PSY 3460 Part 2

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:

asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues

Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are

authoritarian.

Specific learning disabilities are _____ and examples are _____ (impaired ability in reading or spelling), _____ (impaired ability in handwriting), and _____ (impaired ability in arithmetic).

common; dyslexia; dysgraphia; dyscalculia

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except:

controlling.

Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive:

extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note-taking, and proofreading.

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy

family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained

Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial; not surprisingly, parents of students in the higher tracks _____, whereas parents in the lower tracks _____.

favor the practice; oppose it

When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to:

get along better because they feel unique.

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be

less mature and more conforming to their peers.

Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups.

less; similar

According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the following effects?

positive influence on subsequent course selection

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

the big-fish-little-pond effect.

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?

Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

Jacquelynne Eccles believes that ________ a negative effect on junior high school teachers, which then affects the teachers' interactions with their students.

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools have

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

clique; crowd

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

Susannah's school psychologist has recently determined that Susannah has a learning disability. Her parents are concerned about the effects this will have. Which effect should the psychologist warn her parents about?

- She is more likely to drop out of school. - She will have more trouble coping with school. - Susannah may have trouble making friends.

Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:

- the development of motivations, aspirations, and expectations. - defining the young person's social world and social network. - shaping psychosocial development.

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except which one?

Adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?

All of these are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents. - The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the foster care placement itself. - The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be the product of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their removal from their biological parents' home. - The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the instability in living arrangements.

According to the Family Systems Model, financial strain increases mothers' and fathers'______, which, in turn, make parents more irritable, which adversely affects the quality of their parenting.

All of these are true. - conflicts over money - feelings of depression - dissatisfaction with their marriages

Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership?

All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership. - Adolescents often imitate the behavior of crowd leaders. - Crowds establish social norms, values, and expectations that members strive to follow. - When crowd members behave in ways that are consistent with the crowd norms, they are reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following statements is true?

As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?

Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.

According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

Because the characteristics of students who attend private schools are different from those of students who attend public schools.

Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true?

Chuck likely has high self-esteem.

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?

Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents.

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?

Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.

Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?

Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.

Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true?

Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage."

Natalie's mom believes that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?

Natalie's mom is sort of right—adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other.

Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?

Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

a reference group

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?

Robert, a 13-year-old

Generalizing from the textbook, who would benefit most from summer school?

Ron, an adolescent living in a low-SES neighborhood

Of these students who were initially placed in a low track, ________ is most likely to be moved to a higher track.

Sarah, a White adolescent,

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?

Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?

Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

What is the paradox of dropping out of school?

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.

Which of the following statements about tracking is false?

Teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks.

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?

The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, of such as drinking, smoking, and having risky sex?

Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular.

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false?

Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

a crowd

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

academics

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents.

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

both selection and socialization.

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?

by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:

children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah not likely to experience?

classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

Which of the following classroom climates is not related to increased student achievement?

classroom climates that promote competition between students

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

differential abilities in athletics.

During the school year, the rate of academic progress was equal between students with higher-socioeconomic status and disadvantaged students. During the summer months:

disadvantaged students' scores declined.

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

disequilibrium

As discussed in your textbook, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following?

emphasizing rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that

even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

Even though Scott has some difficulty in English, his school places him in the highest track. Scott's school follows which type of tracking system?

inclusive

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________.

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

The belief that being on welfare has a negative impact on adolescents:

is incorrect because there are few differences in the behavior, values, and family relationships between adolescents whose families are or are not on welfare.

A(an) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

isolate; liaison

Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

Mrs. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:

keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own

Taisha was discouraged from taking math classes throughout her high school years. Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will:

miss the opportunity to pursue certain careers for which she may be well qualified.

Which of the following is not a benefit that small schools offer?

more varied instruction

According to the textbook, during adolescence, which are more influential, nonshared or shared environmental influences?

nonshared

Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?

on how to wear his hair

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems, except:

parent-child conflict.

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:

parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are

responsive and demanding.

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

same sex; opposite sex

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

sex segregation

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

social competence.

One potential reason that Mallory and Mikey, a brother and sister growing up in the same family, have completely different personalities may be that

they have very different family experiences, both through differential treatment by parents and their own perceptions of similar experiences.