psy 3460 2

Which of the following is a consequence of poor maternal care in rodent pups?

They secrete more glucocorticoids in response to stress as adults.

An embryonic structure that forms from the neural groove and has subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain is called the neural tube.

True

The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells is called

cell-cell interaction

Early ___ of phenylketonuria (PKU) is important because brain ___ can be prevented simply by reducing ___ in the diet.

detection, impairment, phenylalane

On each chromosome, specific sections of DNA called _________________ control or partially control an individual's characteristics.

genes

Which of the following statements are true of Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply.)

Alzheimer's disease causes disorientation and cognitive impairment. The frequency of Alzheimer's increases with aging up to age 85-90.

Plaques in Alzheimer's are made up of ________________?

Amyloid-beta

Samantha believes that understanding the genotype is sufficient to understand how the brain develops. Anthony, however, believes that understanding the genotype alone could never enable an understanding of the developing brain. Who is correct and why?

Anthony, because experience can influence the activity of genes.

Why do individuals with identical genotypes not have identical phenotypes?

Because they have not received the exact same external influences

When misfolded tau comes in contact with healthy tau, it _______________?

Causes it to misfold, as well

In Alzheimer's, tau moves from the axon to the _____________?

Cell body

Reactive microglia release inflammatory _______________?

Cytokines

Which of the following is NOT a level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotic cells?

DNA replication

The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein is called ______________?

Gene expression

Which of the following is a doctor likely to observe in a PET scan of the brain of a person with Alzheimer's?

Marked reduction in metabolic activity

_____________ take up amyloid beta

Microglia

In a healthy neuron, tau stabilizes _________________?

Microtubules

Regulation may occur when DNA is loosened from __________________ to bind transcription factors.

Nucleosomes

____________ translate mRNA into protein.

Ribosomes

How does brain imaging with injected Pittsburgh Blue dye help provide a diagnosis for Alzheimer's?

The dye gets accumulated in the brain of a person with amyloid plaques, as it has an affinity for beta-amyloid.

RNA translation takes place in the _____________?

cytoplasm

If an allele will always lead to a certain characteristic, whether an individual inherits it from one or both parents, it is said to be ________________?

dominant

The field of ________________ looks how the same genotype can lead to different phenotypes.

epigenetics

A person's genetic makeup is called their _____________?

genotype

Connections in the brain that are used more _________________?

grow stronger

Circuits in the brain are _________________?

interconnected

____________ refers to an individual's inherited physical characteristics, that are a product of both genes and environment.

phenotype

Traits that are _______________ are controlled by more than one gene.

polygenic

If a person will only display a phenotype if they have two copies of an allele, that allele is said to be _____________?

recessive

Amyloid plaques are also known as senile plaques.

true

Drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation, is termed dementia

true

beta-Amyloid is a protein that accumulates in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease.

true

Kevin, an ophthalmologist, has conducted several tests on a person who is unable to see forms clearly with their left eye. The test results show that the person's left eye is intact and that a sharp image is focused on the retina. Which of the following diagnoses is Kevin most likely to give?

Amblyopia

Which of the following terms refers to the development process during which surplus cells die?

Apoptosis

Which of the following statements are true of binocular deprivation? (Select all that apply.)

Binocular deprivation leads to a reduction in synapses in visual cortical neurons and It leads to a loss of dendritic spines in visual cortical neurons.

When Kunal, a neurologist, diagnoses 3-year-old Denver as having fragile X syndrome, Kunal tells Denver's parents that the syndrome will likely affect Denver's mental development. When Denver's parents ask how the syndrome can affect intellectual development, which of the following answers is Kunal most likely to give?

By blocking the normal elimination of synapses after birth

How does childhood abuse affect gene expression in adults?

By inducing methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the brain, making them hyperresponsive to stress as adults

Which of the following occurs during cell differentiation?

Cells acquire distinctive characteristics as a result of expressing specific genes.

Which of the following occurs after neurogenesis in the ventricular zone?

Cells begin transforming into either neurons or glial cells.

Identify an important consequence of the system of cell-cell interactions that determines how brain cells develop.

Cells that have not differentiated extensively can be obtained and placed in a specific brain region to allow them to differentiate appropriately and become integrated into that region.

Rodent pups subjected to inattentive maternal care are likely to have low stress hormone levels and low anxiety as adults.

False

Farah and George are college students who are discussing the process of synaptic remodeling. Farah says that trophic factors most likely affect synaptic remodeling, but George disagrees and says that only intellectual stimulation determines which synapses are retained and which are removed. Who is correct and why?

Farah, because active synapses take up some trophic factor that maintains the synapse, while inactive synapses get too little trophic factor to remain stable and are lost.

Identify the true statements about monocular deprivation. (Select all that apply.)

Hebbian synapses can account for changes after monocular deprivation. Monocular deprivation leads to functional and structural changes in the thalamus

Which of the following are reasons for the death of neurons during early development? (Select all that apply.)

Inadequate competition for neurotrophic factors The inability of neurons to make adequate synapses

Which of the following factors most likely determine the synapses that are retained in the brain and those that are removed? (Select all that apply.)

Intellectual stimulation and Neural activity

Which of the following statements is true of synaptic remodeling in the developing human brain?

It is evident in thinning of the cortical gray matter as pruning of dendrites and axon terminals progresses.

Identify the true statements about genotype. (Select all that apply.)

It remains constant throughout life and It is determined at the moment of fertilization.

Identify the true statements about methylation. (Select all that apply.)

It shows the influence of mothering on gene expression. and It is a chemical modification of DNA that reduces the expression of a gene.

Which of the following statements is true of mitosis?

It takes place within the ventricular zone inside the neural tube.

Which of the following statements is true of synaptic remodeling?

It typically takes place after the period of cell death.

Lisa was born with cataracts. When Lisa was 20, the doctors performed an operation and surgically removed the cataracts. Which of the following are most likely to be true of Lisa's vision after the operation? (Select all that apply.)

Lisa will be impaired at recognizing faces because she did not receive any early visual stimulation. Early visual experience is known to be especially crucial for learning to perceive faces, because infants with cataracts that obstruct vision for just the first 6 months of life are impaired at recognizing faces even 9 years later. Lisa will acquire the use of vision slowly, but only to a limited extent. If a child grows up with cataracts in place, removing them in adulthood is much less effective; adults acquire the use of vision slowly and only to a limited extent.

Which of the following are neurologists likely to observe after studying the brains of people with Alzheimer's? (Select all that apply.)

Marked reduction of metabolism in posterior parietal cortex and some portions of the temporal lobe Cortical atrophy, especially in the frontal, temporal, and parietal areas

According to research, which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?

Mental activity Adequate sleep Physical activity

Which of the following statements are true of monocular deprivation? (Select all that apply.)

Monocular deprivation during the sensitive period leads to functional changes in the visual cortex. Monocular deprivation in development can lead to blindness in that eye. Monocular deprivation in development leads to structural changes in the thalamus.

Lucas, a medical intern, is being quizzed by a supervisor as part of medical training. When the supervisor asks Lucas to state two markers that would predict a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, which of the following statements could Lucas include in a correct answer? (Select all that apply.)"

People with Alzheimer's gradually lose many neurons in the basal forebrain, which make the transmitter acetylcholine. Levels of amyloid in the brain, as revealed by Pittsburgh Blue imaging, give an indication of Alzheimer's.

Which of the following is typical of people with fragile X syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Prominent chin, ears, and elongated face.

Sasha and Ramon are first-year medical students who are discussing Alzheimer's disease. Sasha states that Alzheimer's is simply the result of wear and tear in the brain. Ramon disagrees with her and states that Alzheimer's is a disease and not a result of the brain "wearing out" with age. Who is correct and why?

Ramon, because people who reach the age of 90 without symptoms of Alzheimer's become increasingly less likely ever to develop them.

When several kids between the ages of one and five are detected with phenylketonuria (PKU), their parents become worried that they will have intellectual disability. Which of the following steps, if taken, will prevent brain impairment in these kids?

Reducing the amount of phenylalanine in their diet

Rohan, who was born cross-eyed, undergoes a realignment surgery at the age of 25. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Rohan's vision after the surgery?

Rohan will continue having poor depth perception after the surgery.

Michael had normal vision for the first three-and-a-half years of life until an accident damaged both his eyes. Despite having the damage to one eye surgically repaired as an adult, why was Michael unable to distinguish between objects?

Synaptic connections within Michael's developing visual cortex did not receive patterned stimulation and consequently disappeared.

How may synaptic remodeling contribute to teenagers' impulsivity and relative lack of control?

Synaptic remodeling causes the prefrontal cortex, which is important for inhibiting behavior, to mature last.

Identify the primary reasons for the postnatal increase of human brain weight. (Select all that apply.)

The primary reasons for the postnatal increase of human brain weight include branching of dendrites, elaboration of synapses, increase in myelin, growth in the size of neurons, and addition of glial cells.

Samantha is an adult who is deprived of light in the right eye for two years from the age of 30 to 32. How is this deprivation likely to affect Samantha's vision?

The temporary deprivation will have no permanent impact on Samantha's vision.

Why does the prefrontal cortex mature last in the brain?

The thinning of the cortical gray matter that occurs as a result of synaptic remodeling takes place in a caudal-to-rostral direction during maturation.

Andy and Dave are identical twins who were raised by different families. Despite being identical twins, they behave very differently from one another. Identify a reason for this.

Their gene expression is affected by their different social experiences.

Which of the following statements is true of the postnatal development of synapses in the human cortex?

There is a net loss of synapses from late childhood until midadolescence.

Anik is a neurologist who is studying the PET scan of an elderly person. Which of the following changes, if found, would indicate that the person has Alzheimer's?

There will be a significant decrease in metabolism in posterior parietal cortex and some portions of the temporal lobe.

Which of the following statements are true of amyloid plaques? (Select all that apply.)

They are formed by the buildup of beta-amyloid. They appear in the cortex, hippocampus, and associated limbic system sites. They correlate with dementia.

Identify a true statement about phenotypes.

They are influenced by extrinsic factors such as experience.

Which of the following is true of people with fragile X syndrome?

They have mild to severe cognitive impairment.

In the context of cell death, do neurotrophic factors play a role in brain development?

Yes, neurotrophic factors play a role in cell death since neurons that do not manage to gather sufficient amounts of the appropriate trophic factor die.

One theory is that ____ synapses take up some neurotrophic factor that maintains the synapse, while ____ synapses get too little ____ factor to remain stable

active, inactive, tropic

Which of the following is a form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged?

alzheimers

Reduced visual acuity of one eye that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments is called

amblyopia

Experiments reveal that ____ deprivation, depriving animals of sight in both eyes, produces structural changes in ____ ____ neurons: a loss of dendritic spines and a reduction in synapses.

binocular, visual, cortical

In some regions of the brain and spinal ____, most of the young ____ cells die during prenatal ____.

cord, nerve, development

The outer cellular layer of the developing embryo that gives rise to the nervous system is called the

ectoderm

Cell death is unique to the nervous system.

false

In human cerebral cortex, there is a net gain of synapses from late childhood until midadolescence.

false

Monocular deprivation in adulthood can permanently impair vision in the deprived eye.

false

PET scans of elderly people without disease reveal that cerebral metabolism normally decreases as we age.

false

The thinning of the cortical gray matter as part of synaptic remodeling continues in a rostral-to-caudal direction during maturation.

false

In a study of healthy and cognitively normal people age 55-87, investigators asked whether mild ____ in memory is specifically related to reduction in size of the hippocampal formation or is better explained by generalized _____ of brain _____.

impairment, shrinkage, tissue

In experiments, it has been found that ______ appears to enhance various forms of _______-dependent learning, such as spatial memory and fear _____, in some (but not all) studies (Kee et al., 2007).

neurogenesis, hippocampus, and conditioning

The loss of some synapses and the development of others to refine synaptic connections is called synaptic

remodeling

A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce is called a(n)

stem cell

Keeping one eye closed or covered in development results in a _____ shift from the normal graph; most _____ neurons now respond only to input from the ____ eye.

striking, cortical, nondeprived

During early development, synapses are rearranged in the visual cortex, and axons representing input from each eye "compete" for ____ places.

synaptic

The last stage in the development of the nervous system is

synaptic remodeling

Which of the following is true of children born with an eye turned inward or outward?

they see a double image

A condition produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable is known as fragile X syndrome

true

A graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye is called a(n) ocular dominance histogram.

true

A neurotransmitter receptor that causes synapses to act like Hebbian synapses is the NMDA receptor

true

A target-derived chemical that acts as if it "feeds" certain neurons to help them survive is called a(n) neurotrophic factor

true

Abnormal whorls of neurofilaments within nerve cells that are seen in Alzheimer's disease are known as neurofibrillary tangles

true

An amyloid plaque is a small area of the brain that has abnormal cellular and chemical patterns.

true

An inherited disorder in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of phenylalanine metabolites, causing intellectual disability, is called phenylketonuria

true

Asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical are called clones

true

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been implicated as a neurotrophic factor being competed for in the mammalian visual cortex.

true

Characteristically, a genetic defect that affects the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids is the absence of a particular enzyme that controls a critical biochemical step in the synthesis or breakdown of a vital body product.

true

Cortical neurons from the brains of people with fragile X syndrome possess an excess of small, immature dendritic spines.

true

Depriving both eyes of form vision, such as by sealing the eyelids, is called binocular deprivation.

true

Depriving one eye of light is called monocular deprivation

true

Epigenetics is the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes.

true

Extensive use of the brain makes Alzheimer's less likely.

true

Findings suggest that fragile X syndrome blocks the normal elimination of synapses after birth, which causes intellectual disability

true

From a(n) cellular viewpoint it is useful to consider brain development as a sequence of six distinct stages.

true

One syndrome indicates that the loss of synapses actually helps the brain function better.

true

Perhaps measuring beta-amyloid will help future Alzheimer's research.

true

Research shows that suicide victims who suffered childhood abuse were more likely to have the glucocorticoid receptor gene methylated than suicide victims who did not suffer childhood abuse.

true

Research shows that when effects of sex, age, IQ, and overall brain atrophy were eliminated statistically, hippocampal formation volume was the only brain measure that correlated significantly with memory.

true

Synapse rearrangement is also called synaptic remodeling

true

Synapses that grow stronger or weaker depending on their effectiveness in driving their target cell are known as Hebbian synapses

true

The basic defect in phenylketonuria is the absence of an enzyme necessary to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid that is present in many foods.

true

The behavior of genetically identical male mice can be affected by the prenatal environment and/or the mothering they receive after birth.

true

The creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult is referred to as adult neurogenesis

true

The developing human is called a(n) embryo during the first 10 weeks after fertilization and a(n) fetus thereafter.

true

The discovery of phenylketonuria marked the first time that an inherited error of metabolism was associated with intellectual disability.

true

The effects of binocular deprivation are most extensive during the early period of synaptic development in the visual cortex.

true

The establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow is called Synaptogenesis

true

The mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons is called neurogenesis

true

The most frequent inherited cause of intellectual disability is fragile X syndrome

true

The number of neurofibrillary tangles within nerve cells is directly related to the magnitude of cognitive impairment.

true

The period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment is called a sensitive period

true

The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA is called mitosis

true

The sum of all the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that make up an individual is its phenotype

true

The sum of all the genetic information that an individual inherits is its genotype

true

Within a week the emerging human embryo shows three distinct cell layers—the beginnings of all the tissues of the body.

true

methylation is a chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed.

true