PSY 3750 Exam 2
'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' refers to A. The capacity of short-term memory B. our perceptual encoding capacity C. the rate of transfer of information into long-term memory D. none of the above
A. the capacity of short-term memory
______ increases interference and therefore decreases your ability to remember information. A. Cramming B. Taking tests C. Mood D. Attention
A. Cramming
Patients with severe amnesia generally perform worse than control subjects on A. Recall tests B. word-fragment tests C. stem-completion tests D. all of the above
A. Recall tests
If "fish" is a basic-level category, the ______ would be an example of a subordinate level. A. angelfish B. animal C. bird D. living things
A. angelfish
Necessary and sufficient features are important to the ______ view of categorization. A. classical B. prototype C. exemplar D. schemata
A. classical
If you were to plot the rate at which we "forget" information, it would most resemble a ______. A. curve B. straight line C. circle D. stair-step
A. curve
The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of A. Directing the fiow of information B. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity C. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory D. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization E. all of the above
A. directing the flow of information
You should try to study in the same room in which you will take your test, according to the principle of ______. A. encoding specificity B. levels of processing C. the spacing effect D. the testing effect
A. encoding specificity
Semantic memory is __________ while procedural memory is __________. A. general knowledge; memory for skills B. general knowledge; memory for temporally linked information C. memory for skills; memory for temporally linked information D. memory for temporally linked information; general knowledge
A. general knowledge; memory for skills
The typicality effect is a problem for which of these theories to explain? A. hierarchical networks B. ACT theory C. connectionist models D. spreading activation models
A. hierarchical networks
The ______ view of categorization is particularly useful for describing how we use categories such as "things we would save from a fire." A. knowledge-based B. classical C. prototype D. exemplar
A. knowledge-based
Proactive interference refers to the fact that A. Previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material. B. new material can disrupt the recall of previously learned material. C. the passage of time leads to memory decay. D. all of the above E. none of the above
A. previously learned material can disrupt the learning of new material.
Encoding specificity is to __________ as transfer-appropriate processing is to __________. A. retrieval strategies; encoding strategies B. encoding strategies; retrieval strategies C. fact-oriented; problem oriented D. problem oriented; fact-oriented
A. retrieval strategies; encoding strategies
Baddeley revised his working memory model by adding an Episodic Buffer to account for A. The integration of visual and verbal codes B. decisions that manage the use of working memory C. the control of attention D. the rapid rate of forgetting
A. the integration of visual and verbal codes.
The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to A. The loss of the ability to form new memories B. the loss of the ability to recall old events C. the loss of sensory memory D. the loss of all memory ability
A. the loss of the ability to form new memories
Waugh and Norman's Short-Term Memory (STM) study separated the effects of decay from the effects of interference by independently manipulating A. The number of intervening digits independently of the amount of time that elapsed between the digits B. the intensity of the stimulus independently of its duration C. the phonetic similarity of the digits independently of rehearsal time D. the amount of study time independently of the retention interval E. all of the above
A. the number of intervening digits independently of the amount of time that elapsed between the digits.
You are shown a series of photographs of different people. Later, your memory for the photographs will be best if, during the time you first see the photographs, you are asked to make judgments about A. the sincerity of each person B. the gender of each person C. the hair color of each person D. the eye color of each person
A. the sincerity of each person
Hierarchical network models of memory cannot account for the ______ effect. A. typicality B. Stroop C. cocktail party D. integration
A. typicality
Information is held in __________ for 20 to 30 seconds. A. Sensory memory B. short term memory C. long term memory D. secondary memory E. none of the above
B. short term memory
The concept of procedural memory is a central feature of ______ models. A. connectionist B. Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT) C. prototype D. knowledge-based
B. Adaptive Control of Thought (ACT)
Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? A. You learned Spanish in high school, and now you are having trouble remembering vocabulary from your college French class. B. You have seen two different versions of "The Hobbit" on film, and after viewing the most recent one, you have trouble remembering the earlier version. C. You learned a list of color names in an experiment, and now you are trying to learn a second list, but words from the first list keep intruding into your memory. D. You learned list A-B in a paired-associate learning task, and now you are trying to learn list A-C, but the "B" words keep intruding when you try to remember A-C.
B. You have seen two different versions of "The Hobbit" on film, and after viewing the most recent one, you have trouble
Pausing in the letter string FBITWACIAIBM to form familiar groups allows people to take advantage of A. Absolute judgment B. chunking C. acoustic codes D. paraphrases
B. chunking
Forgetting occurs rapidly over the first few ______ after learning, and then levels off. A. minutes B. hours C. days D. months
B. hours
Amnesics can perform as well as non-amnesics on tests of ______. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. semantic memory D. conscious memory
B. implicit memory
One distinction between direct and indirect tests of memory is that indirect tests measure A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. episodic memory D. eyewitness memory
B. implicit memory
The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: A. It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form B. it lasts about 20 seconds C. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward D. it can hold more information than can be reported E. it contains only visual information, not auditory
B. it lasts about 20 seconds
Which of the following was problematic for the levels of processing theory? A. does not have cognitive economy B. memory performance is not always determined by depth of processing C. structural processing always yields better recall than semantic processing D. all of the above
B. memory performance is not always determined by depth of processing
According to the __________ approach to memory, information is received, processed, and stored differently by different memory systems A. Connectionest B. Modal C. Working memory D. Interactive
B. modal
Which is an example of semantic memory? A. Tying your shoe B. naming capitals of states C. recalling your 5th birthday D. riding a bike
B. naming capitals of states
Words at the beginning of a list are remembered better than words in the middle of the list; this phenomenon is referred to as the A. Recency effect B. primacy effect C. rehearsal effect D. proactive effect E. retroactive effect
B. primacy effect
Family resemblance is a concept that is important in the ______ theory of categorization. A. classical B. prototype C. knowledge-based D. schema
B. prototype
Idealized mental representations are a key element of the ______ view of categorization. A. classical B. prototype C. exemplar D. knowledge-based
B. prototype
The results of Craik and Tulving's experiments supported the prediction that retention would progressively decrease as levels of processing changed from the __________ to the __________ to the __________ level A. Structural , phonemic, semantic B. semantic, phonemic, structural C. phonemic, semantic, structural D. structural, semantic, phonemic
B. semantic, phonemic, structural
According to levels of processing, ______ processing involves less manipulation of information and fewer connections while ______ processing involves greater manipulation of information and more connections. A. deep; shallow B. shallow; deep C. visual; auditory D. auditory; visual
B. shallow; deep
Which of the following is NOT true with regard to levels of processing? A. Structural analysis yields codes subject to quick decay B. structural analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay C. semantic analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay D. none of the above
B. structural analysis yields codes that are resistant to decay
Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? A. phonological loop B. the icon C. the central executive D. the visuospatial sketch pad E. all of the above are parts of working memory
B. the icon
______ amnesia might involve forgetting who you are and who you know. A. Facial B. Narrative C. Retrograde D. Anterograde
C. Retrograde
According to research on how elaboration influences recall, which sentence should provide the best retrieval cue for the word 'worried'? A. worried man read the article. B. The worried man read the article in Time magazine. C. The worried man read the article about the approaching storm. D. The worried man read the article about the weather.
C. The worried man read the article about the approaching storm.
Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time the same person's recall ______. A. is remarkably consistent. B. actually improves. C. becomes more distorted. D. loses a few details but retains most accurately.
C. becomes more distorted.
Which of the following models explains how a concept is learned? A. hierarchical networks B. ACT theory C. connectionist models D. spreading activation models
C. connectionist models
Concepts include representations of at least some actual instances, according to the ______ view. A. classical B. prototype C. exemplar D. schema
C. exemplar
Cognitive economy is a central feature of which of these theories of knowledge representation? A. prototype B. exemplar C. hierarchical networks D. connectionist models
C. hierarchical networks
Visualizing familiar landmarks is an important part of the mnemonic known as ______. A. the peg-word method B. recoding C. method of loci D. meditation
C. method of loci
According to Squires' taxonomy, non-declarative memory includes A. episodic and semantic memory B. semantic and procedural memory C. procedural memory only D. semantic memory only
C. procedural memory only
Which of the following is an example of mood dependent memory? People who are in a sad mood at the time of recall should A. Recall more sad events than happy events B. recall more happy events than sad events C. recall more if they were in a sad mood when they learned the material D. recall more if they were in a happy mood when they learned the material
C. recall more if they were in a sad mood when they learned the material
Information in long-term memory is assumed to be coded ______. A. visually B. acoustically C. semantically D. logistically
C. semantically
Release from proactive interference shows that recall can be improved by A. Giving more practice trials B. presenting items at a slower rate C. shifting to a new class of words D. encouraging more rehearsal
C. shifting to a new class of words
The recency effect found in a serial position curve can be eliminated if A. subjects rehearse all words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM B. subjects rehearse words equally often, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM C. subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM D. subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from LTM
C. subjects perform another task for 30 seconds, suggesting that the recency effect is caused by retrieval from STM
Waugh and Norman found that the probability of recalling the test digit was determined by A. The rate of presentation, supporting an interference theory B. the rate of presentation, supporting a decay theory C. the number of interfering items, supporting an interference theory D. the number of interfering items, supporting a decay theory
C. the number of interfering items, supporting an interference theory
A subject was told to study the following words: book, chair, calendar, alarm, phone, lamp, pencil, and desk. Later he recalled book, chair, pencil, and desk. This result is best explained as A. The primacy effect B. the recency effect C. the serial position effect D. the proactive interference effect
C. the serial position effect
Encoding specificity and transfer appropriate processing both emphasize A. decisions at the encoding stage B. decisions at the retrieval stage C. the similarity between encoding and retrieval conditions D. the dissimilarity between encoding and retrieval conditions
C. the similarity between encoding and retrieval conditions
The finding that students generally do better on an exam when the exam format (multiple choice, essay) matches their expectations is an example of A. Elaboration B. levels-of-processing C. transfer-appropriate processing D. distinctiveness
C. transfer-approptiate processing
According to hierarchical network models, the statement "A Pomeranian has a tail" would be answered SLOWER than which of the following statements? A. "A Pomeranian is an animal." B. "A Pomeranian breathes air." C. "A Pomeranian is a mammal." D. "A Pomeranian has a yappy bark."
D. "A Pomeranian has a yappy bark."
According to the levels of processing theory, answering which of the following questions would make you most likely to remember the word BAT? A. Is it in capital letters? B. Does it rhyme with CAT? C. Does it have one vowel? D. Does it fit in this sentence "The next player to ______ would be the team's star hitter"?
D. Does it fit in this sentence: "The next player to ______ would be the team's star hitter"?
Conrad's (1964) study demonstrated that visually presented letters are represented as ________ in STM A. Visual codes B. kinesthetic codes C. semantic codes D. acoustic codes
D. acoustic codes
4. Which of the following poses a problem for the prototype view of concepts? a. an inability to explain the typicality effect b. an inability to explain why people have a hard time providing strict definitions of their concepts c. an inability to explain why some classifications are easy to make and others are unclear d. an inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context
D. an inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context
The primacy and recency effects in memory A. Are thought to be due to the action of short term memory B. are thought to be due to the action of long term memory C. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory D. are used to argue for the existence of at least two types of memory E. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.
D. are used to argue for the existence of at least two types of memory
The spacing effect is thought to be effective because it increases ______. A. encoding variability B. mood dependence C. depth of processing D. encoding specificity
D. encoding specificity
Your memory of what you did to celebrate New Year's last year is part of your ______ memory. A. unconscious B. implicit C. procedural D. episodic
D. episodic
Anterograde amnesia victims A. Often cannot learn new skills such as playing the clarinet. B. learn new skills more rapidly than people who do not have amnesia. C. can learn new skills but cannot remember old skills. D. express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned.
D. express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned.
Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that A. Only decay causes one to lose information from STM. B. only interference causes one to lose information from STM. C. neither decay nor interference is involved in STM forgetting D. forgetting in STM is due more to interference than to decay E. none of the above
D. forgetting in STM is due more to interference than to decay
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following is not a characteristic of LTM? A. the rate of forgetting is slow B. the capacity of LTM is unlimited C. control processes determine what information is acquired D. information is acquired only through repetition
D. information is acquired only through repetition
A(n) ______ is a schema for a common event such as taking a final exam. A. play B. imagining C. procedure D. script
D. script
In encoding specificity experiments, when participants studied words in the context of cues, recall was best for words A. Pairedwith highly associated cues at study time. B. paired with unrelated cues at study time. C. tested with highly associated cues, regardless of whether they had been studied together. D. tested with the same cues with which they had been paired at study time, regardless of association.
D. tested with the same cues with which they had been paired at study time, regardless of association.
Bower, Black, and Turner asked participants to write their scripts for a number of specific events. They found that people generally agreed on all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. the characters in the script B. which props to mention C. the order of events D. the emotions elicited by the script
D. the emotions elicited by the script
Which of these is NOT considered a "similarity-based" view? A. the classical view B. the prototype view C. the exemplar view D. the knowledge-based view
D. the knowledge-based view
The part of Baddeley's working memory that processes verbal material is called A. The central executive B. the visuospatial sketchpad C. the episodic buffer D. the phonological loop
D. the phonological loop
Which of the following pairs of stimuli would be most easy to confuse in long-term memory? A. the letters B and P B. the words "tree" and "sea" C. the words "sea" and "see" D. the words "big" and "large"
D. the words "big" and "large"
The capacity of long-term memory is ______. A. 100 items B. 1,000 items C. 50,000 items D. virtually unlimited
D. virtually unlimited
You are studying for an important exam. According to the context effect, A. you should attempt to link important theories to events in your own life in order to better remember them B. you should study in several short intervals rather than one long study period C. you should try to chunk information into meaningful units in order to remember more effectively D. you should try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam
D. you should try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam
The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: A. The kind of storage (short vs. longer term) B. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) C. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) D. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing
E. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing
During the first stage of the feature comparison model, people evaluate a. defining features b. characteristic features c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
c. both a and b
A __________ can be defined as a class of similar things. a. category b. concept c. script d. memory
a. category
The prototype model was found to be a good predictor of categorization when the information was __________, but not when it was __________. a. continuous; discrete b. discrete; continuous c. concrete; abstract d. abstract; concrete
a. continuous; discrete
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the spreading activation model? Spreading activation a. increases in strength over time b. decreases in strength as it travels outward c. reaches more typical category members before less typical members d. causes semantic priming
a. increases in strength over time
According to the feature comparison model of knowledge organization, verifying that a penguin is a bird would require a. a one-stage process b. a two-stage process c. traveling to the basic node d. traveling to the superordinate node
b. a two-stage process
In an experiment by Rosch, subjects were asked to quickly verify whether an object was a member of either a subordinate, a basic, or a superordinate category. Fastest verification times occurred for a. subordinate categories b. basic categories c. superordinate categories d. verification times did not differ across categories
b. basic categories
Rosch has argued that categories are most differentiated at the a. subordinate level b. basic level c. superordinate level d. none of the above
b. basic level
In the hierarchical network model proposed by Collins and Quillian, features common to all members of a concept are stored at the highest level only. This illustrates the principle of a. priming b. cognitive economy c. typicality d. spreading activation
b. cognitive economy
In a semantic network model concept is to relation as __________ is to __________. A. link; node B. node; link C. feature; link D. link; feature
b. node; link
Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization? a. musical instrument b. piano c. grand piano d. electronic keyboard
b. piano
A(n) __________ is an abstraction that includes all of the characteristic features of a category. a. artifact b. prototype c. hierarchy d. template
b. prototype
According to the fan effect, the more links emanating from a concept a. the stronger the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes b. the weaker the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes c. the faster the spread of activation d. the slower the spread of activation
b. the weaker the strength of the activation spreading from it to connected nodes
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the classical view of concepts? a. It proposes that concepts are mentally represented by lists of features b. It assumes that membership in a category is clear-cut c. It accurately predicts the typicality effect. d. "Necessary" and "sufficient" features play an important role in the theory.
c. It accurately predicts the typicality effect.
The __________ view of concepts argues that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries. a. classical b. prototype c. exemplar d. knowledge-based
c. exemplar
Schema is to __________ as node is to __________. a. idea; concept b. concept; idea c. general knowledge structure; concept d. general knowledge structure; category
c. general knowledge structure; concept
If "shirt" represents a basic level category, then "clothing" would represent a __________ level category. a. subordinate b. basic c. superordinate d. polyordinate
c. superordinate
The hierarchical network model had difficulty explaining a. why verifying a statement about a concept facilitates subsequent verification of a related concept b. the category size effect c. the reversal of the category size effect d. the slower verification of features than of categories
c. the reversal of the category size effect
In a spreading activation model, longer links between apple and green and shorter links between apple and red would indicate a. that the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and green b. that the semantic relatedness is closer for red and green than for red and apple. c. that the semantic relatedness is closer for red and green than green and apple d. that the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and red
d. that the semantic relatedness is closer for apple and red
