PSY 240 - MAYNARD - FINAL
As part of a conservation-of-number task, Abigail counts the same number of items in each of two rows but says that the experimenter's longer row has more. When asked why, her MOST likely response is:
"This row goes all the way here."
According to Piaget, "egocentrism" referred to the characteristic ____________ thinking of young children.
"centered on oneself"
Children acquire ____________ words by the time they are 13 to 14 months old and ____________ words by the time they are 17 to 18 months of age.
10; 50
By adulthood the percentage of a person's body that is the head is about:
12 percent.
Sperm cells and ova each contain:
23 chromosomes.
At what age does fetal response indicate an ability to detect light?
26 weeks after conception
The length of time from the first day of the woman's last menstruation until birth is typically ___________ weeks.
40
Jasmin's family has begun expecting her to help out around the family's farm and take care of her younger siblings. Jasmin is probably age:
6.
Baby Claire is in her crib when her mother hears her vocalize "babababababa" for the first time. How old is Claire likely to be?
7 months
Katti's big sister is anxious for her newborn sister to start crawling. How long will she likely have to wait before Katti achieves this skill?
9 months
Erica's daughter started to walk holding onto furniture at 7 months of age, while Janya's son started to walk holding onto furniture at 12 months of age. How should Erica and Janya respond to their children's abilities?
Both Erica and Janya should be happy with how their children are developing because they are walking holding onto furniture within the range of ages found to do so in a national study.
Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys support which ideas about attachment?
Bowlby's evolutionary theory
Which of the following is a true statement about breastfed babies?
Breastfed children tend to score higher on tests of cognitive functioning than children who are fed formula.
What assumption did Piaget make about children's learning?
Children actively construct understandings of the world around them.
Freud would MOST likely agree with which ideas about attachment?
Children become attached to those who satisfy their basic biological drives.
Realistic mathematics education fits with which view?
Children learn basic math skills best when they are linked with real-world problems.
Piaget would be most likely to support which of the following statements about cognitive development?
Children undergo a radical shift in cognitive abilities at the end of infancy.
Why do cross-cultural studies of memory and concrete-operational thinking have different implications?
Concrete-operations are thought to reflect basic universal mental operations, whereas specific memory strategies are tied to specific task requirements.
Thomas feels most successful when he and his friends help each other do their best. What type of basic social goal is Thomas exhibiting?
Cooperation goal
The individual whose writings spurred interest in the study of human development as part of human evolution was:
Darwin
Which country commissioned Simon and Binet to create a test for diagnosing mental subnormality?
France
Which of the following patterns describes Thomas's aggressive behavior toward other children? Thomas is three years old.
He is more physically aggressive toward boys than girls.
Terrance, age two months, turned his head toward his mother every time she spoke to him in "baby talk" or Child Directed Speech (e.g., spoken at a high pitch with slow, exaggerated pronunciation). What conclusion can you draw from this example?
His hearing capacities are developing normally.
Tiffany Field compared infants' reactions to their own images in a mirror to their reactions to the images of other infants. Which of the following BEST describes the results of this study?
Infants looked longer at their own images but smiled more at the images of other babies.
"Let's Move!", a national campaign to battle childhood obesity, was created by First Lady:
Michelle Obama.
What influence does the help of allocaregivers have on children and families?
Mothers who are supported by allocaregivers are likely to have more children.
The theorist known for his appreciation of the active role that children play in their own knowledge construction is:
Piaget
Elida and Pilar are two girls from the same village. Elida's mother did not attend school growing up, but Pilar's mother attended elementary school as a child. What do we know about the girls based on past research comparing children of mothers who had no formal schooling versus children of mothers who did?
Pilar had better health during childhood.
_____ is (are) evident in a pattern of emotional development observed in some boys who have been institutionalized as infants. Those who had been institutionalized were less adventurous in childhood but more impulsive during adolescence than those who had not been institutionalized.
Sleeper effects
What is a measure that uses information on parents' income level, education level, and occupation to assess economic hardship experience by families?
Socioeconomic Status
According to Eisenberg, sympathy and personal distress differ in which of the following ways?
Sympathy is an other-oriented response to another's distress whereas personal distress is a self-focused reaction.
Which of the following illustrates the cephalocaudal pattern of prenatal development?
The arms develop earlier than the legs.
The brain of an adult is approximately four times larger than that of a newborn. What accounts for this tremendous growth?
The complexity of networks between neurons increases.
Which of the following BEST describes the pattern of brain development in early childhood?
The rate of my myelination, synaptic pruning, and synaptogenesis is inconsistent across brain areas.
How are children with learning disabilities distinguished from their classmates?
There is a discrepancy between their performance on different parts of the IQ test.
Which trend in physical growth occurs during middle childhood?
There is an increase in fat tissue.
Josefa and Ann have birthdays one month apart. Josefa's birth date puts her in first grade while Ann's puts her in kindergarten. When they are tested on a recall test at the end of the school year, Josefa remembers more items than Ann. What would you tell Ann's mother about this result?
These results are to be expected because participation in school tends to help a child learn strategies useful in recall tasks.
Which of the following results is true of deaf children born to parents who communicate with sign language?
They acquire sign language as rapidly as hearing children born into hearing households acquire vocal language.
Which of the following is an example of the "centered" thinking of young children?
They report that a tall and narrow beaker has more water than a shorter and wider beaker even when the amount of water is the same.
A person who is genetically female has received a(n):
X chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father.
The early presence and disappearance of developmental reflexes, such as grasping and the Moro reflex, are:
a basic sign of normal neurological development.
When children try to remember a list of information by repeating it again and again, they are using:
a memory strategy.
Professor Jones finds that in his sample of elementary school children, the taller a child, the higher his or her score on a vocabulary test. The relationship between height and vocabulary is an example of:
a positive correlation.
Newborn monkeys who were removed from their mothers and placed in cages with two inanimate "substitute" mothers exhibited which of the following behaviors?
a preference for the terry cloth "mother" over the wire "mother"
According to Piaget, if an infant discovers that when she kicks the mobile above her crib the fairy-tale characters flutter, then repeats this action many times, this is an example of:
a secondary circular reaction.
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
a set of malformations caused by excessive exposure to alcohol in utero
Vickie sees herself as a poor student in math class, but she would like to be the most accomplished student in the class. Vickie is demonstrating a discrepancy between her _____ self and her _____ self.
actual; ideal
A gender schema is a mental model that is used to process:
all types of gender-relevant information.
Cross-cultural research on the relationship between parenting style and mother-infant attachment statuses reveals that:
although attachments status may be universal, similar attachment outcomes may result from seemingly disparate caregiving experiences
Terrance has been learning to weave hats by moving in with his uncle and then shadowing him and watching him weave hats. Terrance is learning through:
apprenticeship
The sex-typed expectations of parents for their newborn:
are an example of the influence of cultural expectations on development.
Dizygotic twins:
are as genetically similar as other siblings.
Sensitive periods in development:
are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally.
Mechanisms that limit aggression:
are widespread among animal species.
Which of the following is an example of a child using a mental operation?
arranging a stamp collection according to country of origin
Stacey expects her children to follow family rules, but she explains these rules to her children so they understand why they are needed. Stacey is using which kind of parenting style?
authoritative
The placenta acts as a(n):
barrier and filter.
When do developmental psychologists say attachment typically form in humans?
between 7 and 9 months of age
When does secondary intersubjectivity generally emerge?
between 9 and 12 months of age
Emotions involve:
both physiological reactions and cognitive evaluations.
Young children's tendency to focus on only one feature of an object is called:
centration
At birth, which area of the central nervous system is the LEAST mature?
cerebral cortex
Identity refers to understanding that:
changes limited to outside appearance do not change the amounts involved.
Bullying appears to peak during the sixth grade in American schools because:
children are moving from elementary to middle school, and new social groups are forming.
When two different alleles both express themselves in a heterozygous individual in a way that is different from the expression of either allele alone, these alleles are said to be:
codominant
In Europe and North America, intelligence is defined mainly in:
cognitive terms.
According to Piaget, young children who take turns speaking but do not appear to be having a true dialogue are engaged in:
collective monologues.
Research has demonstrated that young children have the _____ to take the perspectives of others, but their _____ may be affected by the demands of the task.
competence; performance
The group in an experimental study that is as similar as possible to the experimental group, but does not receive the experimental manipulation, is the:
control group.
Research has suggested that the key to high self-esteem, transmitted in large part by the family, is some ability to:
control one's own future.
In addition to a "survival goal" and an "economic goal," parents the world over strive to ensure that their children acquire the basic values of the group. Robert LeVine refers to this as the:
cultural goal.
Which of the following is NOT a way in which formal education differs from traditional apprenticeship training?
decoding strategies implemented
Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "self-conscious emotions" because they:
depend on children's newly-acquired abilities to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people.
John is a securely attached infant. His mother is likely all of the following except:
depressed
The paths that boys and girls take to establish their gender identity are:
different because of their respective differences from, and similarities to, their mother.
While watching "Dora the Explorer," Josie enthusiastically responds to Dora's questions by shouting out responses. Her willingness to enter into conversations with TV characters reflects her:
difficulty distinguishing between appearance and reality.
Which of the following is a sign that infants have become attached to their caretakers?
distress on separation
Structural differences between the genders occur:
during the seventh week of life.
Children with a disability who display a pattern of performance in which their verbal IQ is high and their quantitative IQ is low have:
dyscalculia
Chess and Thomas and their colleagues classified babies' temperaments as:
easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
The outer layer of cells in early embryonic development is called the ____________. This layer gives rise to the outer surface of the skin, the nails, part of the teeth, the lens of the eye, and the nervous system.
ectoderm
The inhibition of an action that is already underway is called:
effortful control.
According to Freud, which mental structure of the personality begins to emerge in early childhood and is the rational component of the personality that attempts to mediate a practical resolution between the demands of biological drives and the constraints imposed by the outside world?
ego
Alicia is very competitive with her peers and only feels successful when she can do better than her friends. Alicia has what type of social goal?
ego-oriented goal
Nancy covers her eyes with her hands when the wicked witch appears on her television screen. What type of behavior is Nancy engaging in?
emotion regulation
Information-processing theorists view the main components of the mind as including all of the following EXCEPT:
environmental input.
The main source of development that consists of a process of achieving a balance between the child's present understanding and the child's new experiences is referred to as:
equilibration.
In contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, children tend to learn through:
everyday activities.
Wayne is trying to figure out how to reach the cookie jar on the top shelf in the kitchen. To do so, he needs to figure out what object is high enough for him to reach the counter and sturdy enough to hold him. His problem-solving in this situation is an example of:
everyday problem-solving.
A psychologist argues, "Historically, the survival of the species depended on males' hunting skills and females' food gathering skills. These activities required different spatial skills, thus explaining the origin of current gender differences in spatial abilities." What theoretical approach is this psychologist describing?
evolutionary theory
Higher-level cognitive processes, such as aspects of cognition associated with supervising and controlling lower-level cognitive processes are called:
executive function.
According to Baumrind, permissive parents:
exert little explicit control over their children's behavior.
Jennifer lives with her mother, father, husband, and daughter. Jennifer lives in a(n) ____________ family.
extended
As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure changed from ____________ to ____________, according to historian Philippe Ariès.
extended families; nuclear families
Males born with Klinefelter syndrome develop normally until adolescence when they do not acquire facial hair, their sex organs fail to mature, and their voices remain unchanged. These characteristics are due to having a(n):
extra X chromosome.
What is a technique used to assess children's theory of mind where children are tested on their understanding of either stories in which a character is fooled into believing something that is not true or of situations in which they themselves have been tricked?
false-belief tasks
Prematurity is associated with all of the following risk factors except:
father's diet.
Folic acid is important to ensure proper development of the:
fetus's neural tube.
At the age of 5 years, Veronica demonstrates her developing ____________ by printing simple letters and demonstrates her ____________ by riding her new scooter.
fine motor skills; gross motor skills
The soft spots on infants' skulls are known as:
fontanels
The proximodistal pattern of development refers to which pattern of body development?
from the middle of the organism to the periphery of the organism
The _____ coordinates planning and goal setting.
frontal lobes of the cortex
Genetic mutations are:
fundamental and natural part of human existence since life on Earth began.
Cognitive structures that guide the ways children interpret gender-relevant information are called:
gender schemas.
Relational aggression is MOST likely to be displayed by:
girls
The rules that govern both the sequence of words in a sentence and the ordering of parts of words are called:
grammar
The function of a theory is to:
guide the collection and interpretation of evidence.
The school cut-off strategy assesses the impact of schooling by comparing children in school with children of the same age who:
have not begun school because their birthday falls before a specified cut-off date.
Which of the following skills is basic to learning to read?
hearing phonemes
The transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next is called:
heredity.
The term ____________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.
heritability
According to Piaget, moral development involves a shift from ____________ morality to ____________ morality.
heteronomous; autonomous
Dr. Jamison believes that exposure to violence in movies is related to increased risky driving behaviors among adolescents. This is an example of a:
hypothesis.
What is a psychological process in which children try to look, act, feel, and be like significant people in their social environment?
identification
In the process of ____________, the multicellular mass becomes attached to the uterus.
implantation
Social conventions are:
important for social coordination in a given society.
The effects of school on children's cognitive abilities can be best studied:
in cultures where schooling is available to only parts of the population.
Risk factors:
increase the probability of negative outcomes for children.
Sending a girl in sub-Saharan Africa to school:
increases the crop yield of her community.
According to Erik Erikson, middle childhood is a time in which children must resolve the conflict between ____________.
industry and inferiority
Which of the following is NOT an example of how culture influences infant-feeding behaviors?
infant neurological development
As parents participate in creating stories that become part of a child's autobiographical memory, they:
influence what the child remembers and may also embellish or exaggerate the stories.
Current research on infant temperament indicates that temperament is:
influenced by a variety of factors.
Sickle-cell anemia is a good example of the:
interaction of heredity and environment.
Co-sleeping is a common practice across the world. It fits well with which of the following culturally valued long-term goal(s) for development?
interdependence and reliance on others
A mental model that children construct as a result of their experiences with their caregivers and that they use to guide their interactions with their caregivers and others is called a(n):
internal working model.
According to Freud, children begin to feel guilt once they have:
internalized adult standards.
Tertiary circular reactions differ from earlier forms of circular reactions because they:
involve deliberate varying of action sequences.
In newborns, rooting:
is a reflex that causes the head to turn in the direction of a touch on the cheek.
According to information-processing theorists, long-term memory:
is a relatively permanent storehouse of knowledge and strategies.
A recessive allele:
is never expressed in heterozygous individuals.
During the first two years of life, the person who usually looms largest in the child's world:
is the mother.
American mothers argue that sleeping alone is important for an infant because:
it promotes independence in the infant.
The prenatal period of development is important to developmental theorists because:
it serves as a model for development during all subsequent periods.
The store of information that children can draw on to relate new memories to is their:
knowledge base.
Children change from babbling to pronouncing words at about what age?
late in the first year
Memory strategies:
lead to better memory performance.
By 2 ½ years of age, children's bodies have changed dramatically in appearance and proportions. What is the primary cause of this change?
lengthening of the bones of the arms and legs through ossification
Infants are able to see objects about 12 inches away. This allows them to _____, which aids attachment between mother and child.
make eye contact
People who do NOT carry the sickle-cell gene are LESS resistant to:
malaria
Analysis of social stereotypes in the content of children's television programming reveals that:
male characters are more likely to play more active and visible roles than female characters.
The chances of any given individual being conceived can be described as a "genetic lottery." The first step in the genetic lottery is:
meiosis.
Germ cells reproduce by ____________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by ____________.
meiosis; mitosis
The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:
miniature adults.
The process by which the zygote creates new somatic cells is called:
mitosis
Within a social-learning view of identification, ____________ is the process by which children observe and imitate individuals of the same sex as themselves.
modeling
Some evidence that 3-year-old children can engage in decentered thinking comes from their performance on:
modifications of standard Piagetian tasks, such as in the "Grover" task.
Children who are judged to be securely attached at 12 months are ____________ likely to engage in positive play behaviors in the preschool years than children who were insecurely attached as infants.
more
Children whose mothers do not want them may be ____________ compared to children who are wanted by their mothers.
more likely to be underweight at birth
Compared to other species, humans use:
more material and symbolic tools.
The basic unit of meaning in language is called a:
morpheme
Erikson described preschool-aged children as:
motivated to learn about and participate in the world around them.
What is the insulating material that forms a sheath around certain axons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to the next?
myelin
Friendships provide children with all of the following EXCEPT:
neglected sociometric status.
Parenting that includes a mixture of high parental control, physical restraint, punishment, and warm affection is called:
no-nonsense parenting.
When compared to dual-language learning children, monolingual children:
notice multiple images in an ambiguous figure at a later age.
Jason is a single father who lives with his two children. This family would be considered a(n) ____________ family.
nuclear
Piaget believed that children's inability to keep two aspects of a problem in mind was at the heart of all of the following characteristics of thinking in early childhood EXCEPT:
object permanence.
Piaget's notion of object permanence refers to the idea that:
objects exist even when out of sight.
An infant's smiles are truly social when they:
occur in response to, and elicit the smiles of, another person.
Children who display a mastery-oriented motivational pattern are:
optimistic and believe they can do better on tasks if they try harder.
Chris is trying to remember the names of the bones of the body for her anatomy class by mentally chunking the bones into groups by their locations in the body. Chris is using what mental strategy?
organizational
Which of the following seems to increase sibling fighting?
parental fighting
What is the process through which the sound of a familiar word serves as an anchor for learning new words?
perceptual scaffolding
Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about nonvisible objects. These studies relied on all of the following except:
perseveration
Most traits, especially behavioral traits involve:
polygenic inheritance.
Thinking about what the self might be like in the future is referred to as the:
possible self.
Organized, reciprocal interaction between an infant and caregiver is known as:
primary intersubjectivity.
A rationale for arguing for a nature-driven explanation for language development is that it is:
quick, flexible, and seemingly effortless.
According to Piaget, behaviors occurring when an infant is in the first substage of the sensorimotor period are:
reflexive
An infant learns that pulling her mother's hair causes her mother to make an amusing vocal sound. The mother's "ouch" can be considered a(n) ____________ for hair pulling.
reinforcement
Baumrind found that children's behavior is:
related to parenting styles.
The coordination of infant and caregiver sleeping and eating routines is:
related to well-being when coordinated more smoothly.
Actions that threaten the relationship and social standing of peers are called:
relational aggression.
Personal spheres are:
rules that govern a child's decision making in terms of his own preferences.
The basic units of psychological functioning in Piaget's theory are:
schemas
Compared to children with no friends, children with best friends tend to:
score higher on measures of self-esteem.
According to Bowlby's attachment theory, the mother serves as a:
secure base.
Children are more likely to have high self-esteem when their parents:
set clearly defined limits.
By the end of the ____________ month, the lungs of the fetus are capable of breathing air.
seventh
At birth children:
show a preference for language over other sounds.
Utterances such as, "Sarah eated fast":
show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules.
Social development involves:
simultaneously learning about one's society and one's own unique thoughts and feelings.
The moral domain, the social conventional domain, and the personal domain each have their own distinct rules that vary in how broadly they are applied, and what happens when they are broken. This is a reference to:
social domain theory.
Now that Zach is in middle childhood, he spends more time with his friends and peers and less time with his parents. This reflects a process of:
social reorientation.
Make-believe play, in which two or more participants enact a variety of social roles, is called:
sociodramatic play.
When a child is able to regulate her emotions, discern other people's emotions, use self-regulatory strategies, and understand the role that emotions play in social relationships, she is demonstrating:
socioemotional competence.
Babies who have the opportunity to practice motor skills develop those skills:
sooner than children who do not practice.
Professor Jones is interested in how biology, the environment, and the child's own activities interact to produce development. She is mostly concerned with which central issue of developmental science?
sources of development
Sam is very good at mentally rotating objects in order to solve problems. What kind of intelligence is this?
spatial intelligence
Which of the following is NOT a lobe in the cerebral cortex?
spatial lobe
Qualitatively new patterns of behavior during development, such as the change from crawling to walking, are often referred to as:
stages.
The violations-of-expectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:
stare at events that they consider to be surprising.
The case of Genie, a child who lived in conditions of isolation and neglect for more than 11 years:
suggests that participation in a normal social environment is essential to the process of language acquisition.
In Freudian terms, a mental structure that represents the authority of the social group is called the:
superego
A tool that is related to an abstract aspect of a culture's knowledge, beliefs, and values is known as a:
symbolic tool.
An infant's characteristic modes of responding to the environment are known as:
temperament
The earliest visible manifestations of personality, such as patterns of responsivity, are referred to as:
temperamental traits.
All of the following are characteristic of the thought processes of middle childhood, according to Piaget, EXCEPT:
the ability to manipulate abstract ideas and symbols.
According to Piaget, early childhood is a time of transition between:
the overtly physical schemas of infancy and the ability to use mental operations in middle childhood.
The word "afterbirth" refers to:
the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled shortly after a baby is born.
In Erikson's theory, the main challenge of adolescence is:
the quest for identity.
According to Piaget, infants' earliest schemas are:
the reflexes they have at birth.
Child development can be defined as:
the sequence of physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes that children undergo.
Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?
the sound of /t/
One mechanism through which language is acquired, according to a biological explanation of language acquisition, would be:
the triggering of the language acquisition device.
Naïve psychology refers to:
the understanding of the relationship between mental states and behavior.
Which of the following concepts is MOST closely associated with "socialization"?
the values of the society
A comparison of how long babies look at different stimuli is the basic feature of:
the visual preference technique.
In Piaget and Inhelder's classic "three-mountain problems," where preoperational children are asked to identify the doll's perspective, they almost always choose the picture that corresponds to:
their own point of view.
The ability to think about other people's mental states that develops in a child's fourth or fifth year of life is referred to as:
theory of mind.
Concrete operations are called "concrete" because:
they are performed on real objects.
Investigations of young children's biological understandings suggest that:
they identify important differences between living and non-living kinds.
Erikson suggested that infants become attached to those:
they trust.
What is the main focus of study for developmental scientists interested in the "biocultural foundations" of development?
to investigate how biology and culture interact to shape development
What is the primary function of the umbilical cord?
to transport blood between the embryo and the placenta
Cross-cultural differences in performance on conservation tasks suggest:
training, familiar materials, and use of native language are important contributors to children's performance on standardized tests.
More precise estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences are generally derived from ____________ studies rather than from ____________ studies.
twin; family
In Pavlov's studies, the salivation in response to food was the:
unconditional response.
Children demonstrate that they can recognize themselves in the mirror when they:
use mirror images to find spots of color placed on their faces.
School problem solving supports:
use of abstract reasoning.
Customs relating to childbirth:
vary widely between cultures.
Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?
vision
The single cell that is the foundation for all of the cells that a child will have at birth is called a:
zygote.
