PSY 3063- Chapter 10

Three stages of romantic relationships:

Ages 11-13: entry into romantic attractions and affiliations Ages 14-16: exploring romantic relationships Ages 17-19: consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (variations on three stages include early and late bloomers)

Identity moratorium is the status of individuals who do not experience a crisis and their commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined.

False

Relatively low rates of immigration are keeping the proportion of ethnic minority adolescents and emerging adults in the United States.

False

Researchers have found that securely attached adolescents are more likely than those who are insecurely attached to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors such as juvenile delinquency and drug abuse.

False

New model:

Parents as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world

Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces

Vocation/career Political views Religious beliefs Relationship Achievement/intellectual Sexual Cultural/ethnic Interests Personality Physical

Adolescent media use has _______________ dramatically in the past decade

increased

Higher levels of parent-adolescent conflict is not associated with higher adolescent anxiety, depression, aggression, and lower self esteem.

False

Suicide

3rd leading cause of death in 10-to 19-year olds in the U.S. More adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed Suicidal adolescents often have depressive symptoms

Juvenile delinquency

Adolescent who breaks the law or engages in illegal behavior Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females Rate among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high

Problem behaviors are often interrelated

Adolescents at highest risk experience multiple problems

Old model of parent-adolescent relationship:

Adolescents detach themselves from parents, move into a world of autonomy apart from parents

Erickson's stages- Identity versus identity confusion

Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self

Autonomy and attachment

Adolescents' competing needs for autonomy and control, independence and connection

Many adolescents develop a ______________identity

Bicultural- Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture Many consciously confront their ethnicity for the first time as adolescents

What is the difference between cliques and crowds?

Cliques are more personal than crowds.

Around the eighth and nineth grades, conformity to peers-especially to their antisocial standards-declines.

False

Around the globe, a number of adolescent health-compromising behaviors, especially illicit drug use and unprotected sex, are decreasing in frequency.

False

Four problems that affect the most adolescents:

Drug abuse Juvenile delinquency Sexual problems School-related problems

Digitally-mediated communication

Email Text/instant messaging Social networking sites Chat rooms Video/photo sharing Multiplayer online games Virtual worlds

Ethnic identity

Enduring aspect of self that includes: Sense of membership in an ethnic group and attitudes and feelings related to that membership

A recent research review concluded that at a general level, using digital technologies (surgin the internet, texting, etc.) while engaging in any learning activity (reading, listening to a lecture, etc.) improves learner attention and improves performance on many tasks.

False

Adolescents have a lower rate of depression than children. Females have a lower rate of depression than males.

False

Although questions about identity may be especially important during adolescence, identity formation ends during these years.

False

Factors contributing to depression

Genes Gender differences Certain family factors Poor peer relationships

Higher level of conflict was linked to:

Higher anxiety Depression Aggression Lower self-esteem (lessens as adolescent reaches 17 to 20 years of age)

_______________ does not remain stable throughout life

Identity

Marcia's 4 statues of identity:

Identity crisis Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure Identity moratorium

Which of the following statements about identity development is TRUE?

Identity development is lifelong process of adjustments

Parent-adolescent conflict

Increases in early adolescence do not reach tumultuous proportions Remains somewhat stable during the high school years Everyday conflicts serve a positive developmental function

Successful intervention programs include:

Intensive individualized attention Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches Early identification and intervention

Immigrants experience stressors uncommon to longtime residents

Language barriers Dislocations and separations from support networks Dual struggle to preserve identity and acculturate Changes in SES status Undocumented status

Parental monitoring and management

Low parental monitoring is associated with negative mental health outcomes, predicts delinquency and substance use When parents engage in positive parenting practices, adolescents are more likely to disclose information Higher levels of parental monitoring reduced negative peer influence on adolescent risk-taking Parental snooping was a relatively infrequent parental monitoring technique and is an indicator of problems in adolescent and family functioning

Cause of delinquency

Lower class culture Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior Siblings and delinquent peers Academic success and delinquency

Push for autonomy

May puzzle and anger many parents Ability to attain autonomy is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to desire for control Adolescents gradually acquire ability to make mature decisions on their own Boys are granted more autonomy

Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs:

Need for tenderness (secure attachment) Companionship Social acceptance Intimacy Sexual relations

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.

Depression and suicide

Rates of major depressive disorder range from 15-20% Combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral theory effective in treating adolescent depression

Role of attachment

Securely attached adolescents are less likely to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors

Managerial roles of parents, supervising adolescents' choice of:

Social settings Activities Friends Academic efforts

A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.

True

Adolescent suicide is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. adolescents, and numerous factors are linked to suicide.

True

Adolescents' ability to attain autonomy and gain control over their behavior is facilitated by appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control.

True

An adolescent who breaks the law or engage in behavior that is considered illegal is know as a juvenile delinquent.

True

Identity achievement is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.

True

Marcia considers crisis to be a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.

True

Parent-adolescent relationships become more positive if adolescents go away to college than if they attend college while living at home.

True

Teenagers typically prefer to have a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate than those of younger children.

True

The Kaiser Family Foundation's recent survey on media use in the United States documented that adolescents media use had increased dramatically in the past decade. Adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to the staggering levels of more than 60 hours a week of media use by 11-to 14-year olds and almost 56 hours a week by 15- to 18- year olds.

True

The status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis is known as identity foreclosure. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

True

Three stages characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence: (1) entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11 to 13, (2) exploring romantic relationships at approximately age 14 to 16, and (3) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about age 17 to 19.

True

The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is:

a high school graduation ceremony

Rite of passage

ceremony that marks an individual's transition from one status to another focus on transition to adult status

Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in _____________________

emerging adulthood than in adolescence

Psychosocial moratorium

gap between childhood security and adult autonomy relatively free from responsibility , able to try on new identities experimentation with different roles and personalities

Immigration

high rates of immigration contributing to the growth of U.S. ethnic minorities

Crowds

larger than cliques and less personal membership based on reputation may not spend much time together

Dating for gay/lesbian youth

may date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others many have same-sex experiences with peers who are "experimenting"

friendships in adolescence

most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate positive friendships are related to a host of positive outcomes

A recent study 8- to 12-year-old girls found that a higher level of media multitasking was linked to:

negative social well-being

Positive ethnic identity is related to ____________________

positive outcomes for ethnic minority adolescents

"MAMA"

repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement

Dating and adjustment

romantic experiences linked with measures of adolescent adjustment

Cliques

small groups averaging 5 or 6 individuals usually same age and sex engage in similar activities

Cross-cultural comparisons

traditions and changes in adolescence around the globe Health Gender Family Peers

Sociocultural contexts and dating

values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins

Peer pressure

young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do boys were more likely to be influenced by peer pressure involving sexual behaviors than were girls