PSY 452 practice questions for final

Which of the following would involve elaborative processing? a) Deciding whether a word belongs to a category. b) Judging whether or not a word is presented in capital or letters. c) Judging whether a word rhymes with another word. d) Counting the number of letters present in a word .

a) Deciding whether a word belongs to a category.

Shepard and Metlzer tested for the functional equivalence of real-object rotation and mental rotation. What did they find? a) Greater degrees of mental rotation took more time, just like real-object rotation. b) Greater degrees of mental rotation took more time, unlike real-object rotation. c) Greater degrees of mental rotation took less time, just like real-object rotation. d) Greater degrees of mental rotation took less time, unlike real-object rotation.

a) Greater degrees of mental rotation took more time, just like real-object rotation.

Loftus and colleagues conducted a study in which subjects viewed slides, and then later were asked a question that included information consistent or inconsistent with the slides. What did they find? a) Memory distortion in the inconsistent condition. b) Memory distortion in both conditions. c) Memory distortion in the consistent condition.

a) Memory distortion in the inconsistent condition

What is a commonly held explanation for the false recognition that is observed when subjects are given lists like "Bed, Rest, Awake, Tired, Dream"? a) Priming of related information stored in our knowledge base b) Misinformation c) Inattentional blindness d) Imagination inflation

a) Priming of related information stored in our knowledge base

What would a memory theorist say is the reason why we don't remember the head of a penny very well? a) The type or quality of processing wasn't very effective for long-term memory. b) The quantity of processing wasn't sufficient for long-term memory. c)There was not enough repeated exposure to the stimulus. d)Our perception of the penny was probably inaccurate to begin with.

a) The type or quality of processing wasn't very effective for long-term memory.

What is meant by the idea of an epiphenomenon, as applied to imagery? a) This is the idea that our mental experiences are a byproduct, and don't reflect the underlying mechanism that's involved. b)The is the idea that task performance tends to be especially good. c) This is the idea that the phenomenon involves top-down processing. d)This is the idea that it's a higher order cognitive phenomenon.

a) This is the idea that our mental experiences are a byproduct, and don't reflect the underlying mechanism that's involved.

Our memory can be distorted by: a) All of the answers shown here are correct. b) Our knowledge c) Subsequent events d) Our thoughts

a)All of the answers shown here are correct

Our memory can be distorted by: a) Our knowledge b) All of the answers shown here are correct. c) Our thoughts d) Subsequent events

b) All of the answers shown here are correct.

Which of the following is true of memory? a) It is dynamic b) All of the answers shown here are correct. c) It is reconstructive d)It is subjective

b) All of the answers shown here are correct.

What kind of memory errors did Neisser and Harsch find in their study on flashbulb memories tied to the space shuttle explosion? a) Errors in which subjects reported different information than they did before. b) Both of the answers shown here are correct. c) Errors in which subjects failed to report information. Neisser and Harsch observed errors in

b) Both of the answers shown here are correct.

Craik and Tulving had subjects make case judgments, rhyme judgments, or category judgments during initial encoding. What did they find? a) The type of task had no reliable effect on memory. b) Category judgments produced the best memory. c) Rhyme judgments produced the best memory. d)Case judgments produced the best memory.

b) Category judgments produced the best memory.

Fisher and Craik conducted an experiment in which they varied the type of processing required during initial learning (e.g., rhyme vs. category vs. sentence completion judgments) and varied the types of cues given at retrieval (e.g., rhyme vs. category vs. sentence cues). What did they find? a) Memory was consistently better when subjects made category judgments during learning, because they encoded the information based on meaning. b) Memory was best when the type of cue matched the type of initial encoding. c) Memory was consistently better when subjects made sentence completion judgments during learning, because they encoded the information based on meaning. d) Memory was consistently better when subjects got category cues.

b) Memory was best when the type of cue matched the type of initial encoding.

Which of the following is true about subjects beliefs and performance when it comes to restudying vs. testing? a) Subjects believe restudying is better, and it is. b) Subjects believe restudying is better, but testing is. c) Subjects believe testing is better, and it is. d) Subjects believe testing is better, but restudying is.

b) Subjects believe restudying is better, but testing is.

which of the following is true of studies that compare tested items to restudied items? a) Tested and restudied items are remembered at similar levels, given that exposure time has been equated. b) Tested items are better remembered. c) Restudied items are better remembered.

b) Tested items are better remembered.

Godden and Baddeley conducted a study in which subjects studied under water or on dry land, then got tested under water or on dry land. What did they find? a) Studying on dry land was consistently best. b) Testing underwater was best if studying occurred underwater. c)The surrounding context did not significantly effect memory performance. d) Testing on dry land was consistently best.

b) Testing underwater was best if studying occurred underwater.

Gick and Hoyoak found that when subjects read the fortress story, then were given the radiation problem, they rarely transferred the solution on their own. What is a major cause of this failure of transfer? a) Limited working memory capacity b) Too much attention to surface details c)Limited attentional resources d) Too much attention to the underlying principles

b) Too much attention to surface details

If you're struggling with a problem, can it help to take a break or take a nap? a) No, research shows that it's better to keep working so that you don't break your train of thought. Correct! b) Yes, research shows a break or nap can help! c) Doesn't matter either way. Research shows that breaks have no effect--the amount of time spent on the problem is key.

b) Yes, research shows a break or nap can help

What effect does prior knowledge have on problem solving? a) It helps. b)It can help and hurt. c)It hurts.

b)It can help and hurt.

Assume you present the following list of words to subjects: Bed, Rest, Awake, Tired, Dream. If you give a later recall test, what would you expect to observe, based on what we've discussed in the course? a) A high rate of recognition for the word "Tired" b)A high rate of endorsement for the word "Sleep" c) All of the answers shown here are correct d) A high rate of rejection for the word "Cousin"

c) All of the answers shown here are correc

How have we attempted to improve lineup procedures? a) Make sure the administrator of a lineup is blind to who is and is not a suspect. b)Use sequential presentation methods. c) All of the answers shown here are correct. d) Emphasize that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup.

c) All of the answers shown here are correct.

Studies pertaining to imagery and memory show what? a) Concrete words are better remembered than abstract words. b) Imagery instructions produce better memory than repetition instructions. c) All of the answers shown here are correct. d)Bizarre images yields better memory than common images.

c) All of the answers shown here are correct.

Studies pertaining to imagery and memory show what? a) Imagery instructions produce better memory than repetition instructions. b) Concrete words are better remembered than abstract words. c) All of the answers shown here are correct. d) Bizarre images yields better memory than common images.

c) All of the answers shown here are correct.

If visual information is stored in a visual-spatial format, that'd be which what type of code? a) Phonological code b) Symbolic code c) Analog code d)Propositional code

c) Analog code

Mantyla conducted a study in which subjects got a memory test over previously seen words, and the memory cues were either words the subjects had produced themselves or words produced by others. What did Mantyla find? a) Both types of cues were equally effective. b) Better memory for cues that were generated by other subjects. c) Better memory for cues that the subjects came up with themselves.

c) Better memory for cues that the subjects came up with themselves.

What does the memory literature tell us about maintenance versus elaborative rehearsal? a) Both forms of rehearsal produce large increases in long-term memory. b) Maintenance rehearsal significantly boosts long-term memory, elaborative rehearsal does not. c) Elaborative rehearsal significantly boosts long-term memory, maintenance rehearsal does not. d) Both forms of rehearsal boost long-term memory, but maintenance rehearsal is considerably more effective.

c) Elaborative rehearsal significantly boosts long-term memory, maintenance rehearsal does not.

Wiley looked at mental set among baseball experts. What did she find? a) Novices and experts were equally likely to show a mental set. b) Experts were less likely to show a mental set. c) Experts were more likely to show a mental set.

c) Experts were more likely to show a mental set.

Studies show that concrete words (truck, dog) are often remembered better than abstract words (kindness, justice). Why do we think this is? a) Concrete words involve more phonological processing. b) Concrete words involve more bottom-up processing. c) It is easier to form images of concrete words. d)Concrete words produce epiphenoma.

c) It is easier to form images of concrete words.

What is problem solving transfer? a) Solving a problem quickly and efficiently. b)Isolating the key element of a problem c) Solving by analogy d) Encoding the solution to a problem

c) Solving by analogy

One idea to emerge from the memory literature is that we often encode information about the surrounding context during learning, without even meaning to. As a result of this incidental encoding of context, what happens? a) We are more likely to engage in elaborative processing. b) We tend to focus primarily on shallow processing. c) That context can then help to cue our memory. d) We are more likely to process the information as it relates to ourselves.

c) That context can then help to cue our memory.

Craik and Watkins conducted a study in which they varied the number of intervening words given between target words. What was the key finding of this study? a) The amount of repetition had a big effect on memory. b) Intervening words interfered with memory for target words. c) The amount of repetition had very little effect on later recall. d) Intervening words were remembered best.

c) The amount of repetition had very little effect on later recall.

What is the self-reference effect? a) The finding that memory greatly improves when one elaborates on information. b) The finding that we remember information in a biased when that reflects our own personal reference point. c) The finding that memory is greatly improved when one thinks about information as it relates to oneself. d) The finding that memory greatly improves when one thinks about the meaning of information.

c) The finding that memory is greatly improved when one thinks about information as it relates to oneself.

Question 5 1 / 1 pts What is meant by the idea of an epiphenomenon, as applied to imagery? a) This is the idea that the phenomenon involves top-down processing. b) The is the idea that task performance tends to be especially good. c) This is the idea that our mental experiences are a byproduct, and don't reflect the underlying mechanism that's involved. d)This is the idea that it's a higher order cognitive phenomenon.

c) This is the idea that our mental experiences are a byproduct, and don't reflect the underlying mechanism that's involved.

Which of the following effects long-term memory? a)The match between encoding and retrieval processes. b) The retrieval cues present. c)All of the answers shown here are correct. d)The type of encoding.

c)All of the answers shown here are correct.

What appears to be true of memory for highly emotional events (flashbulb memories), according to research findings? a) They are remembered with exceptional accuracy, combined with high confidence and vividness ratings. b) They are remembered with exceptional accuracy, despite low confidence and vividness ratings. c) Accuracy is low, and subjects' confidence and vividness ratings are low, too. d) Accuracy isn't especially exceptional, but subjects' confidence and vividness ratings are high.

d) Accuracy isn't especially exceptional, but subjects' confidence and vividness ratings are high.

Luchins conducted a classic study using the water jug problem, in which subjects got several consecutive problems in a row that required a B - A - 2C solution. What did he find? a) On a problem in which the B - A - 2C solution wouldn't work (but a shorter solution would work), subjects believed the problem couldn't be solved. b)Subjects showed a mental set. c) Subjects persisted in trying to use the B - A - 2C solution even when a shorter solution was available. d) All of the answers shown here are correct.

d) All of the answers shown here are correct.

Which of the following is a good application of the testing effect? a) Answer questions at the back of textbook chapters. b) Taking practice quizzes and tests. c) Use of flashcards. d) All of the answers shown here are effective applications of the testing effect.

d) All of the answers shown here are effective applications of the testing effect.

Which of the following methods have provided evidence that perception and imagery involve similar brain regions and brain activity? a) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) b) Single cell recordings c) Evidence from patients with unilateral neglect d) All of the methods listed here have produced results suggesting that perception and imagery involve similar brain activity.

d) All of the methods listed here have produced results suggesting that perception and imagery involve similar brain activity.

Which of the following is an example of inaccurate human intuition, when it comes to effective study strategies? a) People commonly believe that massing is better than spacing, when the opposite is true. b) People commonly believe that restudying is better than testing, when the opposite is true. c) People commonly believe that repetition is effective, when it's not. d) All of these answers are good examples.

d) All of these answers are good examples.

Craik and Tulving had subjects make case judgments, rhyme judgments, or category judgments during initial encoding. What did they find? a) Rhyme judgments produced the best memory. b) Case judgments produced the best memory. c) The type of task had no reliable effect on memory. d) Category judgments produced the best memory.

d) Category judgments produced the best memory.

According to the notion of elaboration, which of the following tasks would produce the best memory? a) Judging whether a word rhymes with another word. b) Counting the number of letters present in a word. c) Judging whether or not a word is presented in capital or letters. d) Deciding whether a word belongs to a category.

d) Deciding whether a word belongs to a category.

What is the key take-home message from the literature on massing vs. spacing? a) Do all of your studying shortly before a test to avoid interference. b) The key is amount and type of study; the distribution of that study doesn't make much difference. c) Do all of your studying shortly before a test so it's fresh on your mind. d) Don't cram.

d) Don't cram.

It makes logical sense that if we create multiple paths to information within memory, then there will be a greater likelihood of accessing that information. Which of the following creates those multiple paths? a) Encoding specificity b) Repetition c)Maintenance rehearsal d) Elaborative rehearsal

d) Elaborative rehearsal

What is the term used for the idea that memory is enhanced when there is a match between the encoding and retrieval conditions? a) Depth of processing b)Cue dependency of memory c) Elaborative processing d) Encoding specificity principle

d) Encoding specificity principle

Grant et al. conducted a study in which subjects studied under noisy or quiet conditions, then got tested under noisy or quiet conditions. What did they find? a) Studying under quiet conditions was consistently best. b)Testing under quiet conditions was consistently best. c) The noise level of the surrounding context did not significantly effect memory performance. d) If studying occurred under noisy conditions, testing under noisy conditions was best.

d) If studying occurred under noisy conditions, testing under noisy conditions was best.

Grant et al. conducted a study in which subjects studied under noisy or quiet conditions, then got tested under noisy or quiet conditions. What did they find? a) Testing under quiet conditions was consistently best. b) Studying under quiet conditions was consistently best. c) The noise level of the surrounding context did not significantly effect memory performance. d) If studying occurred under noisy conditions, testing under noisy conditions was best.

d) If studying occurred under noisy conditions, testing under noisy conditions was best.

Despite a high degree of overlap between perception and imagery when it comes to brain activity, some studies do show subtle differences. Given this, what has been suggested as the key difference between perception and imagery? a) Perception involves bottom up processing, but imagery involves both bottom up and top down processing. b) Perception involves bottom up and town down processing, but imagery only involves bottom up processing. c) Perception involves top down processing, but imagery involves both bottom up and top down processing. d) Perception involves bottom up and town down processing, but imagery only involves top down processing.

d) Perception involves bottom up and town down processing, but imagery only involves top down processing.

Which of the following memory effects is the result of making information more distinctive *and* imposing an organization on information? a) The bizarre imagery effect b)The picture superiority effect c) The concreteness effect d) The effectiveness of the Method of Loci

d) The effectiveness of the Method of Loci

What does Holst and Pezdek's mock trial study tell us about memory? a) We are effective at preventing ourselves from being biased by leading questions. b) We are effective at distinguishing between presented information and information in our knowledge base. c) We are effective at ignoring testimony that was stricken from the record. Correct! d) We are often influenced by our schemas when attempting to remember past events.

d) We are often influenced by our schemas when attempting to remember past event