psy 260 #4
The ________ effect refers to the situation in which a group of female mice that are housed together show a slowing down and then a termination of their estrous cycles.
Lee-Boot
Which of the following terms belong together?
Müllerin system; fallopian tubes
The prefrontal cortex is ________ by ________ projection neurons.
activated; serotonergic
Aggressiveness is reduced in adult rodents by castration whereas injections of testosterone reinstate adult male rodent aggression. These effects are an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.
activational
Female sexual behavior is suppressed by
damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus
a general function of the prefrontal cortex may be to
dampen or inhibit emotional reactions
The key factor that determines whether the undifferentiated gonads develop into testes is the
gene Sry located on the Y chromosome
Twin studies suggest a major role for ________ in antisocial behavior.
genetics
If findings from the prairie vole can be applied to human pair bonding, you would expect that a monogamous couple may show ________ than do promiscuous couples.
greater brain levels of vasopressin (males) and oxytocin (females)
An example of an activational effect induced by the hormone estradiol would be
growth of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
An individual with androgen-insensitivity syndrome will
have female external genitalia
Some careers involve daily exposure to dangerous situations, which can lead to emotional burnout. A person with damage to the amygdala would have a selective advantage for a career as a
high-wire artist working on the 4th of july in a rainstorm
Impulsive aggression may reflect ________, which can be treated with ________.
impaired serotonin prefrontal activity; fluoxetine
An example of an environmental effect on testosterone secretion would be when a. castration reduces sexual aggression.
losing a tennis match results in lowered blood levels of testosterone
Studies of hormone status and antisocial behavior in U.S. military veterans suggest that higher levels of antisocial activity are noted in
low socioeconomic status men with high testosterone levels
Imagine that all members of your class have been tested to determine the level of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following would you predict using this information?
male classmates with low 5-HIAA levels are unlikely to be alive ten years from now
Intermale aggression will be reinstated in castrated male rats after implants of testosterone into the
medial preoptic area
Which of the following is true of pheromone action in humans?
men rate T-shorts worn by women during their fertile phase as more pleasant than T-shirts worn during their non-fertile phase.
Which of the following is true of the hormone oxytocin?
oxytocin release can induce the ejection of milk in a lactating female
Which of the following pairs represent an example of a primary sex characteristic and an example of a secondary sex characteristic?
penis; beard growth
A key indicator of the likelihood that a person will engage in adult homosexual behavior is
self report of homosexual feelings
The Whitten effect and the Vandenbergh effect are induced in a female rodent by exposure to ________ from a(n) ________.
urine; intact male rodent
The ________ cortical region plays a key role in the analysis of social situations.
ventromedial prefrontal
Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Exposure to ________ will automatically produce a fear reaction in most species.
loud unexpected noises
Ovulation involves a surge in ________which in turn ________.
lutenizing hormone; ruptures the ovarian follicle and releases an ovum
Aggressive behavior is most strongly related to
reproduction
Humans report fear upon electrical stimulation of the
amygdala
Imagine that you have developed a new pheromone that induces male subjects to approach females. You create a perfume laced with this pheromone, name it Passion, and then begin your marketing plan. Which of the following actions would you take as you introduce your pheromone-laced perfume to the market?
you would not hand out free samples during the cold and flu season*
the enzyme ________ converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.
5-alpha reductase
which of the following is true of threat behaviors
Threat behaviors resolve conflicts without hurting the involved organisms.
an example of a secondary sex characteristic is
a deep voice
A key difference between rodent and human females is that
a female rat can only mate during estrus
In experiments on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the conditioned stimulus is
a loud tone
Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?
a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose
Sexual behavior in a female rat is ________ after removal of the ________.
absent; ovaries
Alzheimer's disease patients who show degeneration of the ________ are more likely to forget emotionally traumatic events such as the Kobe earthquake in 1995.
amygdala
The emotional components that comprise fear are integrated by neurons within the
amygdala
A person suffering from untreated androgen-insensitivity syndrome would exhibit
an inability to have children
Sexual behavior in a female rodent would by reduced or prevented by
an ovariectomy
Which of the following is the current conclusion regarding the role of androgens in female sexual activity?
androgens amplify the effects of estradiol
The growth of pubic and axillary hair is promoted by
androgens secreted from the adrenal cortex
Most of the research on emotions has focused on
anger and fear
A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner
at a point in the menstrual cycle when estradiol levels are highest
A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with testosterone and placed in a cage with a receptive female rat. This female rat will
attempt to mount the female
the major components of an emotional response include
behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions
Rats previously exposed to a tone followed by a brief intense electrical shock will show ________ when subsequently exposed to the tone (without shock).
behavioral arrest (freezing)
A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as
behavioral defeminization
Infusion of excitatory amino acid glutamate into the central nucleus of the amygdala of a rat would be expected to elicit
behavioral signs of fear
Which of the following is true of the impact of testosterone on aggressive behavior in males?
castration of sex-offenders may reduce aggressive sexual attacks
Behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal emotional responses are elicited by activation of the
central nucleus of the amygdala
a pheromone is a
chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species.
A novel female will elicit another bout of sexual behavior in a sexually satiated male rat. This is referred to as the ________ effect.
coolidge
A hormone that prevents the prenatal development of the Müllerian system is said to have a(n)
defeminizing effect
Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter in the cat produces
defensive rage behavior
the prenatal development of the external male genitalia requires the presence of
dehydrotestosterone
Neurons within the amygdala are activated by
detection of emotionally relevant stimuli
A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is not more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.
estradiol
A proposed function of lordosis is to
facilitate intromission by the male rat
An adult rodent that was NOT exposed to prenatal androgens is injected estrogen and progesterone as an adult. You would expect that rodent to display
female sexual behaviors
The drug ________ would be expected to inhibit aggression.
fluoxetine (prozac)
In experiments by LeDoux and others on classically conditioned emotional responses in rats, the unconditional emotional response is elicited by
foot shock
Which of the following is a key function of the hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion?
formation of glucose within the muscles
A species-typical defensive response for a rat would include
freezing of motor movements
Studies using primates suggest that alcohol promotes aggression but only
in dominant male monkeys during the mating season when testosterone levels are high
A formal definition of aggressive behaviors
includes those behaviors involved in predation
Rats primed with estradiol followed by progesterone injections show
increased activity in single neurons in the VMH during lordosis
Menstruation is triggered by
increased serotonin of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum*
prenatal exposure to androgens
increases aggressive behavior in all studied species.
The key effect of luteinizing hormone is to
induce ovulation
________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents.
intromission
The vomeronasal organ
is the receptive organ for pheromones
Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with other females
just prior to menstruation
the hormone _____ controls the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
kisspeptin
A person who suffers from androgen-insensitivity syndrome would be expected to
lack female internal reproductive structures*
An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.
lateral hypothalamus
the amygdala is
located within the temporal lobes.
The autonomic component of an emotional response functions to
mobilize energy for vigorous movement
Recent research suggests that emotions may play the most important role in the formation of
moral judgements
Female rhesus monkeys are more likely to engage in fights with male monkeys
near the time of ovulation
The formation of the ovaries during prenatal development is controlled by
no factor
A female rat is ovariectomized and then injected with testosterone immediately after birth. In adulthood, this rat is injected with estrogen and progesterone and placed in a cage with a male rat. This female rat will
not show female sexual behaviors
The capacity of early testosterone exposure to sensitize brain circuits for aggression is an example of a(n) ________ hormone effect.
organizational
The key distinction between an organizational hormone effect and an activational hormone effect is that
organizational effects are permanent
________ involves an attack by one animal on a member of another species in order to eat them.
predation
Electrical stimulation of the ventral periaqueductal gray matter in the cat can produce
predatory behavior
The combination of inadequate activation of the ________ and enhanced activation of the ________ may result in excessive anger that results in harm to other persons.
prefrontal cortex; amygdala
The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that
proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate
testis
produce testosterone
adrenal
produces cortisol
ovary
produces estrogen
pancreas
produces insulin
thyroid
produces thyroxine
Nest building is facilitated by administration of
progresterone
In the chapter vignette on violence and aggression, Steve
received a life sentence in prision
Lordosis is considered to be an example of ________ in the female rat.
receptivity
Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in
reduced blood levels of stress hormones
A human male who has a long record of assault, arson, and murder would be expected to show ________ levels of ________ in his cerebrospinal fluid.
reduced; 5-HIAA
The prenatal development of the internal reproductive structures of the female
requires no hormone
The text author suggests that serotonin exerts a controlling effect on
risky behaviors
Elevated brain levels of the transmitter ________ function to inhibit aggression.
serotonin
The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of
sexual identity
The adulthood psychological adjustment achieved by Bruce-Brenda-David, the male twin whose penis was ablated during a botched circumcision procedure at age 7 months, suggests that
sexual identity may not be easily shifted by the upbringing of a child
A male rat is castrated immediately after birth and then given injections of estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. This male rat would be expected to
show lordosis to another male
A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to
show more interfemale aggression as an adult
The primary difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones is
steroids bind to intracellular receptors, peptide hormones to membrane receptors
GnRH
stimulates LH and FSH release
LH
stimulates estrogen and testosterone
GRF
stimulates growth hormone
CRF
stimulates primary release of ACTH
FSH
stimulates sperm and egg development
ACTH
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
TSH
stimulates thyroxine release
107. Both men and women appear to show increased secretion of ________ in anticipation of renewed sexual contact.
testosterone
A female mouse given daily injections of ________ for two weeks is more likely than a placebo-treated female to fight with a strange female mouse.
testosterone
Sexual behavior in a castrated male rat can be restored by infusion of ________ into the ________.
testosterone; medial preoptic area
Which of the following distinguishes predation from most types of aggression?
the aim of a predatory attack is to kill and consume a food source
What principle is demonstrated by the findings that mechanical stimulation of the genitals elicits sex-related behaviors in animals whose spinal cord has been cut?
the brain is not required for the sexual reflexes of erection and ejaculation
Based on the evidence cited in your text, which brain region would be considered as a key target for pharmacological modification to provide relief for a person suffering from overly intense emotional reactions?
the central nucleus of the amygdala
The genetic sex of a fetus is determined by
the father's sperm
A male mouse housed alone in a home cage will readily attack a male mouse placed into the home cage, but will not attack a female mouse. Which of the following is a key factor as to whether the resident male mouse decides to attack or not attack the strange male mouse?
the mouse must be able to detect male pheromones
The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that
the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones
Which of the following is true of the rat estrous cycle?
the rat estrous cycle lasts 4 days
After ejaculation, a male rat will refrain from further copulation for a period of time. This is known as
the refractory period
twin studies indicate that
there is a genetic basis for homosexuality in males as well as in females.
________ is an example of a personal moral dilemma.
throwing another person onto grenade in order to save a larger group
In addition to partial paralysis after a stroke, Mr. V. showed a loss of
understanding of the long-term implications of his stroke