guides of learning -Piaget emphasized individual needs, and Vygotsky emphasized social interactions -Piaget's final stage of development is formal operational thought; Vygotsky proposed development is dependent on culturally specific tasks
Cognitive pragmatics associated with experience and culture involve which of the following?
-Professional skills -Life wisdom -Language comprehension
Which of the following are characteristic of children who have reached the concrete operational stage?
-Seriation -Conservation -Transitivity
According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed towards themselves and others for which of the following reasons?
-Social communication -Planning their behaviors -Problem solving
Which of the following are research conclusions that cast doubt on Piaget's theory of development?
-Some cognitive abilities have been shown to emerge earlier than Piaget thought -Some cognitive abilities have been shown to emerge lighter than Piaget thought -Children often show more understanding on one task than on another similar task
Which of these are words that would describe a typical three year old's drawing?
-Symbolic -Fanciful -Imaginative
Which of the following is likely to exert a stronger influence on a child's development than was acknowledged by Piaget?
-The impact of an effective math and science teacher -The development of conservation skills through a cultures early teaching of basket making
Why are children in the concrete operational stage able to perform conservation tasks?
-They can classify or divide things into different sets of subjects. -They can consider several characteristics of an object at once -They are capable of seriation and transitivity
Which of the following is true of neo-Pagietians?
-They have elaborated on Piaget's theory -They stress attention to children's strategies
The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best illustrated by which statement?
-Thunder is mad and yelling at us -The sunshine is happy
Which of the following apply Vygotsky's concepts in the classroom?
-Using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills -Focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills
Which statements best describes the concept of private speech?
-Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development -According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help them learn -According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help themselves accomplish difficult problem-solving tasks
Place the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage in order from first to last.
1. Simple reflexes 2. First habits and primary circular reactions 3. Secondary circular reactions 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions 5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity 6. Internalization of schemes
According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?
24 months
A constructivist approach in the classroom emphasizes that children:
Actively seek solutions on their own
What is the overall term for an adolescent's heightened self-consciousness?
Adolescent egocentrism
Researchers who have evaluated Piaget's stages have suggested that his theory of ___________ development needs to be changed and enhanced.
Sensorimotor
The ___________ stage is the name of the page and stage that occurs between birth and two years of age.
Sensorimotor
Martina is working on a problem in chemistry. She has formed several ideas about how to solve the problem and, based on systematic and logical thinking, she has decided which approach would be the best. She is engaging in:
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
The ___________ audience emerges from adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are and that everyone is watching them.
Imaginary
What term refers to adolescents' belief that others are watching them and they are on a stage?
Imaginary audience
According to Piaget, training a child to reason at a higher cognitive stage is:
Ineffective unless they are at a transition point between the stages.
Behavioral schemes involve:
Interacting with the physical world through motor activities
Callie is a child with easy- going temperament. one saturday she spends the day with her cousin lauren. Callie observes lauren telling her father "no" everytime he asks her to do something. The next day when callie is home, her mother asks her to bring her cup to the sink. Callie said "no" what sensorimotor substage is callie most likely in:
Internalization of schemes
When infants begin using primitive symbols, they are in the _________ sensorimotor substage.
Internalization of schemes
The preoperational thought substage is called _________ thought is considered the period when children and seek answers to all sorts of questions.
Intuitive
When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the ___________ substage of preoperational thought.
Intuitive
According to developmentalist William Perry, as compared to adolescence, thinking in adulthood is:
Reflective
Brent is an emerging adult studying cross-cultural anthropology, which gives him the opportunity to examine a range of variable perspectives regarding marriage and family structures and attitudes. This kind of thinking is best described as:
Relativistic
According to Lev Vygotsky, The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of __________ development.
Proximal
According to Piaget, the characteristics of thought are ___________ different in one substage compared to another.
Qualitatively
Piaget believed that the way children reason at one stage is different from the way they reason at another stage. The difference in reasoning is considered to be:
Qualitatively different
According to Piaget, the level of thought of young adults is ___________, as compared to that of adolescents.
Qualitatively the same
Austin lines up all his toy trucks around the rug and the floor, from largest to smallest. This indicates that Austin is capable of:
Seriation
The ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension is called:
Seriation
A bottle is placed in baby Erika's mouth. She begins to suck on the nipple immediately. In which sensorimotor substage is baby Erika?
Simple reflexes
The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called:
Simple reflexes
Which of the following is the ability to logically combine relations to reach a certain conclusion?
Transitivity
True or false: some children who are at one cognitive stage can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive stage.
True
True or false: when using assimulation, children will extend their existing schemes to deal with new information and experiences.
True
Some developmentalist propose that the thinking of young adults changes when they enter the world of _________, since they have to face the constraints of reality.
Work
