PSY 300 combined 2
Marginal means indicate the means of which of the following
A main effect
What is a motor unit? A group of type II muscle fibers The total collection of skeletal muscles A group of type I muscle fibers An alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
An alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Which ion is necessary for the contraction of a muscle to occur? Chloride Calcium Chromium Copper
Calcium
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivating after the ringing of the bell alone is the: Conditioned response Conditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
_____ is defined by one's verbal ability and overall fund of knowledge.
Crystallized intelligence
Which of the following does not involve memory? Detection of visual stimuli Perception Emotional responses Language Attention
Detection of visual stimuli
A spinal cord injury would have no bearing on the ability to feel pain. True False
False
After photons enter your eye, they are focused onto the iris by the lens. True or False
False
Conscious perception is a passive process. True False
False
As seen in both animals with food-caching behavior and in humans who must acquire a detailed cognitive map of an area, the ______ is able to increase in volume over time. Frontal lobe Amygdala Visuospatial cortex Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Synchronization at high frequencies leads to _____ attention. a) Increased No change in c) Decreased d) disorganized
Increased
Synchronization at low frequencies leads to ____ attention. a) No change in b) Increased c) Decreased d) exogenous
Increased
The neurotic personality and feminine psychology were two of the main themes in the work of:
Karen Horney.
_______ refers to the feelings of sexual attraction, desire, and preference an individual has toward others.
Sexual orientation
The three components of emotions are:
behavioral, physiological, and cognitive.
The term "attachment" has been used to describe mutual:
bonding.
Periods of immobility, unresponsiveness, poor hygiene, and unusual postures suggest the presence of
catatonic schizophrenia.
An individual is having great difficulty maintaining balance while walking, and often over-corrects when bumping into an object or person. We can assume that there may be damage to the ____. reticular formation cerebellum medula tectum
cerebellum
Uncle Stavros appeared uncoordinated when he bumped into the cake table at a family wedding. Next his hand overshot when he reached for a cup of punch. When he slurs his words, you wonder if maybe he drank a bit too much ouzo. But then your cousin, Nakia, reminds you that he quit drinking years ago. Concerned, you mention to Aunt Agatha that Stavros may need to see a neurologist because you suspect he may have damage to his ________. hippocampus amygdala cerebellum spinal cord
cerebellum
A neuron has inputs connected to the auditory region of the brain. We can assume that this neuron plays a role in visual perception. auditory perception (hearing). creating speech. reading.
auditory perception (hearing).
The term factor refers to which of the following
an independent variable in a factorial design
Counterbalancing
arranging the order in which the conditions of a repeated measures design are experienced so that each condition occurs equally often in each position best approach is to use each possible order of conditions
What is the function of striated muscles?_ move nutrients through the digestive tract and move bones control the heart and skeletal muscles control blood pressure and move the heart control blood pressure and move the eyes and lungs
control the heart and skeletal muscles
All of the following are negative symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
derailment
Jamaal is a psychology intern at the local hospital. When performing an intake with a female patient, he noticed that the individual could not follow through with a thought. She would begin talking about one topic then quickly change to another topic and then quickly to another. The topics were not totally unrelated, but not completely related either. The woman in this scenario is likely displaying
derailment.
One-Way Experimental Design
design the experimental study to test whether watching violent cartoons produces violent behavior
The underlying process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior in order to satisfy physiological and psychological needs is called:
motivation
Neurons that have direct outputs to muscles or glands are _______ neurons. glial afferent motor sensory
motor
A husband is trying to decide whether to steal a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife's life. Reasoning he should steal the drug because the right to life is more important than property rights reflects moral reasoning at which of Kohlberg's stages?
postconventional
Which if NOT a disadvantage of repeated-measures design over between-participant designs
potential for lowered statistical power
When you swallow, you are using the _____ cranial nerve. glossopharyngeal optic olfactory vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H. M.'s surgery? visual spatial memory explicit memory implicit memory verbal memory
implicit memory
Changes in dendritic morphology imply the addition or subtraction of synapses. occur spontaneously over days or weeks. imply new circuitry. indirectly represent new connections between widely separated brain regions.
imply the addition or subtraction of synapses.
In V4 neurons, spatial attention can increase contrast sensitivity. cause certain populations to stop firing. increase desynchronized activity. decrease response amplitudes. decrease contrast sensitivity.
increase contrast sensitivity.
Lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles. initiate movement. direct voluntary movement. plan movement. modulate the activity of upper motor neurons.
innervate skeletal muscles.
An object located in your right visual field will be processed in your optic nerve. right hemisphere. left hemisphere. optic chiasm.
left hemisphere.
Which of the following views suggests that our biological needs give rise to unpleasant states of tension or arousal that push us into action?
drive-reduction theory
Some neurons respond to certain specific stimuli. We call this feature selectivity. endogenous attention. central tendency. attention.
feature selectivity.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, is a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association which describes the criteria used to classify and diagnose:
mental disorders.
The ossicles are found in the outer ear middle ear inner ear oval window
middle ear
Bizarre thinking and behaviors in addition to disturbances in perception, emotion, and social interaction suggest the presence of
schizophrenia.
The signal to your brain that light has hit your retina is _________. Interpreting the signal is _________. sensation; perception conscious; unconscious perception; sensation
sensation; perception
Which of the following falls under the category of sexual disorders?
sexual dysfunctions
for an experimental design the null hypothesis is
that the means of all of the experimental conditions are the same
Emotional events may be more likely to be remembered due to the connection between the amygdala and the hippocampal formation. the amygdala and the cerebellum. the midbrain and the cerebellum. the hippocampal formation and the midbrain.
the amygdala and the hippocampal formation.
Which of the following is a likely result of restriction of range
the size of the correlation coefficient is reduce
All sensory information, except for smell, reaches the cortex through the hypothalamus the thalamus the putamen the caudate
the thalamus
In an experimental design that has three levels of the independent variable, a significant f value indicates
the three means are not the same, but we cannot tell which means are different from each other
The difference between a factorial experimental design and a one way experiment is that
there is more than one independent variable in the factorial design
Main Effects (2 x 2)
to get a main effect pretend that other factors are not manipulated "pretend": average cell means across levels of the other factors (add up the top cell and bottom cell and divide by 2)
If a participant registers a change in stimulus and is also conscious of the change, the brain should be active in visual regions if the change is visual. widely activated across multiple lobes. unchanged. active in auditory regions if the change is auditory.
widely activated across multiple lobes.
High Ecological Validity
you can generalize the findings of your research study to real-life settings ex: if your study has high ecological validity, you would expect that people who are in actual plan crashes would experience increased heart rate and adrenaline
Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning are defined as:
psychological disorders.
Annie is unable to tell the difference between what is real versus what is not real. Annie's loss of contact with reality is referred as
psychosis.
The hole in the middle of the iris is called the lens. pupil. cornea. retina.
pupil.
In a two-way factorial experimental design, ____ will be manipulated and ______ will be measured
two independent variable one dependent variable
Effect Size
a name given to a family of indices that measures the magnitude of a treatment effect these indices are independent of sample size ES measures are the common currency of meta-analysis studies that summarize the findings from a specific area of research
Factorial Experimental Designs
factor: independent manipulated variable N-way designs: one-way, two-way, etc levels: factor "values" conditions: total number of combination of levels ex: 2 x 4 x 2 (3 factors, 2 and 4 levels, 16 conditions)
Receptor potentials are typically _________; whereas action potentials are ___________. graded; graded graded; all-or-none graded; potentiated all-or-none; graded
graded; all-or-none
The zone of proximal development refers to
the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills.
Moving your head and neck requires signals carried by the _____ cranial nerve. oculomotor optic glossopharyngeal spinal accessory
spinal accessory
Central pattern generators can be found in the heart. biceps. spinal cord. brain.
spinal cord.
Dopamine is fed to the Basal Ganglia by the prefrontal cortex. cerebellum. substantial nigra. medulla.
substantial nigra.
Before proceeding to the cerebral cortex, input from all sensory systems except smell converges on the amygdala. thalamus. hippocampus hypothalamus.
thalamus.
Restriction of Range
to limit the data in the population to some criterion, or use a subset of data to determine whether two pieces of information are correlated or connected
This cranial nerve controls the muscles of chewing olfactory. optic. trigeminal. oculomotor.
trigeminal.
p =
the likelihood that the data is "generated" by the null hypothesis probability value
Proprioception is the perception of fine touch the location of one's body in space pain chemical irritants
the location of one's body in space
Alpha
the significance level (usually set to .05) this means that the observed data must have occurred by chance at most 5% of the time to allow us to reject the null hypothesis
Control Condition (One-Way Design)
the simplest experiment has only two conditions and two levels using only two levels cannot detect a non-linear relationship
The basal ganglia are particularly implicated in motor control. learning and memory. emotion. sympathetic nervous system control.
motor control.
Penfield and Jasper's work with epileptic patients gave us much of our knowledge about the motor cortex. medulla. symptoms of epilepsy. musculature system.
motor cortex.
______ is characterized by an overwhelming fear of being in a situation where escape is not possible or a fear that no one would be able to provide assistance if something terribly anxiety-provoking occurred.
Agoraphobia
______ is marked by bizarre behaviors, hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech, and inappropriate affect.
Disorganized schizophrenia
The Acknowledged Participant
still gets to know the people he or she observes, and the ethical problems are fewer, but reactivity due to the presence of the researcher may still occur
Classical conditioning pairs stimulus with rewards and punishments. outcome. stimulus. behavior.
stimulus.
According to scientist Donald Hebb, when neuron A fires repeatedly to neuron B, their connection is unchanged. weakened. severed. strengthened.
strengthened.
Temporal Priority
the cause happens before the effect
Psychological disorders characterized by frequent thoughts about what might happen in the future are called:
anxiety disorders.
Somatotopic maps represent adjacent _____. frequencies body parts amplitudes locations
body parts
p > .05
fail to reject null hypothesis
Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense kid" by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?
difficult
Experiments on spatial memory show that bilateral lesions to the _____ impair the ability to navigate in an environment. hippocampus midbrain occipital lobe visuospatial cortex
hippocampus
Neurogenesis occurs in the pons. prefrontal cortex. brain stem. hippocampus.
hippocampus.
Which statement is true about interpreting a 2 x 2 factorial experiment
it is misleading to interpret the main effects when there is a significant interaction
"No girls allowed," "boys have cooties," "yuck, they're kissing!" are all comments typical of children in the _______ stage of psychosexual development.
latency
Quantification
levels of measurement nominal ordinal interval ratio
A(n) _______ is an unwanted, intrusive, and often unpleasant thought that causes an increase in anxiety.
obsession
The primary visual cortex is located in the _____ lobe. temporal frontal parietal occipital
occipital
Carryover
the effects of the manipulation in one experimental condition are still present when the dependent measure is measured for another level of the manipulation
The different situations that create the independent variable in an experimental research design (ex: providing participants with high or low dose of a drug) is known as what
the levels of the independent variable
Inferential Errors
Type 1 and Type 2 errors
Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard claim that our basic emotions are:
inborn and universal across cultures.
All of the following views represent the biological approach to motivation EXCEPT
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
According to Erik Erikson, during young adulthood one must establish:
intimacy
Students who study hard because they find the subject interesting are driven by:
intrinsic motivation.
Episodic memories can be either vague and without context (called familiarity), or richly detailed, called classical. recollection. procedural. semantic.
recollection.
p < .05
reject null hypothesis
If the results of an experiment are determined to be statistically significant, then the experimenter should do which of the following
reject the null hypothesis
What type of map is associated with the visual system? retinotopy all of these somatotopy tonotopy None of these
retinotopy
The circuitry of the striatum is thought to be important in which type of memory? Working Classical conditioning Procedural Priming
Procedural
Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapise, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter's therapist likely to say?
"You are likely experiencing repression. Once we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better."
As a psychology student learning about the psychological disorders, which of the following questions will be most helpful in determining whether a particular behavior is considered abnormal and, therefore, a disorder?
-Does the behavior seem to interfere with social interactions? -Is the behavior socially acceptable to one's culture? -Is the person a danger to himself/herself? *All of the above.*
In a correlational study the null hypothesis is
0
What do we call the arrow that points to one of the squares in the orienting paradigm? A peripheral cue The goal location An oddball A central cue
A central cue
An example of an impaired or altered state of consciousness is a coma. All of the above being under anesthesia. deep sleep.
All of the above
During visual search for pop-out stimuli, attentional shifts result in a second negative wave 100 ms after the first but on the contralateral side where the new stimulus is given. a negative wave peaking at 250 ms (N2pc) is evoked. the anatomical basis for the N2pc activity can be demonstrated using ERP and MEG. N2pc activity is evoked in the parietal and occipital regions contralateral to the pop-out location. All of the above
All of the above
Nondeclarative, or implicit, memory is subdivided into which categories? Classical conditioning Skills All of the above Perceptual priming
All of the above
The way we see that world can be influenced by prior injuries. All of the above experiences. knowledge.
All of the above
What is the function of the cornea? Allows photons to travel into the eye It converts light into electrical signals It focuses light onto the retina
Allows photons to travel into the eye
_____ is a tool used in psychology and psychiatry in which an individual answers questions about his/her behaviors, thoughts, and feelings; it is then scored using a highly standardized procedure thereby yielding dimensions of the individual's personality.
An inventory
Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially-skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind's research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on?
Authoritative type
While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her two-year-old daughter's behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter's loud and piercing, "Noooo, I get out!!" and "I push cart, Mommy!!" In which stage is Holly's daughter?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
What is the term for when an individual's recollection of the past is affected by their current knowledge and beliefs? Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Confabulation
Bias
Horace has a mood disorder and has recently sought treatment for it. The therapist explained that his mood disorder stems from not having enough of certain neurotransmitters. From which psychological perspective is this explanation?
Biological perspective
In cognitive neuroscience, the term "homunculus" refers to a map of the body in the primary somatosensory or "touch" cortex. Neither of these are true. Both of these are true. a map of the body in the motor cortex.
Both of these are true.
An insect suddenly flying past your face and drawing your attention away from the television would be an example of a _______ shift in attention. a) binocular b) monocular c) Top-down d) Bottom-up
Bottom-up
Measuring a ______ in an oddball paradigm would involve the use of a novel oddball thrown in amongst the usual oddballs. a) Bottom-up mechanism b) Central cue c) Top-down mechanism d) peripheral cue
Bottom-up mechanism
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs simultaneously with the emotion?
Cannon-Bard theory
Which psychologist believed that individuals often do not become fully functioning persons because, in childhood, they fail to receive unconditional positive regard from the parents?
Carl Rogers
Reaction time benefits can occur after the introduction of a(n) _____ in the correct location at the correct time. a) Central cue b) Oddball c) Stereoscope
Central cue
Which structure was not affected by surgery in H.M.? Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex Amygdala Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Which experimental result implicates sleep in the consolidation of declarative memories? Spatial memory after a nap improves for uncued but not cued objects. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is more important for declarative memory than slow-wave sleep. Replay events of maze running in rodents during slow-wave sleep are found in the visual cortex but not the hippocampus. All of the above Cues, present during learning, provided during slow-wave sleep increase hippocampal activity and improve memory for object locations the next day.
Cues, present during learning, provided during slow-wave sleep increase hippocampal activity and improve memory for object locations the next day.
Exogenous attention involves an individual: a) Directing attention to an area suggested verbally by the experimenter b) Directing attention to an object that has just changed in shape c) Directing attention to the left after reading a sign d) Directing attention to an object or area pointed at by a central cue
Directing attention to an object that has just changed in shape
What technique is used to measure muscle activity? PET EMG MRI EEG
EMG
When seventy-year-old Lesley looks at the life she has lived thus far, she thinks to herself, "Well, I have really given it my all. I have worked hard in my career and I feel as if I did the best I could at raising my family. I feel good about the choices I have made." In which stage of psychosocial development is Lesley?
Ego integrity vs. despair
While fixating on a central cross, an arrow located near the cross points to a box to the left of the cross. Your eyes follow the arrow to the box. This is an example of: a) Exogenous attention b) A reaction time cost c) Endogenous attention d) Involuntary attention
Endogenous attention
Life episodes and facts are categorized as which type of memory? Working Nondeclarative Explicit Implicit
Explicit
George volunteers his time in the emergency room at his local hospital. While he does not get paid for his time, he does expect that being able to list his volunteer work on his resume will help him get into the nursing program he wants to attend. ______ BEST explains George's reason to volunteer his time.
Extrinsic motivation
Roger is a therapist who is working with an individual currently experiencing legal and relationship difficulties. Roger finds out that because of all of the legal fees the person has incurred, the individual has lost her house and has nowhere to stay. Which of the following should Roger address based on Maslow's theory?
He should first help her find shelter so she feels secure.
Fredric has had a stroke that affected an area of his brain that serves his macula, including the foveas of both eyes. What should you expect his vision to be like? He will be totally blind. He will be able to see only what is exactly in front of him. He will be able to see only what is in his peripheral visual area. He will be able to see color, but not movement.
He will be able to see only what is in his peripheral visual area.
Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny?
Intimacy vs. isolation
A deviant stimulus is inserted into a series of standard stimuli in the Oddball paradigm. Orienting paradigm. top-down paradigm. Kanizsa illusion.
Oddball paradigm.
The hippocampal formation is contained within the Medial Temporal Lobe. subiculum. amygdala. dentate gyrus.
Medial Temporal Lobe.
This is the term for when an individual attributes an idea or recollection to the wrong source: Suggestibility Bias Misattribution Confabulation
Misattribution
Which supports the idea that neurons in a number of premotor areas specify movements in a graded manner as sensory evidence is accumulated? Stimulation of the frontal eye fields results in the endpoints of the movements systematically unbiased by the pattern of motion the monkeys saw. Monkeys cannot judge the net direction of motion of a field of dots when less than 5% of the dots move coherently but can when 50% of the dots are moving coherently. When monkeys view motion longer, as well as when the fraction of coherently moving dots is gradually increased, bias of endpoint movements is not affected. Only the frontal eye fields are found to be modulated by the strength of the motion stimulus favoring a particular eye movement response. Neurons in only one premotor area where planning-related activity occurs respond to sensory cues used to guide movements.
Monkeys cannot judge the net direction of motion of a field of dots when less than 5% of the dots move coherently but can when 50% of the dots are moving coherently.
What receptor is important for both long-term potentiation and learning? Muscarinic NMDA AMPA D2
NMDA
Which of the following would be regarded as examples of explicit learning? Thorndike's instrumental learning Skinner's operant learning None of the answers is correct. Pavlov's classical conditioning
None of the answers is correct.
The superior parietal areas in the intraparietal sulcus activate when spatial (where) oddballs are presented in an experiment, whereas the inferior temporal cortex activates with the presentation of a(n) ______ oddball. Subject (who) Time (when) Object (what) None of the above
Object (what)
Which of the following is not true of declarative memory? Only semantic memory contributes to autobiographical memory. Familiarity includes some mechanisms involved in semantic and nondeclarative memory. Declarative memory is the conscious memory for events and facts. Declarative memory is divided into semantic and episodic memory. Episodic memory is divided into recollection and familiarity.
Only semantic memory contributes to autobiographical memory.
Which of the following represents the route by which visual information is transmitted? Optic nerve → optic tract → optic radiations Optic tract → optic nerve → optic radiations Optic radiations → optic nerve → optic tract Optic nerve → optic radiations → optic tract
Optic nerve → optic tract → optic radiations
You are the team doctor for the Arizona Wildcats football team (congratulations, it's a great job). One day, the coach calls you because the star quarterback is complaining that he feels nothing in his right hand. You verify this by touching his hand, poking it with a needle, and placing an ice cube on his palm. You order an MRI brain scan because you have narrowed down his problem to the following Damage to left thalamus or left somatosensory cortex Peripheral nerve damage on the right side Peripheral nerve damage on the right side AND/OR damage to left thalamus or left somatosensory cortex None of the above can explain his problem Spinal cord damage on the left side
Peripheral nerve damage on the right side AND/OR damage to left thalamus or left somatosensory cortex
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals?
Personal strife
_______ refers to the overall manner in which a person thinks, behaves and feels.
Personality
The human eye transduces visible light through the use of Photons Retinal ganglion cells Photoreceptors Horizontal cells
Photoreceptors
Which of the following is not an example of skill learning? Typing on a keyboard Playing guitar All of the above Remembering where you learned to swim Riding a bicycle
Remembering where you learned to swim
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that first the physiological response occurs, then the cognitive interpretation of the physiological response occurs which then allows the appropriate emotion to be identified?
Schacter-Singer theory
Damage to the anterior temporal lobes in humans will result in impairment of which type of knowledge? Episodic Semantic Procedural Empathetic
Semantic
Destruction of ____ neurons would eliminate the brain's ability to process signals from the outside environment. Motor Efferent Sensory Postmitotic
Sensory
Which of the following is false regarding the research on sexual orientation?
Some research supports the notion that too small a hypothalamus may contribute to the understanding of homosexuality among men.
Place cells and grid cells are involved in which type of memory? Episodic Working Procedural Spatial
Spatial
The cognitive map theory states that hippocampus of a human is involved with both episodic and _____ memories. a) Working b) Procedural c) Spatial
Spatial
The pathway that connects the postrhinal cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation is associated with: Emotional memory Spatial memory and spatial cognitive mapping Facial recognition Object recognition and memory
Spatial memory and spatial cognitive mapping
What type of muscle, attached to the bones, allows us to move about from one place to another Peripheral Striated Smooth Viseral
Striated
Studies on personality and culture reveal which of the following?
Studies show that Guatemala and Equador have the highest degree of collectivism.
Emotional memory is associate with which region of the brain? The pons The amygdala The cerebellum The medulla
The amygdala
Semantic knowledge can be impaired by damage to which brain region? The ventral hypothalamus The dorsolateral hippocampus The anterior temporal lobes The amygdala
The anterior temporal lobes
Leo was sitting in his history class and was extremely bored by the lecture. Before he knew it, he was doodling all over his notes and found himself thinking of what else he could draw. Which theory BEST describes why Leo began drawing?
The arousal theory
Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M & Ms. The first row has five M & Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M & Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M & Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?
The concrete operational stage
What is the neuromuscular junction? The location where motor neurons make contact with muscle fibers The point at which two muscles join together The area where the corticospinal tract crosses to the contralateral side of the body The point at which a muscle joins to a tendon
The location where motor neurons make contact with muscle fibers
During an fMRI experiment, a pariticpant views pictures of houses. The experimenters are looking for changes in the brain when changes in the pictures are shown. Which area of the brain will likely show an increase in activity when the house pictures are shown? The parahippocampal place region Primary auditory cortex The fusiform face area The primary motor cortex
The parahippocampal place region
Rods are more sensitive to light than cones. True or Flase
True
A rat enters a maze and heads to the left. The rat is shocked once it reaches the end of the left fork of the maze. What is most likely to happen the next time the rat enters the maze? There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the right. There is an increased probability that the rat will refuse to move There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the left again. There is a 50/50 chance that the rat will head to the left
There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the right.
The medial-lemniscal pathway sends information about _____ to the brain? Sound Pain Vision Odors Touch
Touch
Objects viewed by your right eye may be located in either your right visual field or your left visual field. True or False
True
On the motor and sensory homunculus, the corresponding areas of the body are not in proportion with their actual size. True False
True
______ is the diagnosis given when a person clearly exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia, but those symptoms make up more than one type or don't add up to a specific type of schizophrenia at all.
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Which of the following is true of the Cocktail Party Effect? We have difficulty identifying the gender of the speaker of an unattended conversation. We can effectively attend to more than one auditory input. We can repeat many conversations heard at one time during a cocktail party. We don't recognize when our name is mentioned in simultaneous conversations in which we are not involved. We selectively remember an auditory input to which we have attended but not unattended inputs.
We selectively remember an auditory input to which we have attended but not unattended inputs.
Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics
William uses a small sample of depressed people to predict mood changes in a large population of depressed people
Sixteen-year-old Enzo is involved in many activities at school, plays sports, and gets good grades. His parents report that he has been this way since he was little. Enzo reports having confidence in himself and his abilities. Conseequently, he tends to set higher and higher goals for himself and works diligently to achieve them. Enzo likely has
a high degree of self-efficacy.
Ventromedial pathways provide automatic control of the hands, feet, and parts of limbs farther from the body. voluntary control of the hands, feet, and the medial sections of limbs. automatic control of the neck, torso, and parts of limbs close to the body. voluntary control of the neck and torso.
automatic control of the neck, torso, and parts of limbs close to the body.
H. M., the memory patient described in a mini-lecture and your text, underwent the following surgical procedure bilateral removal of the frontal lobes. removal of the left temporal lobe. bilateral removal of the hippocampus and temporal lobes. removal of the left frontal lobe.
bilateral removal of the hippocampus and temporal lobes.
Hair cells are the receptor type for the _____ system. olfactory vestibular auditory both auditory and vestibular visual None of these
both auditory and vestibular
Multiple Regression Use
can be used to statistically control for potential common-causal variables allows researcher to rule out some potential spurious relationships
The Unacknowledged Participant
can become closely acquainted with the people being observed, but doing so may reduce the researcher's ability to remain objective must consider potential ethics of doing so
The supplemental motor area (SMA) needs explicit sensory cues to generate movements. is located in the parietal cortex. is most active after a sequence of movements has been performed. can mediate well-learned movements in the absence of sensory cues. is not needed to perform well-learned movements in monkeys.
can mediate well-learned movements in the absence of sensory cues.
Place cells in the hippocampus of rodents and humans supports the nonspatial memory theory. cognitive map theory. semantic memory theory. episodic memory theory. relational memory theory.
cognitive map theory.
Although it has been years and years since Johnny studied dinosaurs in school, when shown a picture of a stegosaurus, he can still tell you that the stegosaurus was a large herbivore with plates running along its back. This is an example of long-term memory. short-term memory. non-declarative memory. declarative memory.
declarative memory.
You are able to list the names of your first-, second-, and third-grade teachers. This is an example of none of the above. declarative memory. non-declarative memory. short-term memory.
declarative memory.
Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study (1956) displayed a(n)
easy temperament.
When you move your arm toward the front of your body, neurons with a directional preference toward the front of your body will fire strongly. fire weakly. fire randomly. not fire at all.
fire strongly.
If the layout of cells is tonotopic, neighboring _____ are neighbors on the cortical map. pitches amplitudes frequencies neurons
frequencies
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires
high arousal.
Micah has noticed a tiny bump on his leg. He cannot remember hitting that part of his leg or think of what might have caused the bump. He is now convinced that the bump is a tumor and that he probably has cancer. Micah has gone to one doctor who dismissed the bump as nothing more than a bruise. The second doctor performed a biopsy on it just to be sure, but the results were negative for cancer. Micah is determined to find a physician who believes him and will treat the bump before it gets too serious. Although Micah will not be diagnosed with cancer, he may eventually be diagnosed with
hypochondriasis.
The emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity was termed by Erik Erikson as:
identity crisis.
Which is true about the p-value
it indicates whether the result is likely to have occurred by chance
The auditory canal is part of the cochlea middle ear inner ear outer ear
outer ear
Albert Bandura proposed that personality results from an interaction of personal factors, like attitudes and cognitions, with environmental situations. Bandura called this interaction:
reciprocal determinism
Synchronization is neurons in two distinct areas firing _______. in sequence simultaneously alternatingly out of phase
simultaneously
The motor unit is a single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates. collection of motor axons that produce the same movement. collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group. single motor axon and a single muscle fiber.
single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
When two cells in your brain are active at the same time, the connection between them ____. weakens. breaks. dissolves. strengthens.
strengthens.
Visual search is faster in a conjunctional search versus a pop-out search. takes more time with more distractors. facilitated with more distractors. difficult with only one featural difference between the target and distractors. easy when there are several featural differences between the target and distractors.
takes more time with more distractors.
Procedural memories are stored in the hippocampus. a kind of explicit memory. a type of working memory. memories for how to perform skills or habits.
memories for how to perform skills or habits.
The ventral stream includes the ___ lobe. Cingulate Parietal Temporal Frontal
Temporal
Which of the following questions will be most helpful in determining whether a particular behavior is considered abnormal and, therefore, potentially a disorder?
-Does the behavior seem to interfere with social interactions? -Is the person a danger to him/herself? -Is the behavior socially acceptable to one's culture? *All of the above.*
Which of the following disorders fall under the category of sexual disorders?
-Paraphilias -Gender identity disorder -Sexual dysfunctions *All of the above*
Which type of career makes much use of covert misdirection? A magician A teacher A fireman A banker
A magician
Humans rely on _____ more than any other sense. Touch Smell Vision Hearing
Vision
The NMDA receptor present in many postsynaptic membranes is normally blocked by magnesium ions. When the postsynaptic neuron is repeatedly stimulated and depolarized, _____ ions can pass into the neuron, resulting in structural changes to the neuron. Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium
Calcium
Where are the auditory hair cells located? Olfactory epithelium Retina The scalp and to a lesser extent the skin Semicircular canals Cochlea
Cochlea
Dagan believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagan?
Conventional level
______ occurs when an individual suddenly moves away and assumes a new identity, seemingly unaware of the previous one.
Dissociative fugue
Explicit memory is subdivided into which two categories? Episodic and semantic Classical and operant conditioning Working and long-term Declarative and nondeclarative
Episodic and semantic
Humans have difficulty recognizing faces. True or False
False
Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm... I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage is Melanie?
Formal operational stage
Which of the following was a consequence of H.M.'s surgery? His sensory detection was affected. His working memory was disrupted. His motor skills were disrupted. His declarative memory was impaired. He could not perform the mirror drawing task.
His declarative memory was impaired.
Which of the following is true of long-term potentiation? There is an increase in the number of synaptic spines but no change in spine morphology. It displays specificity but not associativity. It has been implicated in spatial memory in mice with their NMDA receptors knocked out genetically. It involves a decrease in neurotransmitter release with high-frequency stimulation. It can be demonstrated in the mammalian hippocampus but not the cortex.
It has been implicated in spatial memory in mice with their NMDA receptors knocked out genetically.
Which theory of emotion claims that we make a cognitive appraisal of the event and then our body responds with arousal?
Lazarus' theory
Jim has been breaking the law for some time now and has been arrested several times for hurting other people. The court has ordered that he undergo psychological therapy, in addition to jail time, to eliminate these behaviors. The therapist working with him feels strongly that Jim engages in these behaviors because he grew up watching his parents engage in a life of crime. In fact, Jim was often rewarded when he was young for stealing from the neighbors. Which psychological perspective BEST describes the cause of Jim's psychological disorder?
Learning perspective
A central cue may cause _____ if the cue points to the correct location at the correct time. Reaction time benefit accuracy cost Reaction time cost inattentional blindness
Reaction time benefit
______ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own.
Scaffolding
Which of the following statements accurately describes the ability of cranial nerves to carry sensory and motor information? Some cranial nerves carry just sensory information, while all of the others carry both sensory and motor information.V All cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor information. Half of the cranial nerves carry sensory information and the other half of the cranial nerves carry motor information. Some cranial nerves carry sensory information, others carry motor information, and still others carry both sensory and motor information.
Some cranial nerves carry sensory information, others carry motor information, and still others carry both sensory and motor information.
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal nuclei of the basal ganglia? Putamen Striatum Substantia nigra Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
A dog salivates at the sight and smell of food. A scientist starts ringing a bell just before the food is presented. What will likely happen if the scientist repeats the procedure many times? The dog will be conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell. The dog will be conditioned to salivate only to the presentation of food. The dog will cease salivating at the presentation of both food and bell. The dog will be unconditioned to salivate when it sees the scientist.
The dog will be conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell.
From a behavioral geneticist's viewpoint, which of the following is true regarding how an individual develops personality?
The genes set the parameters of an individual's personality; the environment then may play a role in personality development within that genetically determined range.
A central cross and two squares are the primary experimental stimuli used in which type of experiment? The oddball paradigm change detection The orienting paradigm
The orienting paradigm
If, during an change detection experiment, the participant's brain is widely activated across multiple lobes, we can assume that: The participant was not conscious of the change in stimulus, nor registered the change The participant registered the change in stimulus and was also conscious of the change The participant registered the change in stimulus, but was not conscious of change
The participant registered the change in stimulus and was also conscious of the change
Your eyes and ears sense activity in your environment. What happens next? The motor neurons respond by creating new synapses. Your sensory neurons release chemicals called receptors. The physical stimuli you perceived are turned into electrical signals called action potentials. Your sensory outputs relay this information to the cerebellum.
The physical stimuli you perceived are turned into electrical signals called action potentials.
Where are semantic memories stored? They are distributed throughout the brain. Hippocampus Cerebellum Amygdala
They are distributed throughout the brain.
The blind spot is in an area of the retina where there are no photoreceptors. True or False
True
The cerebellum works to coordinate movements. True False
True
There are many things in the environment that we are not conscious of. True False
True
There are multiple states of consciousness. True or false
True
Your visual system is working even when you are dreaming or imagining. True or False
True
he theory of "7 +/- 2" describes the capacity of which type of memory? Explicit Long-term Nondeclarative Working
Working
Which type of memory lasts for only seconds, or perhaps a few minutes? Working memory Explicit memory Implicit memory Declarative memory
Working memory
The blind spot in our visual field is created by _______ at the _______. fewer rods than cones; fovea thicker photoreceptors; optic nerve densely packed cones; lens a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc
a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc
Which of the following would be likely to increase statistical significance
a larger sample size
Factor
a major independent variable in a factorial design
A researcher finds that the height and intelligence are correlated in children. The age of the child is probably what
a mediating variable
Feature selectivity is the term used for a neuron's preference of certain specific stimuli over others. exogenous attention. endogenous attention. change blindness in experiments.
a neuron's preference of certain specific stimuli over others.
Christina and her mother were in a playroom at school. Christina was playing in and exploring the playroom as they waited to meet her new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Christina and her mother. Then Christina's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When the mother returned to the playroom, Christina ran up to her to be picked up and gave her a hug. She then politely asked to get down so she could further explore the neat toys in the room. Which attachment type does Christina likely have with her mother?
a secure attachment
How is the direction of movement encoded? by an individual neuron by stimulation of the somatosensory cortex activation of a population of neurons by graded responses
activation of a population of neurons
The experience of pain involves which of the following brain areas: amygdala somatosensory cortex insula none of these prefrontal cortex thalamus all of these
all of these
__________ is to hearing as __________ is to vision. Tonotopy: retinotopy The cochlea; the retina The medial geniculate nucleus; the lateral geniculate nucleus all of these are true.
all of these are true.
Twenty-two-year-old Ted is at the doctor's office for his annual physical. After being weighed and measured, it is clear that Ted is almost six feet tall but weighs only 125 pounds. When discussing this with his physician, he also shares that he sees himself as fat which is why he eats very little. Ted's physician asked him to look in the mirror and report what he sees. Ted reports seeing a very tall and overweight male. Ted's physician should be concerned because Ted seems to meet the criteria for
anorexia nervosa.
Loss of memory for information acquired after damage or trauma is called childhood amnesia. retrograde amnesia. working amnesia. anterograde amnesia. double dissociation.
anterograde amnesia.
Motor programs are not ballistic. sets of commands to end a sequence of movements. dependent on incoming sensory information. are independent of the muscle groups used to carry them out. are organized at the level of muscles.
are independent of the muscle groups used to carry them out.
On the motor homunculus areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation. all muscles are given equal representation. no clear relationship exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the motor cortex. an inverse relation exists between space allocated on the homunculus and motor control.
areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.
How ES (Effect Size) is measured
as the standardized difference between two means or as the correlation between the independent variable classification and the individual scores on the dependent variable ("effect size correlation")
The Alternative Hypothesis
assumes that the collected data will differ from that would be expected if chance alone were operating
The cochlear nerve is also called the... auditory nerve. apex nerve. corti nerve. basil nerve.
auditory nerve.
he lateral pathway originates in the _________ and controls _________ movements. brainstem; voluntary cerebral cortex; voluntary brainstem; automatic cerebral cortex; automatic
cerebral cortex; voluntary
Encoding of memory involves All of the above changes in the strength and/or number of synaptic connections between neurons. accessing stored memory traces. the retention of memory traces over time. the conscious experience of remembering.
changes in the strength and/or number of synaptic connections between neurons.
Spider toxins, noxious gases, and even some cooking spices can cause pain. These are sensed by the mechanical nociceptors. thermal nociceptors. chemoreceptors. chemical nociceptors.
chemical nociceptors.
Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent nerves. are located in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. are located in the ventral horns of the spinal cord. contain the cell bodies of afferent nerves.
contain the cell bodies of afferent nerves.
Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called
defense mechanisms.
Between Subjects Design
each participant participates in one and only one group the results from each group are then compared to each other to examine differences, and thus the effect of the IV ex: a study examining the effect of Bayer asprin vs Tylenol on headaches, we can have two groups; participants get either Bayer or Tylenol, but not both
The ability to consciously direct attention to a particular aspect of the environment is exogenous attention. endogenous attention. reflexive attention. executive attention. arousal.
endogenous attention.
The temporal sequence of attentional orientation appears to be activation first in the parietal cortex then the sensory cortex. frontal cortex then the sensory cortex with both of these influencing the parietal cortex. parietal cortex then the frontal cortex with no influence on the sensory cortex. sensory cortex and then the frontal and parietal cortices. frontal cortex then the parietal cortex with both of these influencing the sensory cortex.
frontal cortex then the parietal cortex with both of these influencing the sensory cortex.
The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals by ossicles otoliths the cochlear microphonic hair cells
hair cells
Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely
has a strong superego.
The output of the basal ganglia that affects the cortex comes from the striatum. occurs via excitation of the globus pallidus by the striatum. has the net effect of exciting the cortex. involves the direct inhibition of the globus pallidus by the substantia nigra. excites the thalamus.
has the net effect of exciting the cortex.
Because the motor cortex controls movement of contralateral body parts, if your grandfather experiences damage to his right motor cortex due to a stroke, it is likely that he will not be able to understand anything you say to him. have some paralysis in the left side of his body. have some paralysis on the right side of his body. not be able to walk at all because he will be paralyzed from the waist down.
have some paralysis in the left side of his body.
The pupil is located in the center of the iris, behind the lens, and next to the retina. in the center of the sclera, behind the retina, and in front of the cornea. in the center of the retina, behind the lens, and in front of the cornea. in the center of the iris, behind the cornea, and in front of the lens.
in the center of the iris, behind the cornea, and in front of the lens.
An experiment that used a man dressed in a gorilla suit walking amongst people passing a basketball demonstrated covert misdirection. inattentional blindness. exogenous attention. change blindness.
inattentional blindness.
Nondeclarative memory is conscious memory for events and facts. usually lasts seconds to minutes. includes episodic and semantic memories. includes priming, conditioning, and skill learning. is part of working memory.
includes priming, conditioning, and skill learning.
Processing units called ensembles are comprised of large populations of neurons. a blockage in the brain. two lobes of the brain. two neurons.
large populations of neurons.
The results of a study show that, regardless of whether they viewed cartoons or television shows, children who viewed a violent show acted more aggressively than children who saw a nonviolent show. This represents
main effect
Differences on a dependent measure across the levels of one factor that ignore differences on all other factors are called
main effects
Extreme sadness, despair, a feeling of "slowing down," and problems in eating and sleeping characterize which of the following disorders?
major depressive disorder
The most common of the serious mood disorders is:
major depressive disorder.
Derivations of curare, a toxin, are used in the making of _______. cosmetic agents muscle-relaxants human growth hormones stimulants
muscle-relaxants
Physical damage to the skin, such as a slap or cut, is sensed by the mechanoreceptors. nociceptors. thermal nociceptors. chemical nociceptors.
nociceptors.
You haven't ridden a bicycle in 6 years, yet when your friend invites you to go cycling and you get on the bike, your body automatically starts to balance and pedal. This is an example of all of the above. short-term memory. non-declarative memory. declarative memory.
non-declarative memory.
You sit on the couch to enjoy a relaxing afternoon of knitting. You pick up the needles and your hands start to move, seemingly without much effort. This is an example of non-declarative memory. short-term memory. long-term memory. declarative memory.
non-declarative memory.
Conscious perception can be studied by relying on _____, where a single stimulus can look like more than one object. top-down mechanisms oddballs orienting paradigms perceptual rivalry
perceptual rivalry
Voluntary attentional control appears to be mediated by the posterior parietal and superior frontal cortex. pyriform cortex. superior parietal cortex. posterior cingulate cortex. inferior frontal cortex.
posterior parietal and superior frontal cortex.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are examples of what kind of tests?
projective tests
A condition in which the patient is unable to recognize the faces of familiar people is known as presbyopia hyperopia astigmatism prosopagnosia
prosopagnosia
Naturalistic Research
provides information about behavior that cannot be studied by other means used when the researcher wants to study behavior without interrupting its natural occurrence, or when other methods are not ethically applicable Advantage: high ecological validity (the researcher can observe the situation in a natural setting, and reactivity can often be reduced) Disadvantage: does not provide information about why or what ; quantification
lesion on the medial prefrontal cortex would most likely result in the inability to distinguish between faces of known individuals. relevant and irrelevant memories. the right and left sides of the body. rewards and punishments.
relevant and irrelevant memories.
In V4 neurons of monkeys, increased neuronal activity occurs in response to relevant stimuli that are attended outside of the neuron's receptive field. irrelevant stimuli that are attended. relevant stimuli that were not attended. any stimulus within that neuron's receptive field. relevant stimuli that are attended within the neuron's receptive field.
relevant stimuli that are attended within the neuron's receptive field.
Studies on memory show that without NMDA-R, animals seem to be unable to find their way through a maze. All of the above. remember specifics of a task. recognize dangerous situations.
remember specifics of a task.
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential, or to be all one can be, is termed:
self-actualization.
Surveys are
self-report measures
Disorders with a sexual basis that are destructive, guilt- or anxiety-producing, compulsive, or a cause of discomfort or harm to one or both parties involved are called:
sexual disorders.
All of the following are true of Karen Horney EXCEPT
she rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.
Which statement is true about all experiments
some experiments do not have a control condition
Multiple Regression
statistical technique based upon Pearson correlation coefficients, both between each of the predictor variables and the outcome variable, and among the predictor variables themselves used in research designs in which more than one predictor variable is used to predict a single outcome variable
Before proceeding to the cerebral cortex, input from amygdala. hypothalamus. hippocampus thalamus.
thalamus.
Sensory transduction is the process of converting perceptions into sensations. converting perceptions into memories. reliving memories using sensory cortex. taking signals from the outside world and turning them into electrochemical signals.
taking signals from the outside world and turning them into electrochemical signals.
a 2 x 2 experiment design in which both study time and sleep time have been manipulated and learning has been measured. An interaction between study time and sleep time can be interpreted to mean which of the following
the effect of study time on learning is different in the different levels of sleep time
Ecological Validity
the extent to which the conclusions of your research study can be generalized to the settings and situations in which the phenomenon that you are studying would naturally occur
Power boost
the larger the effect size (the magnitude of a relationship), the larger the statistical power if a researcher wants to strengthen power, he or she should look for large relationships statistical power is enhanced when sample size (N) is increased; the larger the sample size, the more likely the researcher is to find a statistically significant relationship
Event Sampling
the observer records the number of times a certain behavior occurs used to sample behavior in observational research
Correlational Research Design
the researcher is trying to show that a relationship exists between two variables not possible to determine causality
The optic chiasm is the point at which there are no photoreceptors in the eye. the rods and cones are equal in number. the left and right halves of the primary visual cortex touch. the two optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross over.
the two optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross over.
The blind spot is the area in which the optic nerve leaves the eye. there are no photoreceptors because this is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye. there are no photoreceptors. the optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross over.
there are no photoreceptors because this is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
All of the following are true of projective tests, EXCEPT
they are considered completely objective.
Which is true regarding Type 2 errors
they are generally less of a concern to scientists than Type 1 errors
Relative to the actual image being viewed, the image reflected on the retina of the eye is identical in its spatial orientation. slightly elongated. right side up and reversed. upside down and reversed.
upside down and reversed.
Coefficient of Determination
used in the building of statistical models whose primary purpose is to predict future outcomes CoD = r squared
Local field potential is the sum of electrical fields generated by neurons that are approximately the same size. perpendicular to the cortex. found only in the prefrontal cortex. within a given area.
within a given area.
3 Criteria for Causation Inferences
association temporal priority control of common-causal variables
Type 2 Error (Beta error)
false negative when you accept the null hypothesis when you should reject it
Type 1 Error (Alpha error)
false positive when you reject the null hypothesis even if it is true
The influence of attention on the processing of visual targets in a cued location is demonstrated by faster responses to cues in invalidly cued locations. faster responses to cues in validly cued locations. slower responses to cues in validly cued locations. a cost to validly cued locations. a benefit to invalidly cued locations.
faster responses to cues in validly cued locations.
Attending to _____ may be accomplished by a bottom-up attentional mechanism. colors of leaves flashing lights words on a page heights of buildings
flashing lights
The cochlea is filled with fluid. None of the above. wax. small bones.
fluid.
The function of the lens is to allow light to pass into the eye communicate with the brain focus light onto the retina restrict the amount of light entering the eye
focus light onto the retina
Tonotopic maps represent adjacent______. locations frequencies amplitudes body parts
frequencies
The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the _________ lobe. occipital temporal cerebellar frontal
frontal
Which of the following structures play an important role in short-term memory or temporary memory? occipital lobes frontal lobes temporal lobes parietal lobes
frontal lobes
Several regions of the auditory cortex show _______ mapping. tonic tomographic tonotopic topographic
tonotopic
What type of map is associated with the auditory system? all of these tonotopy None of these somatotopy retinotopy
tonotopy
The dorsal stream is the _____ stream while the ventral stream is the _____ stream. what; where where; what where; how how; where
where; what
Which of the following is supported by research on early maturing boys?
-Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys. -Some early maturing boys have a tendency to get involved with a deviant group of peers, or the "wrong" crowd. -Some early maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics. *All of the above*
Which of the following factors add to the difficulty in treating anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
-There is sometimes also a presence of obsessive-compulsive disorder. -Some individuals with these disorders insist and believe nothing is wrong with them. -Some individuals with these disorders still see themselves as fat thus they refuse to eat. *All of the above.*
Object permanence is a skill possessed by children
-in the formal operational stage. -in the preoperational stage. -by the end of the sensorimotor stage. *All of the above are correct *
In Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found
-that about 65% showed a secure attachment. -that about 20% demonstrated an avoidant attachment. -that about 10-15% showed a resistant attachment. *all of the above*
What is/are the transmitter(s) at the neuromuscular junction? Endogenous opioids Glutamate Various peptides Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
The hippocampus appears to be important for the storage phase of episodic memory. providing an index that points to locations of memories distributed over the cortex. the retrieval phase of recent episodic memories. All of the above the encoding phase of episodic memory.
All of the above
The pinna is designed to diminish sound coming from behind the head. All of the above direct sound down to auditory canal. catch and amplify specific sound frequencies.
All of the above
What seemingly obvious act may happen if you simply are not attending to the situation? Change in the person you are standing next to at a party Theft of your wallet All of these Removal of an object on the table in front of you
All of these
Which of the following techniques are used by Dr. Andrew Fuglevand in his motor control studies? All of these Electrical stimulation Extracellular recording Electromyography (EMG) Behavioral response (Force plate)
All of these
Which type of evidence for functional localization is obtained using a PET scan or and fMRI? Correlational evidence Lesion evidence Stimulation evidence Connectivity evidence
Correlational evidence
When a presynaptic neuron fires at a high-frequency, what happens to the postsynaptic neuron? Growth of dendritic branches Depolarization Destablilization Reconsolidation
Depolarization
The knowledge of autobiographical facts are which type of memory? Procedural Episodic Semantic Nondeclarative
Episodic
Muscle memory is in your muscles. True or False
False
Our prior experiences have no bearing on how we see the world. True or False
False
The optic nerves are only located on the left side of the brain. True or False
False
The primary and secondary visual cortices are tonotopic. True or False
False
The primary visual cortex is in your frontal lobe. True or False
False
The pupil constricts and controls the amount of light entering your eye. True or False
False
Where are cones concentrated in the eye? In the lens On the cornea In the iris In the fovea
In the fovea
Which famous scientist is known for work with dogs and the discovery of classical conditioning? B.F. Skinner Henry Molaison Ivan Pavlov Brenda Milner
Ivan Pavlov
________ is the sum of electrical fields generated by neurons within a given area. Neuron Gain Local field potential Sychronization Population code
Local field potential
The dorsal stream includes the ___ lobe. Temporal Frontal Cingulate Parietal
Parietal
Katie has an anxiety disorder and recently sought treatment for it. The therapist explained that the anxiety stemmed from her early childhood experiences. When Katie was young, her parents divorced. Her anxiety increased when her dad abandoned Katie, and when her mom decided to start another family with her new husband. From which psychological perspective is this explanation?
Psychodynamic perspective
The cerebellum and brainstem are associated with which type of memory? Explicit memory Skeletal muscle responses Working memory Learned emotional responses
Skeletal muscle responses
The hippocampus is located on the medial edge of the ______. Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Which of the following is NOT a genetic explanation for the variation in body weight among individuals?
Temporal lobe damage
Which of the following is true of declarative memory? Only the areas needed for encoding are activated during retrieval. The posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex are important for encoding and retrieval. Encoding is thought to only occur in the medial temporal lobes. Executive control for processing incoming information occurs in the medial temporal lobes. The conscious recollection of declarative memory depends on activation of subcortical regions.
The posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex are important for encoding and retrieval.
The primary visual cortex is also known as V4 V1 V3 V2
V1
Action potentials in the motor neurons cause contractions in muscles. True False
True
Anesthetics works by increasing inhibitory signaling or decreasing excitatory signaling. True or False
True
Humans only attend to a small part of their environment at a time. True or False
True
It is possible to artifically cause a finger or toe to move by electrically stimulating a nerve. True False
True
Change blindness occurs of a person fails to notice a change in their judgement. a change in their sensory perception. a change in their own state of consciousness. a change in their environment.
a change in their environment.
An irrational act that a person feels driven to perform repeatedly is called:
a compulsion.
Emmit has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. He was brought to the hospital by his roommates because he was convinced he was Jesus and tried baptizing friends who came to their apartment. Emmit was displaying
a delusion of grandeur.
Nino finds that he sets very high standards of excellence for himself and strives to reach those standards. Nino notices that his desire to reach difficult goals and attain high standards seems to increase as previous goals are met. Nino is said to have
a high need for achievement.
A Type 2 error occurs when
a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
New neurons tend to have a short lifespan. no observable purpose. an abundance of dendrites. difficulty connecting to the current memory system.
a short lifespan.
Which of the following could lead a scientist to fail to detect a relationship between variables
a small alpha
Level
a subdivision of a factor
According to Jean Piaget, what new capability characterizes the formal operations stage?
abstract problem solving
The Kübler-Ross theory of death and dying claims that the last stage before death is:
acceptance
The neurotransmitter _______ is used in the mammalian neuromuscular junction. dopamine glutamate acetylcholine serotonin
acetylcholine
Katrina and Carla are twin sisters of the fraternal type. They have different groups of friends, different interests, and different personalities. Katrina is described as oppositional, offensive, and unfriendly whereas Carla is described as warm, pleasant, and good-natured. These twins differ on the ______ factor of the five-factor model.
agreeableness
According to Baumrind's research on parenting styles, a parent who socializes his/her child by the phrase my way or the highway is likely
an authoritarian parent.
Merrisa believes that getting a good job after college is all about the connections someone has in addition to being at the right place at the right time. Merrisa also believes that if a person doesn't get the job he/she wants, it just was not meant to be. Merrisa is demonstrating
an external locus of control.
Interaction (2 x 2)
an interaction occurs when the influence of one factor is different at different levels of another factor help us answer the question: "does the effect of one variable depend on the level of the other variable?"
What a person pays attention to (is conscious of) is NOT arbitrary. dependent on what the individual is currently doing. relevant to the individual's behavior. effected by drugs or disease.
arbitrary.
If neurons in the visual cortex are firing more strongly than usual, we can assume that the individual is attending to a preferred stimulus. attending to a non-preferred stimulus. distracted by a non-preferred stimulus. ignoring a preferred stimulus.
attending to a preferred stimulus.
Reaction time costs may occur if one looks at an stereoscopic images. attends to the wrong place at the wrong time. is shown a central cue pointing to the correct location. attends to the correct location at the correct time.
attends to the wrong place at the wrong time.
According to Baumrind, what are the three major parenting styles?
authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative
Archival Research
based upon events that have already occurred or are occurring (ex: media events, public records, existing surveys) these techniques can frequently be used in a descriptive or correlational research design to learn about the occurrence of and relationship among events may have high ecological validity, but may not always provide the information needed by the researcher
In which of Erikson's psychosocial stages do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?
basic trust vs. mistrust
The lethal drug Sarin causes paralysis by binding with acetylcholinesterase blocking activation of muscarinic receptors. binding with acetylcholinesterase resulting in continuous activation of nicotinic receptors. binding with acetylcholinesterase blocking activation of nicotinic receptors. binding with acetylcholine resulting in muscle inactivation.
binding with acetylcholinesterase resulting in continuous activation of nicotinic receptors.
Monteil has periods in which he is so depressed that he becomes suicidal. At other times he is energetic and euphoric. He would probably receive a diagnosis of:
bipolar disorder.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are all bones located in the middle ear. points along the cochlea. parts of the pinna. sections of the auditory canal.
bones located in the middle ear.
If we take an evolutionary perspective on the hippocampus, it would make sense to assume that both spatial and episodic memories are needed for survival. None of the above. episodic memories are critical for survival, but spatial memories are not. an organism needs spatial memories to survive, but not episodic.
both spatial and episodic memories are needed for survival.
Spurious Relationship
both the predictor (independent) and outcome (dependent) variables are caused by a common-causal variable ex: a relationship between a person's irritability and the amount of headaches they suffer may both be caused by stress stress = spurious variable
While Tamara seems to be of average weight and height, her roommate notices that she has some potentially unhealthy behaviors. A few days after they go grocery shopping, much of the high calorie, rich foods turn up missing. Her roommate also notices that Tamara spends hours upon hours at the gym and often takes laxatives. Tamara's roommate is concerned that Tamara may be struggling with
bulimia nervosa.
An example of an episodic memory is buying your very first car. knowing how to read. knowing that 8 - 2 = 6. recognizing your best friend's face.
buying your very first car.
Failing to notice a change in your environment, such as someone removing an object, is called covert misdirection. the oddball paradigm. inattentional blindness. change blindness.
change blindness.
In Jung's theory, the inherited part of the personality that stores the universal experiences of mankind is the:
collective unconscious.
In general, _____ variables are more problematic than _____ variables because they can produce spurious relationships
common-causal variables extraneous variables
The biased-competition model of attention states that the various sensory inputs are integrated to form a single percept. taking turns controlling awareness. coordinating together to produce the awareness. competing to control behavior.
competing to control behavior.
The notion that "I'll feel warmly toward you and respect you ONLY IF..." suggests
conditions of worth.
The photoreceptors that are most sensitive to colors are ______. retinas cones photons rods
cones
Endogenous attention involves an individual consciously directing attention to an object or area pointed at by a central cue. directing attention to an object that has just changed shape. directing attention to a central cue that is flashing. directing attention to a peripheral cue that is flashing.
consciously directing attention to an object or area pointed at by a central cue.
Comas, deep sleep, and being under anesthesia are all examples of impaired states of ______. attention consciousness motor function memory
consciousness
Anesthesia suppresses... consciousness. pain reception. memory loss. breathing.
consciousness.
Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as
conservation
The process in which a short-term memory transitions into a long-term memory is called encoding. recollection. depolarization. consolidation.
consolidation.
The superior colliculus can be stimulated electrically to produce saccades in only one direction. is not organized topologically like the primary motor cortex. controls eye movements by averaging across a population of neurons. achieves precise movements by averaging together the activation of small populations of specifically tuned neurons. is important for planning voluntary skeletal movements.
controls eye movements by averaging across a population of neurons.
The primary function of the cells in the retina is to constrict the iris. control the amount of light entering the eye. convert light into electrical signals. focus images onto the lens.
convert light into electrical signals.
Derivations of botulinum toxin are used in the making of _______. stimulants muscle-relaxants human growth hormones cosmetic agents designed to remove wrinkles.
cosmetic agents designed to remove wrinkles.
The null hypothesis
created on the basis of the sampling distribution and assumes that the collected data will not differ from what would be expected if chance alone were operating can never be proven
When the light level of a computer screen is moderate, task performance scores are high. When the light level of the computer screen is either very low or very high, task performance scores are low. The relationship between the light level and performance is
curvilinear
We perceive ____ with our photoreceptors. a) Infrared radiation b) X-rays c) Gamma rays d) Visible light
d) Visible light
Consolidation is the process in which short-term memory transitions into long-term memory. working memory. the amygdala. the superior temporal sulcus.
long-term memory.
Mattie is convinced that her neighbors are trying to poison her by sending a deadly gas through her vents. Mattie is displaying
delusions of persecution.
Injury to the cerebellum may result in the inability to make choices. the inability to distinguish between faces. difficulty planning goals and reasoning. difficulty performing rapid alternating movements of the hand of feet.
difficulty performing rapid alternating movements of the hand of feet.
Sometimes under tremendous stress, a person disconnects from his/her consciousness and becomes parts versus one whole. This category of disorders is referred to as the _______.
dissociative disorders.
The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter serotonin. dopamine. GABA. glutamate.
dopamine.
Research that is conducted in situations that are similar to the everyday life experiences of the participants is said to have
ecological validity
Statistical Significance
effect size x sample size a statistically significant result is one in which the p-value of the statistic is smaller than alpha p-value depends upon the size of the sample as well as the actual size of the relationship between variables a statistically significant result indicates that the observed relationship was unlikely to have been caused by chance, but does not indicate the size of the relationship
According to Erikson, people who have achieved healthy development that includes intimacy and generativity will likely end their life with:
ego integrity
In psychoanalytic theory, since the _______ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _______ and the _______.
ego; id; superego
The inner hair cells are critical to hearing as they transduce sound into waves. electrical signals. vibrations. fluid.
electrical signals.
Awareness of our own emotions, the ability to manage our emotions, and self-motivation are considered to be components of:
emotional intelligence.
The goal of random assignment to conditions is to
ensure that participants in the different conditions of the experiment are, on average, equivalent before the experiment begins
Much of the knowledge we have about the motor cortex was discovered by neurosurgeons Penfield and Jasper while working on patients with _______. multiple sclerosis epilepsy cerebral palsy stroke
epilepsy
Retrograde amnesia affects episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as a head injury. working memory. the forming of new episodic memories. the forming of new procedural memories.
episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as a head injury.
In a study involving altruism in restaurants, Elena focused only on the helping behaviors that each restaurant employee demonstrated (and not on any other types of behaviors). This is an example of
event sampling
Which of the following is correct regarding the order of the sexual response cycle?
excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase
Latin Squares Design
experiment design that can be used to control the random variation of two factors arranged with an equal number of rows and columns, so that all combinations of possible values for the two variables can be tested multiple times
Within Subjects Design (or "Repeated Measures Design")
experimental design where the same group of participants is exposed to ALL the different treatments in the experiment ex: each participant gets two different kinds of juice, then ask all to rate the sweetness
Episodic memories are about events, whereas semantic memories are about unconscious movements. skills. emotions. facts.
facts.
The primary motor cortex has axons that cross in the decussation of the medullary pyramids. controls muscles in the body but not the face. needs high intensity currents to evoke movement with electrical stimulation. sends information to the premotor cortex which then sends information to the spinal cord. is located in the postcentral gyrus.
has axons that cross in the decussation of the medullary pyramids.
One of the advantages of naturalistic research is it
high ecological validity
Increased attention occurs when there is synchronization at middle frequencies. low frequencies. any frequency. high frequencies.
high frequencies.
Object recognition and memory is linked with the pathway that connects the perirhinal cortex to the lateral entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation. amygdala. parahippocampal gyrus. dentate gyrus.
hippocampal formation.
A 70-year-old woman is asked what she did on her 16th birthday. She answers that she had a party and received her first car as a gift. This is an example of short-term memory. non-declarative memory. long-term memory.
long-term memory.
A woman falls down a flight of stairs and hits her head, causing damage to the right side of her brain leading to problems moving her entire left arm. If she had happened to damage the corresponding region on the left side of her brain instead, we would expect to see no symptoms blurred vision impaired movement of the right arm impaired movement of the left hand, only
impaired movement of the right arm
Advantages of Factorial Experimental Designs over one-way designs
increase the amount of information that can be gained from research cheaper in the sense that fewer participants are needed than would be needed if separate one-way designs were conducted results allow researchers to draw conclusions about interactions between or among the independent variables
A central cue may lead to _____ if the cue points to the incorrect location. a) less distraction b) increased accuracy c) decreased reactions times d) increased reaction times
increased reaction times
How to decrease likelihood of a Type 2 error
increasing power by: stronger treatment manipulation more participants more sensitive measures
Alfred Adler's theory is called _______ because of the emphasis on the wholeness of the person.
individual psychology
The ventral stream projects to the lateral parietal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement inferior temporal lobe and participates in object recognition dorsal frontal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement superior parietal lobe and participates in object recognition
inferior temporal lobe and participates in object recognition
Shy and reserved fall within the ______ factor of the five-factor theory; outgoing and sociable describe the ______ factor of the five-factor theory.
introversion; extroversion
Rhythmic movements, such as locomotion, involve spinal cord circuits called central pattern generators. cannot be adjusted in cats with transected spinal cords. can occur in the absence of lower motor neurons. All of the above
involve spinal cord circuits called central pattern generators.
Systematic Observation
involves observation of the behavior of others where the researcher has precisely specified ahead of time exactly which observations are to be made on which people and at which time and place usually based on theoretical expectations about the types of events that are going to be of interest coding categories are specified ahead of time
Consolidation includes the storage and loss of memory traces. necessitates a retrieval cue. involves the activation of the hippocampus for stabilizing some memories. shows that no memory traces are lost, but they can't be accessed. involves the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices.
involves the activation of the hippocampus for stabilizing some memories.
Cross-Sectional Design
involves using different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest but share other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity
The role of the frontal cortex in attentional control cannot be elucidated with current techniques. is as a key component for executive control. is debated for the auditory system. can be viewed as secondary to primary sensory cortex. appears to differ across modalities.
is as a key component for executive control.
A person who is awake is always vigilant. is always fully aroused. usually focuses on more than one voice at a time. is not always attentive. always has the same reaction times in the continuum of arousal.
is not always attentive.
The primary motor cortex only specifies what to do but not how to do it. is organized so that motor neurons controlling the hand are located medially to those controlling the face. differs from the frontal eye fields by not controlling the force of movement. mediates the activity of individual muscles but not coordinated movements. has an equal representation of all body regions.
is organized so that motor neurons controlling the hand are located medially to those controlling the face.
An example of an implicit memory is knowing what your father's face looks like. knowing the multiplication table. knowing the recipe for chocolate cake. knowing how to brush your hair.
knowing how to brush your hair.
An example of an explicit memory is knowing how to brush your teeth. knowing that Austin is the capital of Texas. knowing how to read. knowing how to dribble a basketball.
knowing that Austin is the capital of Texas.
An example of a semantic memory is knowing what an apple tastes like. knowing how to use a computer keyboard. knowing that the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock. knowing that 4 + 4 = 8.
knowing that the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock.
Paying attention to a stimulus will cause stronger firing rates in particular neurons. This, in turn, will cause change blindness. larger networks of correlated activity. a seizure.
larger networks of correlated activity.
The process that enhances the boundaries of visual objects is called spatial frequency filtration. edge detection. lateral inhibition. spectral opponency.
lateral inhibition.
The temporoparietal junction is the junction between the temporal and parietal ______. spheres Neurons Brain stems lobes
lobes
Place cells are neurons that fire only when an organism is rewarded. presented with a particular stimulus. located in a particular place in its local environment. unconscious of their surroundings.
located in a particular place in its local environment
a scientist has concluded that two variables are significantly correlated when they are not; this scientist has
made a Type 1 error
Two-Way Factorial Design
manipulate two factors in the same experiment F1: type of cartoons watched (violent vs nonviolent) F2: state of the children before watching cartoons (frustrated vs non frustrated) Report design as: 2 (cartoon type: violent or nonviolent) x 2 (prior state: frustrated or not frustrated)
The Acknowledged Observer
may also create reactivity, whereas being an unacknowledged observer may be unethical
"Cells that fire together wire together," suggests that neurons develop connections that are destined for specific memories. there is no biological basis for the concept of an engram. postsynaptic, but not presynaptic, activity dictates whether synapses persist. Hebb's ideas about memory were incorrect. memories are formed when synaptic associations grow stronger and tend to persist.
memories are formed when synaptic associations grow stronger and tend to persist.
Semantic memories are memories of past autobiographical events. memories for how to perform skills or habits. all of the above. memories of facts about the outside world.
memories of facts about the outside world.
In the comparative studies discussed in a lecture, the hippocampus implicated in visual object memory. memory for places. verbal memory. memory for faces.
memory for places.
Sally witnesses a mugging and is asked to appear in court. While on the witness stand, she avidly swears that she saw Mr. Jones committing the crime. Sally actually saw Mr. Jones at the grocery store only 10 minutes before the mugging took place. Mr. Jones did not commit the mugging. Sally is suffering from_____. suggestibility misattribution bias None of the above
misattribution
conducting an experiment in which he predicts an interaction between appearance and partner sex (same or different). One-half of the participants complete the study dressed in casual clothes, and the other half complete the study dressed in formal attire. All participants are observed in interaction with a same-sex partner and then with an opposite-sex partner. This is an example of a ______ factorial design
mixed
Motor neurons extend to the muscles of the body, making contact at the neuromuscular junction. spinal cord. lateral geniculate nucleus. primary motor cortex.
neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the main transmitter used at mammalian spinal cord synapses. neuromuscular junctions. cerebral cortical synapses. visual system synapses.
neuromuscular junctions
The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies different area of cortex assigned to each ear
neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies
Receptors that sense pain are referred to as nociceptors. thermoreceptors. chemoreceptors. mechanoreceptors.
nociceptors.
Making eye movements requires the _____ cranial nerve. trigeminal oculomotor glossopharyngeal olfactory
oculomotor
An example of perceptual rivalry is the gorilla change blindness study. old woman/young woman figure. Kanizsa triangle/square figure. Sierpinski triangle/gasket figure.
old woman/young woman figure.
Case studies are frequently based on a descriptive record of
one or two individuals who have abnormal experiences
Which of the following statements is true
only the dependent variable is measured in experimental research
The point at which two optic nerves meet and half of the fibers cross to the opposite side is the optic chiasm. primary visual cortex. optic tract. retina.
optic chiasm.
Once the nerve bundles of the eyes enter the brain and have been sorted into two visual fields they are referred to as optic bundles. optic tracts. optic lines. optic chaisms.
optic tracts.
Behavioral responses to stimuli are measured using a(n) _______ paradigm. masking priming oddball orienting
orienting
The tiny bones of the middle ear are collectively known as the stapes ossicles auditory pathway otoliths
ossicles
The pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane all make up the middle ear. outer ear. ear canal. inner ear.
outer ear.
The _____ is the gateway to the inner ear. stapes oval window tympanic membrane incus
oval window
The three bones of the inner ear move sound from the outer ear to the pinna. malleus. oval window. tympanic membrane.
oval window.
Results are said to be statistically signficiant if
p < alpha
Rob is studying the relationship between caffeine intake and aggression. He found that the amount of caffeine consumed is positively correlated with aggressive behavior. Which of the following p-values would support his research hypothesis?
p = .0089
Scott has spent the last two days locked in his apartment. He refuses to answer the phone or the door. He is convinced that the FBI is stealing his thoughts and that the only way to protect himself is to hide out in his apartment. Once Scott gets treatment, it will likely be for a diagnosis of
paranoid schizophrenia.
The primary somatosensory cortex is located within the _________ lobes. occipital frontal parietal temporal
parietal
The dorsal stream projects to the frontal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement parietal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement parietal lobe and participates in object recognition temporal lobe and participates in object recognition
parietal lobe and participates in the analysis of movement
The ventral stream takes information from the ____ cells, and the dorsal stream takes information form the _____ cells. magnocellular; pravocellular parvocellular; magnocellular V1; V2 V2; V1
parvocellular; magnocellular
In a delayed non-match-to-sample test, two stimuli are first presented as the sample. rats must find a hidden platform. a stimulus and reward are visible during the delay phase. performance in monkeys is disrupted by medial temporal lobe lesions. a reward is only available under the original stimulus.
performance in monkeys is disrupted by medial temporal lobe lesions.
Visual Interaction Test
plot the data and test whether the lines are parallel parallel = no interaction not parallel = interaction
Construct Validity
refers to how well a test or tool measures the construct that it was designed to measure
Face Validity
refers to the degree to which an assessment or test subjectively appears to measure the variable or construct that it is supposed to measure when a test appears to do what it claims to do
Visual input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus participates in recognizing familiar objects visually guided reflexes regulating daily rhythms recognizing color
regulating daily rhythms
Curvilinear Relationship
relationship between two variables where as one variable increase, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point, after which, as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases inverted U shape graph
Bending a joint requires relaxation of extensors and flexors. contraction of extensors and relaxation of flexors. contraction of extensors and flexors. relaxation of extensors and contraction of flexors.
relaxation of extensors and contraction of flexors.
Longitudinal Research Designs
reverse causation can sometimes be ruled out as a causal explanation because variables that occur later cannot cause variables that occur earlier
An object located in your left visual field will be processed in your left hemisphere. optic chiasm. optic nerve. right hemisphere.
right hemisphere.
The photoreceptors that are most sensitive to light are ______. retinas rods cones photons
rods
if a researcher wanted to be certain to detect even a small relationship between variables, she would
set alpha to be larger
You search online for the phone number to your dentist, dial it, then cannot remember the number once you hang up. This is an example of non-declarative memory. declarative memory. long-term memory. short-term memory.
short-term memory.
A gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practice is called perceptual learning. conditioning. skill learning. working memory. priming.
skill learning.
The basal ganglia are directly involved in skill learning. visual object recognition. taste aversion learning. fear conditioning.
skill learning.
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the Big Five?
sociabillity
An intense fear of being humiliated or criticized by others in social situations is the basic idea behind
social phobia
Which disorder occurs when psychological distress manifests itself as a physical illness or injury?
somatoform disorder
The postcentral gyrus contains primary _________ cortex. visual auditory motor somatosensory
somatosensory
Patricia is terrified of bees. In fact, when summer comes around and the bees are out, Patricia stays inside. For which of the following disorders does Patricia seem to meet the criteria?
specific phobia
Hebbian systems display the characteristic of strengthened connections through neural firing, and weakened connections through lack of neural firing. high amounts of magnesium within the presynaptic neurons. low numbers of dendritic branches on the postsynaptic neurons. looking for details rather than relationships.
strengthened connections through neural firing, and weakened connections through lack of neural firing.
Most neuroscientists believe that memory storage depends on changes at the _____, the tiny connection between brain cells. neurons dendrites synapses axons
synapses
event sampling, individual sampling, and time sampling are all used in
systematic observation
Gordon Ramsay comes into your office after one of the participants on the TV show 'Top Chef' hit him in the head with an electric mixer. A preliminary MRI brain scan shows clear damage to his gustatory cortex. After consulting with the radiologist, you give him the news that this lesion will most likely affect his sense of taste smell hearing balance touch
taste
An individual's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment is called:
temperament.
Primary auditory cortex, or A1, is located in the _________ lobe. frontal parietal occipital temporal
temporal
The junction point of the parietal and temporal lobes is called the basal ganglia. temporoparietal junction. brain stem. parietotemporal junction.
temporoparietal junction.
Bivariate Analysis
the analysis of exactly two variables
Which of the following structures contains receptors for sound? the semicircular canals the cochlea the ossicles the auditory canal
the cochlea
The inner ear consists of the auditory canal. the cochlea. the tympanic membrane. the malleus, incus, and stapes.
the cochlea.
In experimental research, the temporal priority of the independent variable is guaranteed through the use of
the experimental manipulation
Ashley's mother woke up one morning seeing rings of flashing light in one eye. Her doctor diagnosed the event as a "vitreous detachment." Although Ashley was unfamiliar with this condition until she looked it up in her search engine, she was able to tell her mother that it probably involved: the fluid located in the main interior chamber of the eyeball. the fluid located in the secondary anterior chamber of the eyeball. the pigmented tissue at the back of the eye that supports the photoreceptors a blockage of the tear ducts at the outer upper corner of the eye
the fluid located in the main interior chamber of the eyeball.
Anterograde amnesia affects working memory. the forming of new procedural memories. episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as head injury or brain surgery. the forming of new episodic memories.
the forming of new episodic memories.
A girl has a strong fear of snakes, but her mother does not. While they are playing outside, a snake slithers by. Who is more likely to notice the snake? they are both equally likely to see the snake Neither is likely to notice the snake the girl her mother
the girl
Repeating a series of words or numbers over and over in your head in order to remember them requires habitual sensitization. classical conditioning. the phonological loop. the visuospatial sketchpad.
the phonological loop.
Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe. the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Heschl's gyrus of the temporal lobe. the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in ______ according to the psychoanalytic theory.
the preconscious
Brodmann's Area 17 in this figure is also referred to as None of these the frontal lobe. the primary visual cortex. the primary somatosensory cortex. the brainstem.
the primary visual cortex.
Random Assignment to Conditions
the purpose of random assignment to conditions is to create initial equivalence among the individuals in the different experimental conditions
According to Piaget, the first stage of cognitive development is:
the sensorimotor stage.
Which of the following research approaches is most likely to have ethical problems
the unacknowledged observer
The medial prefrontal cortex, used for reasoning and planning ahead, is also used when determining the value of stimuli. all of the above. what route to take when traveling. the meaning of social stimuli.
the value of stimuli.
Activity in premotor cortical areas suggests that the superior colliculus is needed to instruct premotor cortical areas. this activity persists when monkeys are cued to stop planning a movement. the primary motor cortex sends information to these areas before movement occurs. these areas play a role in intention. this activity typically ends when movement cues are removed.
these areas play a role in intention.
The ear is divided into ___ main sections. two four five three
three
a 2 x 2 x 3 design has
three factors and twelve conditionns
Neighboring stereocilia on hair cells are joined by trap doors. tip links. tuning curves. traveling waves.
tip links.
Loukas is a researcher who has spent his career studying personality in terms of characteristics and descriptions that are stable across time. Loukas is likely a _______.
trait theorist.
The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called sensory adaptation priming accomodation tranduction
tranduction
The process of translating a physical stimulus into action potentials is known as transduction. translation. the dark current. absorption.
transduction.
The primary function of the ossicles is to funnel sound transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear transfer sound energy from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear prevent damage from loud noises
transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear
Extraneous Variable
type of variable that is not part of the research hypothesis cannot produce the observed relationship between x and y because they only cause the outcome variable might reduce the magnitude of the original relationship between x and y but cannot cause the relationship itself
Creating an environment where someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies
unconditional positive regard.
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivation at the presentation of food is the unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, the presentation of food is the unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned response.
unconditioned stimulus.
According to Freud, the most important and influential level of awareness is the:
unconscious
Implicit memory refers to memories that are unconscious motor or emotional memories. semantic. autobiographical events. episodic.
unconscious motor or emotional memories.
A person with hemispatial neglect syndrome can report seeing objects in the affected field but does not report seeing themselves in that field. can never tell if a clinician's finger is moving if placed on the affected hand. usually has a lesion in the right inferior parietal lobe. does not draw one side of a model house but can draw a proper clock face. ignores stimuli in middle half of both visual fields.
usually has a lesion in the right inferior parietal lobe.
Which of the cranial nerves provides input and feedback from the heart, liver, and digestive tract? abducens nerve (VI) Trochlear nerve (IV) vagus nerve (X) accessory nerve (XI)
vagus nerve (X)
Common-Causal Variables ("third variable")
variables that cause both x and y and therefore produce the observed relationship between x and y if the effects of CCV were to be taken away, the relationship between x and y would disappear
Mediating Variable
variables that explain the relationship between the predictor and outcome variable explains why a relationship occurs
Efferent spinal nerves arise from the _________ root of the spinal cord and carry ___________ information. dorsal; motor dorsal; sensory ventral; motor ventral; sensory
ventral; motor
The signals for the senses of hearing and balance are carried by the _____ cranial nerve. vestibulocochlear. olfactory. glossopharyngeal. optic.
vestibulocochlear.
In the Morris water maze task, rats are attempting to find the hidden platform using procedural memory. episodic memory. scent memory. visual cues and spatial memory.
visual cues and spatial memory.
It is possible for an object to be viewed by your right eye and yet be located in your left _____. hemisphere visual field retinal ganglion cells auditory cortex
visual field
A Type 1 error occurs when
we reject the null hypothesis when it is true
Studies on change blindness show that even a switch in _______ can go unnoticed in certain conditions. background music who the participant was talking to what the participant was wearing the temperature
who the participant was talking to
