PSY 224 exam 2 review

Kayla is mad at Sarah, so Kayla tells a bunch of people at their lunch table that Sarah sent a rude text message to Kayla's boyfriend. In fact, Sarah never sent such a message. This is an example of which of the following concepts? a. Relational aggression b. Physical aggression c. Gender role stereotype d. Prosocial behavior

Relational aggression

Xavier goes to church with his mother every Sunday. He participates in all of the rituals, celebrates the religious holidays, and follows all of the rules/guidelines associated with his religion. Xavier demonstrates a high degree of what? a. Service learning b. Morality c. Spirituality d. Religiousness

Religiousness

Which of the following statements about unwanted sexual behavior during adolescence and early adulthood is most accurate? a. Very few college students know anyone who has been the victim of unwanted sexual behaviors. b. Most adolescents report forced sex to authorities. c. Research in this area has been very conclusive. d. Rapists are commonly acquaintances of their victims.

Research in this area has been very conclusive.

Kelly notices that many people are able to identify morally appropriate behaviors but do not demonstrate them in everyday situations. When she looks for some research on this topic, she is most likely to find the information under which term? a. moral exemplar approach b. moral immaturity c. prosocial model of moral development d. social cognitive theory of moral development

social cognitive theory of moral development

After moving to a new city and taking a new job, a young adult might experience ____________ as a result of everyone else seeming like that are more established and settled. Choose the answer that is most consistent with information from Chapter 4. a. emotional loneliness b. irrational thinking c. social loneliness d. depression

social loneliness

Even though she is inconvenienced by the rules about parking during a winter storm, Agnes knows that following the rules is an important way to keep things running smoothly and to avoid the chaos that would occur if people parked wherever they wanted to park. So she follows the rules and moves her car each day. At which stage of moral development is Agnes functioning? a. universal ethical principles b. social systems morality c. social contract or utility and individual rights d. mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity

social systems morality

Most accurately, a person who is described as androgynous is what? a. A female who seems to be more masculine b. A male who seems to be more feminine c. A person who displays both masculine and feminine traits d. A person who displays neither masculine nor feminine traits

A person who displays both masculine and feminine traits

Which of the following situations is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment? a. A child is repeatedly asked by a classmate to kiss him during the school day. b. A high school student makes a sexual advance toward a teacher. c. A teacher promises a student an A in the course in exchange for sex. d. An adult makes a sexual advance toward an adolescent at the local movie theater.

A teacher promises a student an A in the course in exchange for sex.

Moral development includes which of the following? a. a person's basic values and sense of self b. consideration about what one should do when interacting with others c. the cognitive ability to see multiple perspectives d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a relatively new view of identity development? a. An individual's identity system can be described as a collection of multiple identities. b. Identity development does not begin until early adulthood. c. Identity development is completed in adolescence. d. A resolution of the identity issue means that identity will remain stable throughout the remainder of life.

An individual's identity system can be described as a collection of multiple identities.

Which of the following statements about religious development is LEAST accurate? a. Part of identity development includes grappling with religious questions. b. People's ideas about religion tend to change as they become more cognitively sophisticated. c. Young children view religion in concrete terms. d. As people develop, they most likely stray from parents' religious teachings.

As people develop, they most likely stray from parents' religious teachings.

When it comes to aggression, which statement is most accurate? a. Girls are aggressive and boys are not. b. Boys are aggressive and girls are not. c. Girls and boys demonstrate aggression based on their size. d. Boys and girls often demonstrate aggression differently.

Boys and girls often demonstrate aggression differently.

Third-graders at Windy Acres Elementary School are being taught that lying, stealing and bullying are wrong. The teachers hope that this direct instruction in moral literacy will lead to a reduction in harmful behaviors. This is an example of what? a. Values clarification b. Cognitive moral education c. Character education d. Service learning

Character education

A person who is born a male, views himself as male, and demonstrates characteristics that are typical of men is: a. Androgynous b. Transgender c. Cisgender d. Undifferentiated

Cisgender

The concept of gender identity is best represented by which of the following statements? a. Considering one's biological sex and society's expectations, a person decides to have surgery to change anatomy. b. A person who is born as a male decides to show more feminine qualities. c. Considering one's biological sex and society's expectations, a person identifies as a woman. d. A baby is born as a male, so he demonstrates masculine traits.

Considering one's biological sex and society's expectations, a person identifies as a woman.

Jay's parents have a long talk about the consequences of Jay's actions after Jay was caught bullying friends on social media

induction

Lisa is tired of the debate about gender-linked characteristics. Instead, she believes that we should think of people in terms of their level of competence. Lisa's view is most consistent with what? a. Toxic masculinity b. Gender-role transcendence c. Gender intensification d. Androgyny

Gender-role transcendence

Which of the following is more often associated with females than males at school? a. Criticism from teachers b. Higher grades c. Breaking the rules d. More instructional time

Higher grades

Jamie sometimes feels that she has her life all figured out. She knows what is important to her and can identify her goals. At other times, she is very unsure of herself and follows the group instead of making her own decisions. Erikson would describe Jamie's situation in which of the following ways? a.She is in the crisis of identity vs. role confusion. b.A negative peer group is Jamie's biggest problem. c.She is experiencing a mood disorder. d.She is struggling with isolation.

She is in the crisis of identity vs. role confusion

Which of the following is NOT an example of rapport talk? a. Showing a peer how to do their homework b. Asking a peer what their family life is like c. Talking with a friend about what is bothering them d. Asking a peer about their favorite activities

Showing a peer how to do their homework

Which statement is most accurate when it comes to gender research? a. There is general agreement that there are large differences between females and males. b. There is disagreement about whether or not gender differences are substantial. c. There is general agreement that there is not a big difference between females and males.

There is disagreement about whether or not gender differences are substantial.

Which of the following are most likely to be true about transgender youth? Choose all that apply. a. They have to have surgery to reconstruct anatomy to match their gender b. They are likely to experience discrimination c. They typically prefer to be referred to as the gender they have chosen d. Their expressed gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth

They are likely to experience discrimination Their expressed gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth hey typically prefer to be referred to as the gender they have chosen

Which of the following is most likely to be the reason that people choose to engage in a particular behavior even if they know it is not a great idea? a. They are bad people. b. They want to see what will happen. c. They see that others have done the same thing without a bad consequence. d. They are naturally motivated to break as many rules as possible.

They see that others have done the same thing without a bad consequence.

Regarding the gender intensification hypothesis, which of the following statements are true? Choose all that are true. a. Adults tend to make assumptions about adolescents' gender linked behaviors when adolescents reach puberty. b. Increased social pressure is said to lead adolescents to behave in more gender stereotyped ways. c. There is clear evidence of increases in gender typed activities as adolescence progresses. d. There is strong indisputable evidence to support the gender intensification hypothesis.

a. Adults tend to make assumptions about adolescents' gender linked behaviors when adolescents reach puberty. b. Increased social pressure is said to lead adolescents to behave in more gender stereotyped ways.

Males are more likely than females to experience which of the following at school? Choose all that apply. a. Learning disability b. Scolding c. Discussion of more career options d. Attention from teachers when academic problems occur

a. Learning disability b. Scolding

Which of the following statements about sexuality are accurate? Choose all that apply. a. Adolescents get different messages from parents and media about sex b. Adolescents who think about sex also demonstrate problem behaviors c. Many adolescents have a difficult time talking with parents about their sexuality d. Sexuality is a normal part of adolescent development

a. Adolescents get different messages from parents and media about sex c. Many adolescents have a difficult time talking with parents about their sexuality d. Sexuality is a normal part of adolescent development

According to Arnett's research, which of the following statements about emerging adults' religious development are accurate? Choose all that apply. a. Emerging adults tend to form their identities and then make their religious beliefs match their identities. b. Emerging adults tend to follow the rules of specific religious institutions. c. Childhood religious exposure and adulthood religious behaviors are largely unrelated. d. Many turn back to religion when their children are born.

a. Emerging adults tend to form their identities and then make their religious beliefs match their identities. c. Childhood religious exposure and adulthood religious behaviors are largely unrelated. d. Many turn back to religion when their children are born.

Choose all of the statements that are consistent with gender schema theory. a. Gender schemas are cognitive constructions. b. Individuals choose to behave in ways that are consistent with society's expectations. c. Children generally prefer to behave in ways that go against gender stereotypes. d. We automatically behave in ways that are consistent with our biological sex.

a. Gender schemas are cognitive constructions. b. Individuals choose to behave in ways that are consistent with society's expectations.

Trey is exploring different sexual thoughts and behaviors to see which fit him best

active exploration

Which of the following does NOT improve adolescents' self-esteem? a.parental emotional support b.achievement c.peer approval d.avoiding problems

avoiding problems

Forming a sexual identity involves which of the following questions? Choose all that apply. a. Is this convenient for me? b. What sexual activities to I consider to be appropriate? c. Am I sexually appealing to others? d. Am I attracted to men, women, or both?

b. What sexual activities to I consider to be appropriate? c. Am I sexually appealing to others? d. Am I attracted to men, women, or both

Kathleen is a Filipino-American adolescent who speaks Tagalog at home with her parents and loves the native foods that her mother prepares. She has many friends at school and enjoys the same music, foods and movies as her American peers. Every year, Kathleen invites some of her classmates to a Filipino picnic where they can meet her family and experience some new foods and games. Kathleen has developed a(n) _________ identity. a. fused b. confused c. bicultural d. ethnocentric

bicultural

Sara believes that everyone is heterosexual and that there really are not other options.

compulsory heterosexuality

Miguel is sensitive to and respects others' views. He also is open to others' views and experiences. In other words, he has a sense of what? a. emotion b. connectedness c. competence d. individuality

connectedness

Based on most measures of sexual activities, trends are toward a(n) ________ rate of sexual activity over the past couple of decades. a. decreasing b. increasing c. steady

decreasing

Generally speaking, adolescents who get their information about sex from their parents or other trusted adults (instead of from friends or television) are likely to: a. delay having sexual intercourse b. have sex at an early age c. disregard the information they receive d. worry about the imaginary audience

delay having sexual intercourse

Sonya doesn't believe that everyone has to be heterosexual, but she hasn't really thought about her own sexual identity much

diffusion

During _______ , the typical person is starting to recognize a variety of contradictions in the self. The person is bothered by this. The person worries a lot about which is the "real" self and about being thought of as fake. a.middle adulthood b.early adulthood c.early adolescence d.late adolescence

early adolescence

Louise is usually fairly happy, adaptable, and excited to try new things.

easy child

Denise realizes that if she shows her annoyance with her father's lecture on responsibility, she will be told that she has an "attitude" and may be punished. Denise has learned to keep a neutral expression on her face and appear to listen.

emotional competence

ethnic identity

enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership

Dan is trying to avoid being embarrassed in the middle school cafeteria, so he acts in ways that he expects will impress the cool kids, even though he normally would not act that way. Which self is Dan demonstrating? Select one: a. societal b. false c. emotional d. feared

false

A pair of adolescents believes that girls should be more sensitive and relationship focused than should boys. They also believe that boys should act more aggressively than girls. These beliefs are consistent with typical: a. social cognition. b. gender roles. c. biological differences. d. pubertal changes.

gender roles.

easy child

generally positive mood quickly established regular routines

James loves school this year, because he has a lot of opportunities to run around and be active. It is far better than last year when he felt like he was being tortured as a result of having to sit still all day.

goodness of fit

slow-to-warm-up child

has low activity level, is somewhat negative, displays low intensity mood

Keith and Corey are arguing about the rules of a game they are playing. Keith says, "Rules are rules and you can't change them!" According to Piaget, which level of moral thinking is this? a. preconventional b. heteronomous c. autonomous d. premoral

heteronomous

Which family situation is LEAST likely to lead to adolescents and young adults who are able to make good progress toward identity achievement? a. high levels of parental psychological control b. a focus on individuality c. high degree of family democracy d. a focus on connectedness

high levels of parental psychological control

As Alex begins to form his minority sexual identity, he worries that others will make fun of him and even harm him. In other words, he is concerned about other people's potential: a. sexual identity b. sexual scripts c. personal fable d. homophobia

homophobia

Charlie is sitting in his room thinking about how he hopes that his future will look. He envisions himself with a good job, enough money, a great family, and a high level of fitness. He pictures himself to be very happy. This example best represents ----- self. a.false b.feared c.emotional d.ideal

ideal

Tyrone has spent the last several years thinking about his political beliefs. He has watched debates, talked with people who have a variety of perspectives, and read many sources on political views. Following his research, Tyrone has decided what his political views are.

identity achievement

Erin lacks a sense of direction. Whenever her parents ask her what she will do after graduation, she says she hasn't thought about it and doesn't care.

identity diffusion

Rachel is the 20 year-old daughter of a local business owner. Rachel is taking online courses to learn information that will benefit her when she takes over the family business. She has been working there part-time for years and is excited to take on more of a leadership role. In fact, she never really considered doing anything else for a career.

identity foreclosure

Willie is a college student and has begun to think about his religious views recently. His family is very passionate about their religion, and Willie had agreed with them in the past. Now Willie is beginning to question his family's beliefs and is trying to decide if he wants to go in a different direction. He attends a variety of religious services, researches the issues, and tries to form his own views. So far, he has not decided.

identity moratorium

Four-year-old Lynn's parents told her not to throw the ball in the house, but she did anyway and ended up breaking a vase. Lynn is terrified that she will be immediately punished, due to her belief in: a. universal ethical principles b. immanent justice c. autonomous morality d. conventional moral reasoning

immanent justice

According to psychodynamic theories, we want to conform to society's standards: a. in our quest to find appropriate role models. b. because we imitate others' behaviors. c. in order to avoid feelings of guilt. d. as a result of increased comprehension abilities.

in order to avoid feelings of guilt.

Jim has recently moved out on his own and is beginning to question the religious beliefs that he was exposed to as he grew up. After he decides whether or not his beliefs are still the same and takes full responsibility for his beliefs, he will be in which of Fowler's stages? a. mythical-literal faith b. synthetic-conventional faith c. individuative-reflective faith d. intuitive-projective faith

individuative-reflective faith

Michelle is 28 years old and has recently joined several groups in an effort to meet people. She is living in a new city and wants to form connections with those who live around her. Erikson might say that Michelle is having a crisis of: a. intimacy b. industry c. identity d. integrity

intimacy

rapport talk

language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships

love withdrawal

losing parental love

Female adolescents, more so than male adolescents, include ________ in their sexual scripts. a. love b. control c. sexual initiation d. high self-esteem

love

Bella's mother has not spoken to her all week after Bella decided to sneak out to spend the night with her boyfriend

love withdrawal

moral identity

moral notions and commitments are central to their life

Lilly believes in trust, caring, and loyalty as the basis for her moral behavior. At which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is Lilly functioning? a. mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity b. social systems morality c. universal ethical principles d. heteronomous morality

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity

Jack focuses on the positives over the negatives in most situations and expects good things for his future.

optimism

power assertion

parent attempts to gain control

Induction

parent uses reason for discipline

What cognitive characteristic often leads adolescents to take sexual risks? a. personal fable b. divergent thinking c. metacognition d. formal operational thinking

personal fable

Andy's dad took away the keys to Andy's car as well as Andy's cell phone after Andy did not return his dad's phone calls when he was out with friends

power assertion

difficult child

react negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences

Carol Gilligan's research on adolescent girls suggests that girls: a. tend to become more dominant over time. b. likely become more confident in sharing their opinions. c. recognize that society values feminine and masculine traits differently. d. typically have increased self-esteem

recognize that society values feminine and masculine traits differently.

Kohlberg categorized people based on their: a. ability to think logically. b. consistency between thoughts and behaviors. c. scores on standardized tests. d. responses to hypothetical situations.

responses to hypothetical situations.

As Stella discusses her sense of self, she evaluates her athletic prowess, academic ability, musical talent, and physical appearance separately. These evaluations of individual parts of the self refer to _________ . a.self-concept b.self-understanding c.self-awareness d.self-esteem

self-concept

Max has considered his own sexual identity as well as how he is a member of an identity group of people with similar identities

synthesis

report talk

talk that gives information

Laura, age 14, does not respond well to her sex education course, which includes practice with contraceptives, because she worries that her classmates will judge and laugh at her when she has to practice putting a condom on a banana. This best exemplifies: a. the imaginary audience b. cognitive immaturity c. the personal fable d. a sex stereotype

the imaginary audience

Research suggests that sex education programs tend to be most effective when: a. a strictly medical approach is employed. b. there is a combination of information and contraceptive availability. c. scare tactics are the primary method of prevention. d. abstinence is taught as the only acceptable method of prevention.

there is a combination of information and contraceptive availability.

altruism

unselfish interest in helping another person

When conducting research on adolescent sexuality: a. we should be concerned about how people interpret our questions. b. we can be assured that the information we get is accurate. c. there are a variety of widely-used research strategies. d. parental consent is not necessary.

we should be concerned about how people interpret our questions.

Moral reasoning involves thinking about rules that are __________ while social conventional reasoning involves thinking about rules that are ___________ . a. learned as we develop; inherited and therefore present at birth b. situationally dependent; universal. c. widely accepted ethical obligations; established based on consensus d. arbitrary; absolute

widely accepted ethical obligations; established based on consensus