PSY 285 Exam 4
Factorial Design
-Completely randomized -Between Groups -Two or more independent variables -All possible combinations of the levels of the independent variables -Information (Main effects, Interactions)
A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (male or female) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design?
1
In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?
2
A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design.
2 x 2 mixed factorial
Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).
2 x 2 x 3
A 4 x 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.
20
In a 2 x 3 factorial design, there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible.
2; 1
An experimenter hypothesizes that college students will become more aggressive when they have blood alcohol levels (B.A.C.) of .15% or more and listening to rock music, than when their blood alcohol level is less than .10% and are not listening to music. To test this hypothesis he randomly assigned students to three groups (1) B.A.C of .15% or more (2) B.A.C of .10% or less, and (3) a no alcohol group. Each of the three groups is then subjected to rock music or no music, and aggressiveness ratings are taken. What type of design do we have?
2x3 factorial with 6 treatment combinations
A study involves a 3 x 4 x 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
3
How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design?
3
A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.
3 x 2 x 2
A researcher examines the physical attractiveness of a driver involved in an automobile accident (unattractive, average, or attractive) and the severity of damage caused ($500, $1500, or $2500) on judgments of responsibility assigned to the driver. Which of the following represents the factorial design?
3 x 3
A 2 x 2 x 2 design results in _____ experimental conditions.
8
You are wondering whether regular physical exercises would increase one's mental capacity. To investigate this, you decided to conduct an experiment by manipulating two independent variables: exercise and the type of intelligence test. The first variable had two levels: (1) exercise regularly or (2) do not exercise at all. The second variable had three levels: (1) spatial test, (2) verbal test, and (3) verbal memory test. You decided to use two dependent measures: (1) the scores on the tests and (2) the time it took to complete the tests. Which of the following would describe the design of this experiment?
A 2x3 factorial
Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?
A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
A researcher had young or middle age participants watch a PG-13 or an R-rated film. After viewing the film, the participants rated the amount of violence in the films-the higher the assigned rating, the more violent the film. The mean results in the four conditions were:
A simple main effect of participant age does not exist when the movie is rated PG-13.
A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?
A third group with a moderate level of fear
A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design.
IV x PV
If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?
IV x PV design
Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable?
Interactions can be studied.
Which of the following was the conclusion from the contrived study of the effects of alcohol and speed on time on target using the pursuit rotor task?
It is ok to drive and drink as long as you drive slow
Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs?
Number of levels of first IV ? Number of levels of second IV
In order to study the effects of personality characteristics on intelligence, a researcher assigned participants into two groups: introverts and extroverts. The researcher then conducted an IQ test and calculated the mean scores of the two groups. Moreover, each of the participants was given a puzzle, and the time taken to solve the puzzle was noted down. In this research, which of the following are the attribute variables?
Personality characteristics-introverts and extroverts
Which of the following is true of a 2 x 3 factorial design?
There are 6 conditions.
A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?
There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
In a study designed to measure aggressive play of boys versus girls who attend public or private schools, which of the following statements is least correct?
There may be an effect of aggressive play.
Which of the following is true of interactions?
When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.
Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:
a main effect of authorship.
An IV x PV design allows:
a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.
Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design.
factorial
The main reason for using a 2 ? 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to:
find an interaction between the independent variables.
Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is:
individuals with or without wok experience.
You are comparing two ways of motivating students to score higher on two types of tests: math and science. The table below shows the results. Based on the results, you should expect which of the following effects to be significant?
main effect of motivation
A factorial design involves:
manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.
A simple main effect analysis examines:
mean differences at each level of the independent variable
A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.
mixed factorial
Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:
movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.
An IV x PV design has:
one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable.
Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the:
simple main effect of appearance.
The term "factorial" means _________.
that the research design contains all possible levels of the independent variables used in the study
The biggest problem of the experimental approach is that:
the number of IVs that can be manipulated simultaneously is quite limited on practical grounds
This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results? (two sideways lines going to the right)
there is a statistically significant main effect for factor A
This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results?
there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B
This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results? (two horizontal lines)
there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B
This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results? (sideways V face open left)
there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B and an interaction
Factorial designs are often employed because:
they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.
In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use:
three or more levels of the independent variable.
The simplest factorial design is that which has:
two independent variables with two levels each.
