psy. ch 15

About _______ percent of men and _______ percent of women say they are chronically sleepy.

9; 13

Tyrene has been under a lot of stress. His immune system is weakening. Which is the most common disease he is likely to get as a result of his weakened immune system?

A cold

Alzheimer's disease leading to depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms is an example of which of the following?

A medical disorder leading to a psychological disorder

Which of the following medications for insomnia disorder have been shown to be most reliably effective? (Select all that apply.)

Benzodiazepines Ambien

Which of the following medications are used in the treatment of insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Benzodiazepines Antidepressants Tryptophan

Which type of treatment helps reduce behavior patterns associated with Type A?

Both behavioral and cognitive treatments

___ is the leading cause of death and chronic illness around the world.

Coronary heart disease

________ occurs when blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the buildup of plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls.

Coronary heart disease

Exercise is effective in reducing which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Coronary heart disease Depression

Which of the following is a result of taking medication for insomnia?

Insomnia often returns after medication is discontinued.

Which of the following contribute to allostatic load? (Select all that apply.)

Inability to fight Chronic stress Inability to flee

Which of the following are the goals of Internet-based behavioral interventions on health? (Select all that apply.)

Increase peoples' exercise Improve peoples' diet Decrease the risk of serious diseases

Which of the following does sleep deprivation cause? (Select all that apply.)

Irritability Emotional upheaval Perceptual distortions

Which of the following statements are true about people with central sleep apnea? (Select all that apply.)

It can be caused by cerebral vascular disease. They experience complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time. They do not have frequent awakenings.

Married couples who argue more _____.

show poorer immunological functioning than married couples who have fewer arguments

For a diagnosis of nightmare disorder, the nightmares must be frequent enough to cause _____.

significant distress or impairment in functioning

Sleep restriction therapy involves all of the following except

sleep medication.

Trevor has had narcolepsy from the time he turned 17. Sometimes as he starts to awaken, he experiences a period during which he cannot speak or move. Trevor is experiencing _____.

sleep paralysis

The therapy that controls the amount of time insomniacs can try to sleep in the night is known as _____.

sleep restriction therapy

The disorder characterized by episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels is known as _____.

sleep-related hypoventilation

Approximately one in ______ adults complains that they have had insomnia in the past year.

three

Approximately what percentage of the population meets the full criteria for a hypersomnolence disorder?

1 percent

The proportion of cases of hypertension influenced by a genetic predisposition is about ____ percent.

10

Narcoleptic attacks usually last _____.

10 to 20 minutes but can last up to 1 hour

The proportion of hospitalized people with coronary heart disease who also suffer major depression is between _____ percent.

15 to 20

The prevalence of children who have experienced at least one episode of sleepwalking is _____ percent.

15 to 30

About ______ percent of all serious car-crash injuries are due to driver sleepiness.

16

Coronary heart disease accounts for what percentage of all deaths in the United States?

25

To be diagnosed with insomnia disorder, the symptoms must be present for at least ____.

3 months

How many stages of sleep are there?

5

People who sleep fewer than ______ hours each night have a 70 percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least 7 or 8 hours each night.

6

Sleep-deprived people have a _____ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep 7 or 8 hours each night.

70

Which of the following characteristics describe disorders of arousal? (Select all that apply.)

A mix of elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep

Which of the following are possible causes of restless leg syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Abnormalities in the dopamine system Iron deficiency

Which of the following statements are true regarding delayed phase type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Adolescents typically experience this. It is the most common type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder. It is diagnosed only when it seriously interferes with a person's functioning.

________ Americans and Hispanic Americans have higher rates of chronic heart disease than do European Americans.

African

What were the results of the study by Spiegel and colleagues? (Select all that apply.)

All of the women who didn't participate in support groups had died after 4 years. One-third of the women participating in support groups had survived after 4 years.

Which of the following medications are used as treatments for daytime sleepiness due to narcolepsy and hypersomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Amphetamines Methylphenidate Methamphetamine

Which of the following cognitive behaviors contribute to insomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Being overly concerned about noises or body aches Worrying about sleeping Engaging in counterproductive behaviors

_________ are episodes of incomplete awakening that do not involve sleepwalking or sleep terrors.

Confusional arousals

Which of the following are possible explanations for why coronary heart disease and depression are linked? (Select all that apply.)

Both coronary heart disease and depression may be caused by a deficiency of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. Both coronary heart disease and depression are linked to genes that alter the functioning of the serotonin system. Blocked arteries lead to reduced oxygen to the brain and the marshaling of the immune system, both of which can lead to mood changes.

In a polysomnographic assessment, which of the following are measured? (Select all that apply.)

Brain-wave activity Heart activity Leg movements Oxygen desaturation

Which of the following are true about shift work type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Caused by working rotating shifts In one study, 31 percent of night workers developed this. Caused by working irregular hours

____________ keep people in sync with the regular patterns of light and dark over the course of the day.

Circadian rhythms

Research indicates that which of the following illnesses occur in higher rates in people during times of stress? (Select all that apply.)

Colds Herpes Mononucleosis

_________ arousals are episodes of incomplete awakening that do not involve sleepwalking or sleep terrors.

Confusional

Which of the following are characteristic of non-24-hour type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Deficits in cognition and functioning Individual sleeps during the day and is awake at night Complaints of sleepiness during daylight

Which psychological condition is hypersomnia most strongly related to?

Depression

Which of the following disorders do people with restless leg syndrome have higher rates of than the general population? (Select all that apply.)

Depression Anxiety disorders

Cognitive-behavioral interventions for nightmare disorder include which of the following?

Desensitizing individuals to their nightmares

Which of the following diseases are associated with sleep-related hypoventilation? (Select all that apply.)

Diseases of the chest wall Lung disease

_________ involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep.

Disorders of arousal

Which of the following are true about advanced sleep phase type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Earlier timing of circadian biomarkers Excessive sleepiness during the day Results in early morning insomnia

Which of the following are components of a Type A personality? (Select all that apply.)

Easily aroused hostility Sense of time urgency Competitive striving for achievement

Which of the following are people from Asian cultures likely to do in coping with stressful events? (Select all that apply.)

Enjoy the company of those they love Look to their social networks without revealing concerns or weaknesses

_______ insomnia is defined as difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence.

Episodic

Hypersomnolence disorders are characterized by which of the following factors? (Select all that apply.)

Excessive sleepiness Low quality of wakefulness Excessive quantity of sleep

Which of the following are effective behavioral interventions for treating circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Exposing night shift workers to bright lights during the night Exposing individuals with delayed sleep phase type to bright lights early in the morning Planned napping during night shifts

Which of the following statements are true about sleep cycles and age? (Select all that apply.)

From age 5 until old age, a person spends between 20 and 25 percent of total sleep time in REM sleep. Newborns spend about half their sleeping time in REM sleep. Older people tend to experience less Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep

Which of the following characteristics are found in people with obstructive sleep apnea/hyponea syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Gasping for air Stopping breathing for several seconds Snoring loudly

__________ mastery techniques provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.

Guided

The field of behavioral medicine is also known as which of the following?

Health psychology

Which of the following are major risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply.)

High blood pressure Diabetes Smoking

Which of the following health problems can result from pessimism? (Select all that apply.)

High blood pressure Poorer immune system functioning Chronic arousal of the body's fight-or-flight response

Which of the following are true about cognitive-behavioral interventions for nightmare disorder? (Select all that apply.)

It has been shown to reduce anxiety. It has been shown to reduce the frequency of nightmares. It has been shown to reduce depression.

In extreme cases, surgery can be done for individuals with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Which of the following statements are true regarding this procedure? (Select all that apply.)

It is done to increase upper airway area. It is done to remove tissue blocking the airway.

Which of the following are disadvantages associated with a comprehensive assessment of sleep? (Select all that apply.).

It is expensive. It requires special equipment.

Which of the following are advantages of a comprehensive assessment of sleep? (Select all that apply.)

It is objective. It is detailed.

Which of the following sensations are symptoms of restless leg syndrome? (Select all that apply.)

Itching Tingling Creeping

Who of the following is less likely to have a physical illness and less likely to die from a variety of conditions?

John, a 34-year-old construction worker who is married and has three children

The drug most often used to treat REM sleep behavior disorder is _______

Klonopin

Which of the following sociocultural factors play a role in hypertension rates? (Select all that apply.)

Lack of adequate financial resources Frequent experience of racism Living in a violent neighborhood

Which of the following does sleep deprivation impair? (Select all that apply.)

Learning Decision-making Logical reasoning Memory

Which of the following biological factors are associated with hypersomnia? (Select all that apply.)

Low levels of histamine have been found in people with hypersomnia. Specific genes have been implicated in hypersomnia. It is related to other mental disorders, particularly depression.

Which of the following are symptoms of irregular sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

May have insomnia during the night May be sleepy during periods of the day Have at least three fragmented periods of sleep per 24 hours

Which medication has been consistently effective in the treatment of daytime sleepiness in individuals with narcolepsy and hypersomnia?

Modafinil

Which of the following are criteria for hypersomnolence disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Must cause impairment in functioning Must cause significant distress Must be present at least three times per week

Which of the following are criteria for diagnosing insomnia disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Must occur for at least 3 months Must cause impairment in functioning Must cause significant distress

What are the two types of nacolepsy? (Select both answers that apply.)

Narcolepsy with cataplexy Narcolepsy without cataplexy

How many drivers have admitted to having driven while being drowsy at least once in the past year?

Over 50 percent

Which people appear to be at increased risk for coronary heart disease?

People who live in a chronically stressful environment over which they have little control

Which of the following are contributors to the loss of sleep? (Select all that apply.)

Personal financial matters State of the U.S. economy

Which of the following is true of a pessimistic outlook, as opposed to an optimistic outlook.

Pessimism reduces positive coping strategies.

________ is a hard, fatty substance that builds up in blood vessels supplying the heart.

Plaque

Which of the following consequences are the result of seeking social support? (Select all that apply.)

Positive outcomes on the progression of major diseases Better immune system functioning

Use of which of the following substances can lead to a diagnosis of substance-induced sleep disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Prescription drugs Alcohol Illicit drugs

What is the primary goal of Internet-based health interventions?

Provide easily accessible and inexpensive programs to increase healthy behaviors

Which of the following are true of psychological disorders and physical health problems? (Select all that apply.)

Psychological disorders may contribute to medical disorders. Psychopathology and medical illness may share a genetic cause. Medical disorders may create psychological disorders.

Which of the following is the fifth stage of sleep?

REM sleep

John frequently acts out his more vivid and violent dreams. During them, he may injure himself or become violent toward others. He has been diagnosed with _____.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Some sleeping people become violent or dangerous, sometimes acting out their dreams. These individuals are probably experiencing _____.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Thomas's therapist is treating his insomnia by recommending that he use the bedroom only for sleep and sex. Nothing else! If unable to sleep, he should leave the bedroom until he is once again sleepy. He should establish the same wakeup time daily and never nap. Thomas is getting what form of therapy?

Stimulus control

Which of the following psychological disorders can result in sleep disturbances? (Select all that apply.)

Schizophrenia Substance-use disorders Unipolar depression

Allen, a man from a very traditional Asian-American family, has been under a lot of job stress lately. It has reached the point where he is becoming overwhelmed by it. What is Allen most likely to do to seek help for this stress?

Seek the company of his family

Which of the following statements are true regarding medication for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea? (Select all that apply.)

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown mixed effectiveness. Stimulants can reduce daytime sleepiness associated with it.

People with psychological disorders are more likely to develop which of the following health problems? (Select all that apply.)

Severe allergies Cancer Chronic respiratory disease

Which of the following apply to the administration of melatonin for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders? (Select all that apply.)

Shown to enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms for shift work type Shown to enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms for delayed phase type Dosage and timing are tricky

______ occurs when people with narcolepsy awaken and experience brief periods in which they cannot move or speak.

Sleep paralysis

Sodium oxybate and selegiline are used to treat which of the following symptoms in people with narcolepsy? (Select all that apply.)

Sleep paralysis Cataplexy Hallucinations

Which of the following statements are true about circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Some people have more difficulty than others in adjusting their circadian rhythms after a disruption. Sustained difficulty in adjustment can result in a diagnosis. Individual differences have genetic roots.

Stage 2 sleep includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Spindles K-complexes

John is drifting off and his EEG indicates that his brain wave pattern has become less regular and has lower amplitude. John is in which stage of sleep?

Stage 1

Sleep spindles are found in which stage of sleep?

Stage 2

Delta waves are found in _____.

Stage 3 and Stage 4

Which of the following behaviors are depressed people with coronary heart disease less likely than nondepressed people with coronary heart disease to engage in? (Select all that apply.)

Take part in physical activity Eat a low-fat diet

Which behavioral component of cognitive-behavioral therapy includes suggestions such as going to sleep only when sleepy and using the bed or bedroom only for sleep?

Stimulus control

Which of the following are true about sleep terror disorders? (Select all that apply.)

The individual is not easily awakened. The individual usually has no memory of the sleep terror on awakening. The behavior involves screaming and sweating.

What can we say about treating narcolepsy with antidepressants?

Their effectiveness has not been shown in controlled studies.

Which of the following are true regarding sleepwalking and sleep terrors? (Select all that apply.)

There is a higher concordance rate among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins. They tend to run in families.

Which of the following behaviors are typical of people who walk in their sleep? (Select all that apply.)

They are difficult to wake up. They may respond to questions. They can injure themselves.

Which of the following statements are true about circadian rhythms? (Select all that apply.)

They are driven by mechanisms in the brain. They are located in the superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. They keep people in sync with the regular patterns of light and dark.

Which of the following are true about people who work rotating shifts? (Select all that apply.)

They have higher rates of illness. They have higher rates of cardiovascular disease. They have higher rates of gastrointestinal disease.

Which of the following demonstrate the value of Internet-based intervention programs? (Select all that apply.)

They promote behaviors that improve health. They are delivered to individuals who might not otherwise be able to afford programs. They are delivered to individuals who might not have in-person programs available to them in their area.

Which of the following is a result of behavioral and cognitive interventions for insomnia?

They tend to have long-lasting positive effects.

Which of the following medications is not used in treating insomnia?

Tricyclics

True or false: The partner who has more control over a separation or divorce shows better immune functioning than the other partner.

True

Individuals with the ______ behavior pattern are hard-driving, competitive, impatient, and hostile.

Type A

Which of the following have been show to worsen REM sleep behavior disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Venlaxafine Mirtazapine

Which of the following side effects are associated with sleep aid medications that have been effective? (Select all that apply.)

Withdrawal Dependency

A major source of support for people under stress is _____.

a partner

Cataplexy involves _____.

a sudden loss of muscle tone

A persistent pattern of delayed sleep onset that is 2 or more hours earlier than desired is known as _____.

advanced sleep phase circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

The pattern of sleep cycles varies with a person's _____.

age

When a stressor is chronic and the person cannot fight it or flee from it, the physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging. This condition is known as _____.

allostatic load

Apneas _____.

are brief episodes of the complete cessation of breathing

The effects of sleep deprivation _____.

are cumulative

A pessimistic outlook directly causes chronic ________ of the body's physiological response to stress, while an optimistic outlook does not.

arousal

People who seek positive social support show positive health outcomes _____.

at both the macrolevel and the microlevel

A method of coping that is bad for health is denying that you are ill or not facing other obvious stresses. This coping mechanism is known as _____.

avoidance coping

In individuals with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, behavioral interventions _____.

can help treat these disorders

Hostile people have greater secretions of the stress-related biochemicals known as _____.

catecholamines

Patrice stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. She does not have frequent awakenings and does not feel tired during the day. Patrice is probably experiencing _____.

central sleep apnea

Sustained difficulties in adjusting circadian rhythms can be diagnosed as _____,

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

The CPAP machine treats obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome by delivering a stream of _______ air via a hose to a nasal mask.

compressed

Sadie is a pessimist who always thinks the worst is going to happen. Lately, Sadie has not been feeling well and has been suffering from a number of infections and viruses. Her pessimistic outlook may be contributing to her poor health by _____.

contributing to a poorer immune system

Research with animals has shown that the disruption of the social environment can induce pathology that resembles _____.

coronary artery disease

People who live in a chronically stressful environment over which they have little control appear to be at increased risk for _____.

coronary heart disease

The leading cause of death among women is _____.

coronary heart disease

The conclusion that Spiegel and colleagues reached based on their study was that the support groups reduced stress and distress for the women and thus reduced the release of ____, which can promote tumor growth.

corticosteroids

For every 24-hour period in which a person does not get adequate sleep, he or she builds up an increasing sleep deprivation, also known as "sleep

debt

A persistent pattern of slow sleep onset and awakenings and an inability to go to sleep or wake up earlier if desired is known as _____.

delayed sleep phase type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

People who work rotating or irregular hours may develop _____.

shift work type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep are characterized by waves known as _____ waves.

delta

Sleep disturbances may be the result of a psychological disorder such as ______.

depression

Hypersomnolence is a chronic condition that most often begins in _____.

early adulthood

Administering melatonin at prescribed times during the day has been shown to _________ in individuals with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders.

enhance the shifting of circadian rhythms

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that lasts only a few days and is an isolated occurrence is known as _____.

episodic insomnia

The 90 percent of hypertension cases whose causes are not genetic or are unknown are known as __________ hypertension cases.

essential

An important target of intervention for depressed patients with coronary heart disease is _____.

exercise

True or false: Women are more prone than men to coronary heart disease.

false

Most young adults sleep _______ hours each day.

fewer than 7.5

Physiological responses to stress, such as increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure, are known collectively as the ____ response.

fight-or-flight

The potential public health impact of health-based interventions is considered to be ______.

great

The techniques that provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations are _____.

guided mastery techniques

Women with breast cancer who actively sought social support from others _____.

had greater immune system activity

In Stage 1 sleep, the brain waves _____.

have lower amplitudes

Talking about negative emotions appears to _____.

have positive effects on health

________ psychology is the field that explores how biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors interact to influence physical health.

health

_________ psychology is the field that explores how biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors interact to influence physical health.

health

Daniel got 10 hours of sleep last night and still needed a 3-hour afternoon nap. He still feels tired. Daniel may be suffering from _____.

hypersomnolence disorder

Jonathan has been sleeping for 12 hours three or four nights a week. Each day he takes a 3-hour nap in the afternoon. This situation has been occurring for approximately 4 months. Jonathan's behavior meets the criteria for a diagnosis of _____.

hypersomnolence disorder

A condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force, putting pressure on vessel walls, is called _____.

hypertension

The _____ system protects us from disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.

immune

The two branches of the immune system are the ____ immune system and the specific immune system.

innate

The most familiar sleep-wake disorder is _____.

insomnia

Chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep that does not restore energy and alertness is _____.

insomnia disorder

People whose sleep tends to be fragmented into at least three periods per 24 hours have a disorder known as _____.

irregular sleep-wake type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

Sleepwalking disorder _____.

is relatively common in children

Historically, since women had primary responsibility for their offspring and were not physically capable of fighting off aggressors, they tended to _____.

join social groups for protection

There are two types of narcolepsy. People who have narcolepsy with cataplexy _____.

lack cells in the hypothalamus that secrete hypocretin

Eighty to 90 percent of people dying from coronary heart disease have one or more major risk factors affected by _____.

lifestyle choices

Cognitive factors help to ______ insomnia.

maintain

Milton was recently diagnosed with HIV. He lost his partner two years ago to AIDS. Because of this, according to research, he _____.

may have a faster progression to AIDS

Studies show that health gains from Internet-based programs are

modest and short-lived.

Cataplexy is usually experienced by people with _____.

narcolepsy

Recurrent attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day is known as _____.

narcolepsy

Toward the end of the night, little Ricky wakes up screaming and tells his parents that a monster was trying to eat him. Ricky often has this dream, causing distress to himself and his parents. Ricky has _____.

nightmare disorder

A free-running sleep-wake cycle that is not entrained by a light-dark cycle is know as _____.

non-24-hour type circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

The most common breathing-related sleep disorder is _____.

obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

Hostility leads to coronary heart diseases due to _____.

overarousal of the sympathetic nervous system

A comprehensive assessment of how people sleep is obtained by a _____.

polysomnographic evaluation

People with _______ disorders have more physical health problems than people without them.

psychological

When electrodes next to a person's eyes detect pronounced rapid eye movements, this is known as _____ sleep

rem

Cyndi has sleep terrors. Three or four nights a week she starts screaming but remains asleep. A behavioral treatment would involve _____.

scheduled awakenings 30 minutes prior to the time it usually occurs

A behavioral treatment for sleepwalking or sleep terrors involves _____.

scheduled awakenings 30 minutes prior to the usual time of the episode

The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase peoples' skills as well as their beliefs that they can engage in the behaviors, known as _____.

self-efficacy beliefs

In contrast to the beginning of the twentieth century, when infectious diseases were among the leading causes of death, the five leading causes of death in the twenty-first century are all influenced by psychological and ______ factors

social

Research indicates that during times of stress, people _____.

suffer higher rates of infectious diseases

Depressed people with coronary heart disease are less likely to _________ than nondepressed people with coronary heart disease.

take prescribed medication

When women are faced with threats, they engage in a pattern termed _____.

tend and befriend

Sleepwalking and sleep terrors _____.

tend to run in families

The difference between resilient and fragile people is _____.

the way they appraise or interpret events

A study of gay men who had contracted HIV showed that _____.

those who concealed their sexual orientation showed a faster progression of the disease

Over the course of one study, Type A men had _____ heart attacks or other forms of coronary heart disease as non-Type A men.

twice as many

The prevalence rate in adults for occasional problems with insomnia is _____.

up to 50 percent

Lack of sleep _____.

weakens the immune system

Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome can be successfully treated _____.

with a CPAP machine