PSY 350-Midterm
All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT: a. To get money from the journals where their work appears b. To share interesting findings c. To provide evidence for a theory d. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists
a
Before Joe conducts his research in animals, we weight the value of the information he will gather against the invasiveness of the procedure. In doing so, he is practicing, in part, the value and standards of ___________________. a. ethics b. generalizability c. falsifiability d. open-mindedness
a
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. Dr. Kang used a distractor task. The study was conducted at a university. The study was conducted by a professor. All of the above make Dr. Kang's study an experiment.
a
In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________. a. Questions b. Data c. Research d. Answers
a
An independent variable is one that: Is manipulated Is measured Is kept constant Has one level None of the above
a or b are correct
Another word for data is a/an ________. a. Outcome b. Observation c. Theory d. Prediction
b
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? a. "The data complicate my theory." b. "The data provide support for my theory." c. "The data prove my theory." d. "My theory is generalizable."
b
Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? It is free. It provides you with research abstracts. It can be done on any computer. It searches research scientists' websites. PsycINFO is not a superior way to find scientific sources.
b
Which variable below is an organismic variable? thinking race sitting All of the above
b
You have just heard about an interesting piece of research on the radio station NPR. The speaker said that the research was published in a scientific journal and title "Daily experimenter-rat interactions increases rat performance on a series of cognitive tasks that assess cognitive function in rats". From the title, you make an educated guess that the research question is _____________________ the cognitive function. to predict to explain to validate to describe
b
All of the following are reasons that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine EXCEPT: a. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study b. Journalists may oversimplify the study for their readers c. Journalists are unethical d. Journalists are working under strict publication deadlines
c
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? The statistical validity of the study The internal validity of the study The construct validity of the study The external validity of the study He is questioning all of the validities
c
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? The covariance of the study The temporal precedence of the study The internal validity of the study The external validity of the study The construct validity of the study
c
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? Anecdotal claim Association claim Causal claim Frequency claim It is unclear which type of claim she is making
c
Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a. "My theory needs amending." b. "I may need to collect more data." c. "My data disproves my theory." d. "My data is inconsistent with my theory."
c
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? The study's operational validity The study's statistical validity The study's internal validity The study's external validity The study's construct validity
d
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? a.The study's operational validity b.The study's statistical validity c.The study's internal validity d.The study's external validity e.The study's construct validity
e
One problem with reading about psychological studies in the popular press is that the popular press often fails to provide information that allows you to interrogate the study's ______________ validity. Statistical Internal Construct External All of the above
e
Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? a. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction b. A sports psychologist who examines how mindset ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance c. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure d. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research? a. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia b. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms c. Attending a psychological conference d. Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated
c
Which variable below is a behavioral variable? heart rate race sitting All of the above
c
Why do we normally consider statistical validity when interrogating association claims but not when interrogating frequency claims? Because association claims involve numbers Because association claims involve more participants Because researchers use statistical techniques to analyze association claims Both a and c All of the above
c
Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test similar to the ACT and SAT that is required to go to graduate school. He complains that it doesn't really measure how well he will likely do in graduate school. Dominic is questioning the ________ of the test. a. Convergent validity b. Content validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity
c
Articles that could be considered journalism: a. Are hard to access b. Are typically written by scientists c. Do not require specialized education to read d. Are typically written for scientists
c. Do not require specialized education to read
The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: a. The education and experience of the journalist b. The education and experience of the scientist c. The importance and accuracy of the story d. The length and source of the story
c
Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. b. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment. c. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. d. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease.
c
When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? a. The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher. b. The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected. c. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain. d. The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected.
c
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? a. Validity b. Conceptualization c. Operationalization d. Reliability
a
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of justice b. The principle of integrity c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of respect for persons
a
Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? An earnest attempt to solve math problems The number of math classes taken in college A score on a standardized measure of math effort The number of math problems students answered correctly All of the above are conceptual definitions
a
Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? Two Three Four Five Six
a
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.Refer to Research Study 1.1 to answer the following four questions.Susan's prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? a. A hypothesis b. Research c. A theory d. Data
a
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kline is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? a. 8 b. 4 c. 6 d. 2
a
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim. None of the above are true.
a
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a. Face validity b. Discriminant validity c. Content validity d. Concurrent validity
a
Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study b. The frequency of buying coffee drinks c. The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day d. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study
a
Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: a. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. b. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly. c. Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. d. Both are trying to inform their readers.
a
Marcia, the researcher, collected some data that seemed to contradict the prevaling theory (failed to support her theory). Before claiming that she had proven the theory wrong, she considers that possibility that her data might wrong. In doing so, she illistrates the scientific value of _______________. a. open-mindedness b. skepticism c. parsimony d. falsifiability
a
Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: a. Applied research b. Translational research c. Basic research d. Empirical research
a
Robin wonders if her theory - largely based on laboratory research - will represent the real world? She is wondering about the ___________________ of her science! a. generalizability b. probability c. practicality d. objectivity
a
The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. Principle of beneficence b. Principle of integrity c. Principle of respect for persons d. Principle of justice
a
Use the best tool is part of the definition of what value and standard:? a. precision and accuracy b. parsimony c. probability d. objectivity
a
Which database below searches ONLY scholarly publications (i.e., scholarly journals and edited books only) a psycinfo b pubmed c google scholar d google
a
Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire b. Applying a new therapy technique c. Undergoing a brain scan d. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study
a
Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a. Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate. b. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. c. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. d. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.
a
Which professional organization for psychologists developed and maintains the psychological abstracts? American Psychological Assocation Association of Psychological Sciences American Psychiatric Association More than one answer is correct
a
Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? The researcher The participants The peer reviewer The journal editor The journalist
a
Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? a.Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings. b. Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines. c. Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals. d. Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate.
a
Your friend told you about some interesting scientific research she had heard about in which an experimenter observed many groups of children playing at the same playground over 3 summers and measured a bunch of variables in order to try and predict what type of play behavior was associated with aggressive behavior. From her description of the research you suspect the researchers was asking ______________________ research question. to predict a control to explain to describe
a
Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? a. The number of peer reviewers b. The possibility of rejection c. The anonymity of the peer reviewers d. The frequency of publication
c
Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James' theory is much simpler than Thomas'. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? a. Thomas' theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. b. James' theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious. c. Thomas' theory would be considered better because it is more complex. d. James' theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently.
b
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? The length of the distractor task The number of words remembered The emotional or neutral word list The number of words on the list None of the above are dependent variables
b
Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? Anecdotal claim Association claim Causal claim Frequency claim It is unclear which type of claim she is making
b
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for criterion validity c. To obtain evidence for convergent validity d. To obtain evidence for content validity
b
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? a. Construct reliability b. Test-retest reliability c. Interrater reliability d. Internal reliability
b
Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: a. He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads b. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well c. He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes d. He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching
b
Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of obesity b. A measure of religiosity c. A measure of blood pressure d. A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week
b
For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Physiological measurement b. Self-report measurement c. Archival measurement d. Observational measurement
b
In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve judgments based on participants' opinions. b. Both involve subjective judgments. c. Both are necessary for predictive validity. d. Both are preferred by psychologists as measures of validity.
b
Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? a. The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction b. The abstract and the first paragraph of the Discussion c. The abstract and the Method section d. The last paragraph of the introduction and the Results section e. The last paragraph of the introduction and the references
b
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? a. The theory is completely wrong. b. The theory may need to be amended. c. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. d. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly.
b
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kline's study? a. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. b. He does need to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study. c. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. d. He does need to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous.
b
Translational research is best thought of as ________ basic research and applied research. a. Inferior to both b. A bridge between c. Superior to both d. Another word for
b
Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of: a. Empirical research b. Translational research c. Applied research d. Basic research
b
What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. b. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. c. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing. d. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.
b
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. Refinement b. Replacement c. Recycling d. Reduction
b
Which of the following NOT is possible? a. A measure is reliable but not valid. b. A measure is valid but not reliable c. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. d. A measure is both valid and reliable.
b
Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? Abstract Outcomes Participants Discussion Procedure
b
Which of the following is NOT an example of "thinking what we want"? Cherry-picking of evidence Availability heuristic Confirmatory hypothesis testing Overconfidence All of the above are examples of "thinking what we want"
b
Which of the following is the difference between anecdotal claims and frequency claims? a.Anecdotal claims involve a single variable, but frequency claims involve two variables. b.Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are. c.Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. d.Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers, but frequency claims appear in journals. e.None of the above are true.
b
Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? a. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. b. Basic and applied research have different goals. c. Applied research is done by consumers of research. d. Applied research is more important than basic research.
b
Which statement below is most objective? a. The researcher measured how much food was eaten by asking participants to self-report of how hungry they were. b. The researcher measured how much the participants ate in grams by weighing the plate before and after the period of eating. c. The researcher measured how much food was eaten by estimating the volume of food consumed. d. The researcher measured how hungry the participant was by asking them how long ago they ate their last meal.
b
Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Both terms mean the same thing. b. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. c. Both require the use of scatterplots. d. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts.
b
Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? a.The covariance of the study b.The temporal precedence of the study c.The internal validity of the study d.The external validity of the study e.The construct validity of the study
c
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kline recruit for his study? a. Patients from Dr. Kline's clinical psychology practice b. Children from a local daycare center c. Students from a community college d. People with a history of sleep deprivation
c
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Discriminant validity b. Criterion validity c. Content validity d. Predictive validity
c
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. .Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and nongamblers. Which of the following options below does he also need to do to get evidence for criterion validity? a. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid b. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings c. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently d. Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients
c
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Construct reliability b. Test-retest reliability c. Internal reliability d. Interrater reliability
c
In addition to being an ethical violation, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a. Because they are federal crimes. b. Because data are easy to acquire. c. Because they impede scientific progress. d. Because they are impossible to discover.
c
James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made A's. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made A's and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: Oversimplification bias Availability heuristic Present/present bias Asking biased questions Cherry-picking evidence
c
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a. Recalculating her data to fit the theory b. Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data supported it c. Altering or amending the theory to fit her data d. Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory
c
Students who are interested in being consumers of but not producers of research might choose all of the following professions EXCEPT: a. A guidance counselor b. An advertising executive c. A political pollster d. An FBI agent
c
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient ( r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? a. The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia. b. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. c. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. d. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.
d
Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? The sex of the participants The major of the participants The math test The sex of the role model All of the above are variables
d
Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: a. The pop-up principle b. Availability heuristic c. Cherry-picking of evidence d. Confirmatory hypothesis testing e. Overconfidence
d
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: a. Research b. A hypothesis c. Data d. A theory
d
Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on all of the following EXCEPT: a. How well the research was conducted b. How interesting the research is c. How important the results are d. The prestige/reputation of the author
d
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? The statistical validity of the study The internal validity of the study The construct validity of the study The external validity of the study He is not prioritizing any of the validities
d
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? a. A criminal justice professor b. A prisoner c. The prison warden d. A prisoner advocate
d
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. b. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. c. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling. d. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people.
d
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Discriminant validity b. Face validity c. Content validity d. Criterion validity
d
Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: a. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs b. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style c. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important d. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies
d
Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ________. a. Reliability b. Operational definition c. Convenience d. Validity
d
In which of the following ways is an IACUC different from an IRB? a. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow. b. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. c. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. d. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.
d
Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? Introduction Method Results Discussion References
d
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? a. Data b. A hypothesis c. Research d. A theory
d
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's IRB requires him to obtain written informed consent. Which of the following does Dr. Kline NOT need to include in his informed consent document? a. A list of procedures b. Everyday language c. A statement of risks d. A description of the study's hypotheses
d
Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? He must make a frequency claim first. He must manipulate his two variables. He must measure his two variables. He must conduct an experiment. None of the above are necessary.
d
The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. Tuberculosis b. Cancer c. Smallpox d. Syphilis
d
Thomas asked the journalist, what evidence supports your claim? Thomas is practicing the standard of a. objectivity b. parsimony c. generalizability d. skepticism
d
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? a. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. b. Reliability and validity are the same concept. c. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. d. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.
d
Which of the following is an example of applied research? a. A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts b. A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept c. A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women d. An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds
d
Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? a. It is more efficient/faster. b. It is cost effective. c. It encourages collaboration among researchers. d. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.
d
Which of the following is a downside to using a wiki to conduct psychological research? a. Their coverage of a topic is not necessarily comprehensive. b. The page may not include references. c. The page may include incorrect information. d. A page may not have content that is specific to psychology. e. All of the above are downsides.
e
Which of the following is true of variables? Variables must have at least two levels. Some variables can only be measured. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. All variables must have operational definitions. All of the above are true.
e