PSY 437 Exam 1

central fissure

the fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Ghrelin

a hunger hormone that tells the brain you are hungry

myelencephalon

medulla

factors contributing to uneven distribution

membrane is selectively permeable, sodium-potassium pumps

midbrain

mesencephalon

reticular formation

plays a part in sleep, arousal, movement, and various vital resources

what is the mV needed to generate an action potential?

-60mV

PET scan

shows structures growth or diminishings

central canal

ventricle that runs the length of the spinal cord

neurons resting potential

-70mV, negative inside compared to outside, polarized

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

12 cranial nerves

what cranial nerves do not go through the spinal cord?

3,4,6

how are proteins moved from rough er to smooth er

Golgi, which packs the proteins into vesicles

postsynaptic hyperpolarizations

Inhibitory PSPs (less likely for neuron to fire)

Korsakoff's syndrome

a condition characterized by severe memory loss and most commonly seen in alcoholics

gyrus

a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemisphere

calcarine fissure

a fissure located ini the occipital lobe on the medial surface

microtubule

a long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core

major fissure

a major groove ini the surface of the brain

What is Korsakoff's syndrome the result of?

a thiamine deficiency, butt the damage is accelerated by alcohol

pia mater

adheres to the CNS surface

dorsal horn

afferent, sensory, info coming into CNS

axoplasmic transport

an active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon

Jimmie G

an alcoholic with Korsakoff's

macroglia

astrocytes (BBB), ependymal cells (line ventricle walls and move CSF), oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

CNS

brain and spinal cord

PNS

brings information into the CNS and carries signals out of the CNS, regulation of internal environment of the body

what gives the brain its blood supply?

carotid arteries, vertebral arteries,

basal ganglia includes

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, sub thalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbent

Mesencephalon

cerebral aqueduct, tectum and teqmentum

what is the forebrain covered by?

cerebral cortex

multipolar neuron

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord

hyperpolarization

channels close slowly, K+ efflux leads to membrane potential greater than -70mV

blood-brain barrier

chemical protection of the brain, tightly-packed cells of blood vessel calls prevent the entry of many molecules

repolarization

concentration gradient and change in charge leads to efflux of K+

autonomic nervous system

consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic

periaqueductal gray matter

contains neural circuits involved in sensitivity to pain as well as the behaviors of fighting and ****ing

hypothalamus

controls the autonomic nervous system, controls anterior and posterior pituitary glands, 4 fs (fighting, ****ing, feeding, fleeing)

parasympathetic nervous system

craniosacral, "rest and restore", long pre-ganglionic, short post-ganglionic

what causes Parkinson's disease?

degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen

what structures does a signal go through?

dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon (myelin, nodes of ranvier), terminal buttons, synapses

what is the main difference between human and nonhuman subjects?

differences are more qualitative than quantitative

interneurons

don't really send info out, get info make tweaks and sends it right out right there, doesn't have long axon because message doesn't go far

ventral horn

efferent, motor, info going out to PNS

what covers the CNS?

encased in bone and 3 meninges

postsynaptic depolarizations

excitatory PSPs (make it more likely for a neuron to fire)

homogenizing

factor influencing ion distribution, diffusion and electrostatic pressure

lateral fissure

fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes

Case study

focus on a single individual

metencephalon

fourth ventricle, cerebellum and pons

astrocyte

glial cell that provides support to neurons of the CNS, provided nutrients and other substances, and regulates the chemical composition of extracellular fluid

sulcus

groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than fissure

pons

important to sleep and arousal

absolute refractory period

impossible to initiate another AP

frontal lobe

includes everything in front of the central fissure

medulla

includes nuclei that control vital functions such as the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone

what does the tectum (roof) consist of?

inferior (auditory) and superior (visual) colliculi

spatial summation

integration of events happening at different places

temporal summation

integration of events happening at different times

microglia

involved in response too injury or disease

corpus callosum

large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

telencephalon

lateral ventricles, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia

unipolar neuron

located near spinal cord with processes extending to skin, muscles, organs, and glands

primary somatosensory cortex

located on post central gyrus, anterior parietal lobe

white matter

mainly myelinated axons

hindbrain

metencephalon and myelencephalon

Microscopic research methods of B neuro

microtome, stains, electron microscopy

end of rising phase

na channels close, change in membrane potential opens voltage-gated K+ channels

rising phase

na moves membrane potential from -60mV to 40mV

substantia nigra

neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen, part of the basal ganglia (darkly stained region)

cerebellar peduncle

one of the three bundles of axons that attach to each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons

What does the tegmentum (covering) contain?

periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

motor association cortex

premotor cortex, controls overall motor behavior

gray matter

primarily cell bodies

cerebral cortices

primary visual cortex

CT scan

produces 3d images

dendrites

receive signals from adjacent neurons

red nucleus

receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord

what are the three Rs of animal research?

reduce, replace, refine

primary motor cortex

region of posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscle, precentral gyrus

primary auditory cortex

region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input from auditory

somatic nervous system

regulates the nervous systems interaction with the environment (afferent-sensory, efferent-motor)

bipolar neuron

retina, cochlea, olfactory bulb, tongue

anterograde

soma to terminal button

what are the 2 components of the PNS?

somatic and autonomic

multiple neurons fire at the same time?

spatial

Lesion

stereotaxic surgery, injury to neural tissue, naturally occurring

microfilament

structural filaments that change throughout learning and brain changes due to experience

neurofilaments

structural support

ablation

surgical removal of neural tissue

forebrain

telencephalon and diencephalon

one neuron fires rapidly?

temporal

several neurons fire repeatedly?

temporal and spatial

retrograde

terminal button to soma

projection fiber

thalamus, an axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region

diencephalon

third ventricle, thalamus and hypothalamus

sympathetic nervous system

thoracolumbar, "fight or flight", short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic

dura mater

tough outer membrane

circle of willis

vertebral arteries give rise to a basilar artery, which joins the carotid arteries at the base of the brain to form the circle of willis

arachnoid mater

weblike, contains subarachnoid space