psy 210 exam 2

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain the results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

a. Replacing the short-term memory components of the modal model with working memory

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly-formed when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a. a failure of memory consolidation

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

a. elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on

a. facts

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

a. transfer-appropriate processing.

the ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

a. working memory

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketchpad is likely to say which of the following?

b. "I can see it in my mind's eye"

What is the typical duration of short-term?

b. 15 to 20 seconds

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a 2-hour movie on DVD, well Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

b. Kim performs better because of consolidation

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

b. delay idk

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term is

b. encoding

in Slameka and Graf's 1978 study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a memory task, illustrating the

b. generation effect

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

b. highlighting

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.

b. organization

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

b. prefrontal cortex

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

This multiple-choice question is an example of a --- test.

b. recognition

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ----- mindset.

b. relaxed

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

b. scale idk

The following statement what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s"

b. semantic

Which of the following presents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

b. sensory, short-term, long-term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenge the conceptualization of

b. short-term memory

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks you for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporary stored in your

b. short-term memory

Propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

b. simply because we have been exposed to them before

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

b. survival idk

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

b. the propaganda effect

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

b. the stimulus category remained the same.

Transfer appropriate processing is likely to occur if

b. the type of encoding matches the type of retrieval task

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when " they're song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. idk

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in 4 days during a 10 to 11 a.m. class period. Both women intend to study for 3 hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, call Alana will study 3 hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Which of the following scenarios best describes illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-memory?

c. Renee starred in the lead role of her High School play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) --- process in short-term memory.

c. coding

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory - enhancing capacity of sleep?

c. distration

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the

c. task

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Working memory differs from short-memory in that

c. working memory is engaged in processing information

According to your text which of the following movies is least accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

d. 50 first dates

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

d. semantic memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by descent demonstrating that

d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

d. short-term memory to long-term memory

One function of --- is to pull information out of long-term memory

d. the central executive

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

d. the visuospatial sketch pad

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the memory the members of Baddeley's model?

d. workers and manager

before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

rehearsal in short-term memory

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

d. Location

Which of the following statements is the most accurate in regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 1 4 9 2 9 1 1 1 7 7 6?

a. 14 929 111 776

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

a. articulatory suppression

Explicit memory is to --- as implicit memory is to ---

a. aware, unaware

According to the levels of processing Theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

a. encoded

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the National Championship in basketball." This statement is an example of --- memory

a. episodic

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that --- is crucial for the formation of long-term memories

a. hippocampus

it is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

a. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

b. 15-20 seconds or less.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

b. The central executive and long-term memory

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

c. rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. idk

Ming is taking a memory test. She's more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. idk

according to Tulving, episodic memory is distinguished by the process of --- it

c. reliving idk

--- cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

c. retrieval

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

c. semantic

The three structural opponents of the modal model of memory are

c. sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

the principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

c. specificity

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

--- consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

c. systems

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help the strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Elementary School students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "Homes" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "homes" provides a first- letter cue for one of the Lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

d. elaborative rehearsal

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they're reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

d. encoding specificity

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

d. engagement

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the --- of retrieved memories

d. fragility

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word list would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY idk

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

a. making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

physiological studies indicate that damage the brain's --- can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

a. prefrontal cortex

Experimental evidence suggests that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of --- memories

a. recent and remote episodic

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories

a. remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

a. repeating it over and over.

In which of the following examples of two different brain- injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is a result of

c. a buffering process followed by an executive process idk

Information remains in sensory memory for

a. seconds or a fraction of a second

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of --- memory.

a. semantic

Which of the following terms does not reflect the concept of control processes?

a. sensory

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asked her to close the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that is that she is incorrect. Chantel is displaying

a. sensory memory idk

digit span is one measure of capacity of

a. short term memory

A person with a reduced digit span can most likely have a problem with ---- memory.

a. short-term

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

Jenkins and Russell 1952 presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H. M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

a. the hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

a. the same or resembling the priming stimulus

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets for people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with the second group and third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference

Which one of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

b. a lion's roar at the zoo

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

b. a smaller response set

On what factor do working memory and short - term memory most differ?

b. activity

A task with instructions "read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

b. articulatory suppression

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

b. central executive

Your text discuss is how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that experience events,

b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, windy road?

b. trying to remember a map of the area idk

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of

b. two

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

b. visual, semantic, episodic

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of the following these response patterns?

c. apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair (grouped by category)

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

c. complexity

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

c. decreases the recency effect.

which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing Theory?

c. deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

c. emotional

--- memories are to experiences as --- memories are to facts.

c. episodic; semantic

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

Semantic memory is to --- as episodic memory is to ---

c. knowing; remembering

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes' working memory concept?

c. machines would shut down for material resupply.

When a light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a Trail of Light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

c. persistence of vision

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of --- memory

c. procedural

Jeannie loves to dance, having danced for many years. She's now learning salsa dancing. Although movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggest reliance on

c. the integrative experience effect

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

c. we are not conscious we are using it.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for --- of a list

d. both the first and last words

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

d. identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robbin's ill-fated run was the result of a --- error

d. phonological

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

d. reading a sentence in a book

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

d. reconsolidation

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

d. remembering graduating from college

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

d. testing