PSY CH. 5

Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is used? a. A fixed-ratio schedule b. A continuous schedule c. A variable-ratio schedule d. A fixed-interval schedule

a. A fixed-ratio schedule

Phil wants to train his parrot to kick a ball into a soccer net. Which of the following should he do? a. Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball. b. Wait until the parrot kicks the ball into the net on its own and then give it a food treat. c. Use positive punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net. d. Use negative punishment until the parrot kicks the ball into the net.

a. Begin by reinforcing when the parrot goes near the ball.

Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, what must occur for Cheryl to be effective? a. Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. b. Cheryl must show her son how to do the laundry while she is making dinner. c. Her son must always model the behavior immediately. d. Her son must be able to complete other tasks while watching her.

a. Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.

What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated? a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Instinctive drift d. Observational learning

a. Latent learning

Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura's theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster? a. Memory b. Inadequate motor skills c. Imitation d. Motivation

a. Memory

What type of neurons fire if a monkey observes another monkey engaging in an action? a. Mirror neurons b. Magnetic neurons c. Sensory neurons d. Motor neurons

a. Mirror neurons

Which of the following is true of research on insight? a. Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning. b. Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning. c. Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning. d. Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans.

a. Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.

Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response? a. Spontaneous recovery b. Counterconditioning c. Stimulus discrimination d. Instinctive drift

a. Spontaneous recovery

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true? a. The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus. b. The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus. c. The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus. d. The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.

a. The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.

Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using? a. Token economy b. Negative reinforcement c. Shaping d. Classical conditioning technique

a. Token economy

For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______. a. being reinforced for imitating the model b. doing what the model did c. remembering what the model did d. paying attention to what the model does

a. being reinforced for imitating the model

Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. a. both operant and classical conditioning b. neither operant nor classical conditioning c. classical conditioning only d. operant conditioning only

a. both operant and classical conditioning

Reflexive learning is related to _____________, while learning related to voluntary behaviors is known as __________. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. classical conditioning; observational learning c. observational learning; classical conditioning d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. a. conditioned b. counterconditioned c. latent d. unconditioned

a. conditioned

Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________________. a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

a. conditioned response

Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________. a. either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior b. watches another animal engage in a particular behavior only c. engages in a particular behavior only d. is at rest

a. either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. a. extinction b. stimulus distinction c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery

a. extinction

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus. a. fish food b. amount of fish food dropped into the tank c. aquarium light d. presence of Alan near the aquarium

a. fish food

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________. a. formation of a cognitive map b. spontaneous recovery c. insight d. unconscious trial-and-error imagery

a. formation of a cognitive map

A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. a. mirror b. chaining c. reflex d. motor

a. mirror

A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior. a. strengthens; weakens b. weakens; strengthens c. inhibits; motivates d. motivates; stimulates

a. strengthens; weakens

You decide to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________. a. the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit b. the metronome was not a distinctive sound c. you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit d. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart to condition salivation

a. the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? a. Bill will never bathe the dog again. b. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog. c. Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog. d. Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

b. Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? a. Variable ratio b. Fixed ratio c. Fixed interval d. Variable interval

b. Fixed ratio

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act? a. Insight learning b. Observational learning c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning

b. Observational learning

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. a. reflexive learning b. latent learning c. innate learning d. insight

b. latent learning

Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others) from the individual. This is called________________. a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

b. negative punishment

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is ________. a. positively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down b. negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down c. extinguished; he feels anxious after doing so d. recovered spontaneously; he will never get better

b. negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Chaining d. Observational learning

c. Chaining

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older? a. Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself. b. Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having. c. Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father. d. Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.

c. Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. a. counterconditioning b. stimulus generalization c. applied behavior analysis d. higher-order conditioning

c. applied behavior analysis

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________. a. deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants b. based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement c. based on classical conditioning d. based on the principals of observational learning

c. based on classical conditioning

Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________ in learning. a. operant conditioning b. reinforcement c. cognition d. classical conditioning

c. cognition

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served as the ________ stimulus in this study. a. counterconditioning b. discriminative c. conditioned d. unconditioned

c. conditioned

In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. a. unconditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. a. praise b. attention c. food d. money

c. food

Having your cell phone turned off because you did not pay your bill is an example of ____________. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

c. negative punishment

Dr. Sardis provides his students with extra credit points every time they speak in class to encourage class participation. Dr. Sardis is using________________. a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. negative punishment

c. positive reinforcement

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule. a. conditioned b. time-delayed c. ratio d. interval

c. ratio

Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. a. classical conditioning b. the Premack principle c. shaping d. counterconditioning

c. shaping

Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________. a. allowance money b. puckering and saliva c. sour lemon gummy candy d. little white bag

c. sour lemon gummy candy

In Pavlov's studies, he was able to condition dogs to salivate in response to specific tones while not salivating to other similar tones. This is called ______________. a. stimulus generalization b. behavior modification c. stimulus discrimination d. extinction

c. stimulus discrimination

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred. a. extinction b. behavior modification c. stimulus generalization d. stimulus discrimination

c. stimulus generalization

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________ while his reaction of fear in response to the white rat was the ___________. a. conditioned response; conditioned response b. conditioned response; unconditioned response c. unconditioned response; conditioned response d. unconditioned response; unconditioned response

c. unconditioned response; conditioned response

You put a dollar in a soda machine and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on? a. Partial reinforcement b. Interval reinforcement c. Ratio reinforcement d. Continuous reinforcement

d. Continuous reinforcement

___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. a. Negative b. Compound c. Neutral d. Positive

d. Positive

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Stimulus generalization c. Spontaneous recovery d. Shaping

d. Shaping

_______ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________. a. Unlike; consequence b. Like; stimulus c. Like; response d. Unlike; response

d. Unlike; response

In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning five stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using ________ to modify the children's behaviors. a. negative reinforcement b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. a token economy

d. a token economy

The application of operant-conditioning techniques called ________ has been used to help children with autism. a. higher-order conditioning b. stimulus generalization c. counterconditioning d. applied behavior analysis

d. applied behavior analysis

Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats enter the maze, their performance will be________________. a. slower than rats who have always received reinforcement b. the same as when they were not reinforced c. slower than when they were not reinforced d. as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement

d. as fast as rats who have always received reinforcement

The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical conditioning. a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned stimulus

d. conditioned stimulus

Reinforcement given for a response emitted after each hour and a half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) is most likely a ___________________ schedule. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-interval c. variable-ratio d. fixed-interval

d. fixed-interval

John has been working on a math problem late at night without success, and he falls asleep. Upon awakening, he suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This scenario best illustrates __________ learning. a. latent b. observational c. cognitive d. insight

d. insight

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated a. latent learning b. discrimination c. generalization d. insight learning

d. insight learning

When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________. a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

d. negative punishment

The difference between negative reinforcement and a punishment is that: a. negative reinforcement involves increasing behavior through negative consequences, whereas punishment involves increasing behavior through positive consequences. b. negative reinforcement and punishment both decrease behavior but accomplish it by different methods. c. negative reinforcement decreases behavior through negative consequences, whereas punishment decreases behavior through painful consequences. d. negative reinforcement increases behavior whereas punishment decreases behavior.

d. negative reinforcement increases behavior whereas punishment decreases behavior.

After watching her father slide through pictures on his smartphone using his index finger, Laura, a 5-year-old, learns to use her finger to slide the screen on his smartphone. Laura acquired this behavior through ________. a. operant conditioning b. counterconditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning

d. observational learning

Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. a. negative reinforcement b. stimulus generalization c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

d. positive punishment

Positive reinforcement involves _______ and negative reinforcement involves _______. a. good outcomes; bad outcomes b. increasing reinforcement; decreasing reinforcement c. presenting something desirable; removing something desirable d. presenting something desirable; removing something undesirable

d. presenting something desirable; removing something undesirable

Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example of________________. a. negative punishment b. a token economy c. positive punishment d. the Premack principle

d. the Premack principle

In Pavlov's studies, the salivation of the dogs that occurs after they taste the food is the ________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. stimulus d. unconditioned response

d. unconditioned response

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(an) ________. a. digestive reflux b. conditioned response c. voluntary response d. unconditioned response

d. unconditioned response