PSY Ch. 5,6, & 12

The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are (1) input, (2) processing, and (3) output. (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. (1) encoding, (2) processing, and (3) output. (1) input, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval.

(1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval.

The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are (1) input, (2) processing, and (3) output. (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. (1) input, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. (1) encoding, (2) processing, and (3) output.

1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval.

In Milgram's shock experiments, the maximum level of shock was administered by about ________ percent of the participants. 65 50 25 10

65

Which finding is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence? Siblings raised together have more similar IQs than siblings raised apart. Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together. Adopted children have IQs that are similar to their nonbiological siblings. Identical twins raised together have more similar IQs than identical twins raised apart.

Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together.

Which of the following is the main conclusion from Milgram's shock experiments? Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered by an authority. Ordinary people are naturally violent and easily provoked. Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in hypothetical situations. Ordinary people will follow immoral orders, but only in stressful situations.

Ordinary people will do terrible things if ordered by an authority.

Which of the following is illustrated in the Stanford prison study? People will behave according to their roles in a situation. People are innately, or naturally, violent, unless limited by society. People will not obey orders when the orders violate their principles. People placed in all-male groups will establish a social hierarchy.

People will behave according to their roles in a situation.

Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court? Leroy, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when the accident happened?" Tony, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it bumped the car?" Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?" Abby, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it hit the car?"

Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?"

Shazia describes a made-up story to Ronald in vivid detail about a time that they got into serious trouble as young children. Later on, Ronald remembers the event even though it never actually happened. Ronald is most likely experiencing persistence. a false memory. blocking. retroactive interference.

a false memory.

Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable. Sam is using ________ to decide what cell phone to buy, which may help her save time picking out her next cell phone. formal reasoning an algorithm restructuring a heuristic

a heuristic

Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption is based on functional fixedness. restructuring. an analogy. a mental set.

a mental set

Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details of the movie but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is a semantic memory. a procedural memory. an implicit memory. held in sensory storage.

a semantic memory.

Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. When she meets Mark, a computer programmer, she immediately decides that she does not like him. Selena's beliefs are ________, and not liking Mark is ________. a self-fulfilling prophecy; a stereotype a self-fulfilling prophecy; prejudice a stereotype; prejudice prejudice; a stereotype

a stereotype; prejudice

Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our brains' networks of neurons change over time. ability to direct attention is limited. long-term storage is too small. sensory storage does not last long enough.

ability to direct attention is limited.

Brent blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitting shoes. However, Brent believes that other runners who did poorly are naturally slow runners. Brent's reasoning illustrates the ingroup/outgroup bias. self-fulfilling prophecy. actor/observer bias. fundamental attribution error.

actor/observer bias.

Larry says, "I forgot milk at the grocery store because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk he says, "She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of sthe actor/observer bias. fundamental attribution error. ingroup/outgroup bias. just world hypothesis.

actor/observer bias.

James is trying to break into a safe, but he does not know the four-digit code. To find the right code, he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly. Specifically, he tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one. James is using a(n) ________ to find the correct code. analogy heuristic mental set algorithm

algorithm

Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. always working; requiring effortful thinking requiring effortful thinking; always working not always working; requiring minimal thinking requiring minimal thinking; not always working

always working; requiring effortful thinking

Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using ________ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly. an algorithm insight a heuristic restructuring

an algorithm

When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects—streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ representation. analogical prototype symbolic exemplar

analogical

Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry. However, she is not very good at writing short stories. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, Monica most likely has high ________ intelligence and low ________ intelligence. logical; creative logical; linguistic analytical; creative analytical; linguistic

analytical; creative

When running through the airport, Collin trips and spills all of his stuff out of his backpack. Lots of people see Collin trip and fall, but no one helps Collin pick up any of his stuff or checks to see if he is okay. The fact that others do not help in this case is best explained by group polarization. bystander apathy. prosocial behavior. reciprocal helping.

bystander apathy.

When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being "ball sports," they are creating a ________of the concepts. prototype category exemplar mental map

category

Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to change blindness. high memory bias. shadowing. low capacity of sensory storage

change blindness.

The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of elaborative rehearsal. chunking. maintenance rehearsal. dual coding.

chunking

Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong. However, her boyfriend, Mike, likes to drink beer after work. Instead of breaking up with Mike, she decides that drinking alcohol is not so bad after all. Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of the fundamental attribution error. the actor/observer bias. cognitive dissonance. postdecisional dissonance.

cognitive dissonance.

When Mary thinks about a "guitar," she is using a mental representation of specific knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a mental map. concept. stereotype. schema.

concept

When everyone in her class said that they liked to dance, Jill reported liking to dance, too, even though she dislikes dancing. The way that Jill changed her attitude about dancing so that her opinion matched that of her classmates is an example of stereotyping. obedience. compliance. conformity.

conformity

Dirk just failed the driving portion of his driver's license exam. Dirk will most likely explain his failure by saying that he did not practice driving enough. did not study the driver's manual very well. does not have good spatial or navigational skills. could not see well because it was raining.

could not see well because it was raining.

Marilyn is very skilled at crossword puzzles, in part because she has a lot of knowledge about crosswords that she acquired through experience. Her knowledge of crossword puzzle words reflects ________ intelligence. crystallized creative fluid spatial

crystallized

Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology, Spanish, or psychology. Jake is using decision making. insight. problem solving. framing.

decision making.

When Milgram modified his shock experiment so that the experimenter gave the teacher orders over the telephone, the level of obedience decreased. increased slightly. dramatically increased. remained unchanged.

decreased

Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using shallow processing. spreading activation. deep processing. reconsolidation.

deep processing.

After a riot, several people were arrested. One asked, "How can you single me out of the crowd?" Another said, "Wow, I didn't think I would get caught!" These comments reveal that the rioters had most likely been experiencing social loafing. groupthink. deindividuation. group polarization.

deindividuation

After an earthquake in one city, people were overexcited and there were no police around. So, mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of social facilitation. group polarization. deindividuation. groupthink.

deindividuation

Payton and his friends wear matching jerseys at the football game. When his friends start yelling curses at the players, Payton starts cursing, too, even though normally Payton rarely yells or curses at anyone. Payton's yelling in this case is best explained by obedience. deindividuation. social loafing. social facilitation.

deindividuation

Carol received no points on an exam question but thinks she deserves some points back. Carol initially asked the teacher for all of the points for the question. The teacher refused, but gave Carol a few more points. To get more points Carol used foot in the door. door in the face. lowballing. obedience

door in the face.

To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used elaborative rehearsal. the primacy effect. maintenance rehearsal. the recency effect

elaborative rehearsal.

Alina often has trouble understanding her own feelings and has difficulty recognizing when her friends are expressing their feelings. Alina probably has low ________ intelligence. fluid practical emotional kinesthetic

emotional

If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory. procedural episodic semantic implicit

episodic

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent ________ memory but may have poor ________ memory. semantic; episodic explicit; procedural episodic; semantic procedural; explicit

episodic; semantic

Dr. Smith is interested in how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Smith most likely follows the ________ model of categorizing concepts. exemplar symbolic representation prototype analogical representation

exemplar

Juan believes that robins are a good example of a "bird." Sergei believes that penguins are a good example of a "bird." Juan and Sergei are both correct according to the ________ model of organizing concepts. prototype exemplar stereotype schema

exemplar

Yu vividly remembers the day her husband surprised her with an emotional and dramatic marriage proposal. Research suggests that this ________ memory is ________ ordinary memories. semantic; as accurate as semantic; more accurate than flashbulb; less accurate than flashbulb; as accurate as

flashbulb; as accurate as

You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) ________ memory and you are likely to be ________ a memory for an ordinary event. flashbulb; as confident about it as implicit; as confident about it as implicit; more confident about it than flashbulb; more confident about it than

flashbulb; more confident about it than

Cory performs well at the word game Scrabble because he is good at solving problems and rearranging letters quickly to form many words. These skills reveal his ________ intelligence. fluid spatial interpersonal practical

fluid

Darius tutors school children for two hours every week. Each month, his boss asks him to tutor one additional hour. By the end of the year, he is tutoring 12 hours a week. To increase Darius's tutoring hours, his boss has used foot in the door. lowballing. conformity. door in the face.

foot in the door.

Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate. The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates. This is a strategy known as restructuring. framing. the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic.

framing

Karl is posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely does not come up with this solution because of framing. restructuring. functional fixedness. lack of insight.

functional fixedness.

Franklin sees that Sarah often goes to her math professor's office hours. Franklin thinks that Sarah must be terrible at math. This is an example of the ingroup/outgroup bias. self-fulfilling prophecy. actor/observer bias. fundamental attribution error.

fundamental attribution error.

When explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the actor/observer bias. fundamental attribution error. ingroup/outgroup bias. self-fulfilling prophecy.

fundamental attribution error.

In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you remember that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you group words together in meaningful ways. avoid using attention processes for working memory. recall the word list an hour after you finish the experiment. expand the capacity of your sensory storage.

group words together in meaningful ways

Shane was walking to class when he saw a woman drop a large bag of groceries. Shane was not going to help until she looked directly at him and asked him to help. Shane most likely helped the woman because he felt guilty. has lost his anonymity. is naturally prosocial. is expecting reciprocal helping.

has lost his anonymity.

Margo is very good at learning to do new things quickly and flexibly. Margo is most likely considered to be ________ intelligence. high in crystallized high in fluid low in analytical low in practical

high in fluid

When attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level they are called explicit. implicit. simple. complex.

implicit

After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used ________ to solve the problem. a mental set insight an analogy restructuring

insight

Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates insight. informal reasoning. intelligence. formal reasoning.

intelligence

Short-term storage has a(n) unlimited capacity. limited capacity. unlimited duration. duration of up to a day.

limited capacity.

Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using chunking. maintenance rehearsal. dual coding. elaborative rehearsal.

maintenance rehearsal.

Before taking her calculus final, Heather reads a story about how men and women have equal abilities in math. As a result, Heather is ________ likely to do well on her exam because of ________. less; reduced stereotype threat more; reduced stereotype threat more; positive role models less; positive role models

more; reduced stereotype threat

When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked, it is often due to ________ influence. informational normative groupthink deindividuation

normative

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of obedience. resistance. compliance. conformity.

obedience.

The main concept of general intelligence theory is that there are two types of intelligence. one factor underlies intelligence. intelligence is too general to measure accurately. there are three different types of intelligence.

one factor underlies intelligence.

While moving into a new apartment, Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop. Instead, he used his heavy potted plant to prop open the door. Cole solved this problem by restructuring. overcoming functional fixedness. using a mental set. framing.

overcoming functional fixedness.

While driving, a car pulls out in front of you and forces you to slam on the brakes. You think to yourself that the driver of that car cannot drive. You have just made a ________ attribution for the other driver's behavior. situational cognitive personal stereotyped

personal

Gamiel and Aliyah go out to eat and Gamiel does not leave a tip for the waiter. If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying that he is cheap, she is making a(n) ________ attribution. If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying the service was terrible, she is making a ________ attribution. uncontrollable; controllable personal; situational unstable; stable temporary; permanent

personal; situational

Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory? remembering what you did last weekend planning to pick up a library book on your way home tomorrow learning historical dates for your exam tomorrow daydreaming about your date next Friday

planning to pick up a library book on your way home tomorrow

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype are known as discrimination. the fundamental attribution error. the ingroup/outgroup bias. prejudice.

prejudice

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of the Spanish you learned in high school. This effect is most likely due to proactive interference. anterograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia. retroactive interference.

proactive interference.

Your rent is due, but you are short $100. You find a way around this obstacle to meet the goal of paying the rent by offering to clean your friend's house for $100. You now have enough money to pay your rent. To reach your goal, you have just used the thinking strategy of framing. decision making. reasoning. problem solvring.

problem solvring.

Igor has not been skiing in 10 years. However, when he gets on his skis, his body remembers exactly how to ski. The kind of memory that makes it possible for him to remember how to ski is explicit. episodic. procedural. semantic.

procedural

Remembering how to ice skate is most likely an example of ________ memory. explicit semantic procedural episodic

procedural

People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to write down the steps involved in putting on a button-down shirt. This difference suggests that ________ memory is typically an ________ memory. procedural; implicit procedural; explicit episodic; implicit episodic; explicit

procedural; implicit

Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a ________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) ________ memory. semantic; episodic procedural; semantic procedural; episodic semantic; procedural

procedural; semantic

Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented in people's minds. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Based on this, Dr. Brown most likely follows the ________ model of organizing concepts. schema prototype concept exemplar

prototype

Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. Because of this, it is likely Luke considers sandals to be the most typical type of "shoe." For Luke, sandals would most likely be the ________ of the category "shoes." prototype stereotype exemplar heuristic

prototype

Your friend Gandalf asks if you can give him a ride home for winter break. You agree to the request in part because you know that you will need his help studying for your physics exam. Your agreeing to drive Gandalf home is best explained by reciprocal helping. altruism. social facilitation. obedience.

reciprocal helping.

Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________. not always working; requiring minimal thinking requiring minimal thinking; not always working requiring effortful thinking; always working always working; requiring effortful thinking

requiring minimal thinking; not always working

You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. Now, whenever you try to remember a word in Spanish, you can only remember that word in Portuguese. This effect is most likely due to retrograde amnesia. retroactive interference. anterograde amnesia. proactive interference.

retroactive interference.

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as stereotyping. discrimination. prejudice. self-fulfilling prophecy.

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Miriam believes she is not attractive so she typically wears ugly clothing. As a result, men rarely show interest in her, which confirms to her that she is not attractive. Miriam's behavior is an example of a(n) fundamental attribution error. self-fulfilling prophecy. actor/observer bias. ingroup/outgroup bias.

self-fulfilling prophecy.

If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory. procedural implicit semantic episodic

semantic

Which of the following is a type of implicit memory? episodic procedural facts semantic

semantic?

Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his short-term storage. sensory storage. long-term storage. working memory.

sensory storage.

Elena is working on a team project for her computer science class. Although the entire team is responsible for the project, some people do not feel responsible for contributing to it. Because of this, some team members do not complete their assigned tasks. This is most likely due to group polarization. groupthink. social facilitation. social loafing.

social loafing.

If someone says the word doctor, it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor, or it may bring to mind other concepts related to doctors, such as an examination room or a stethoscope. This fact is best explained by the ________ model of memory. spreading activation state-dependent context-dependent levels of processing

spreading activation

Right before her geometry exam, Julie heard a story about how women have trouble in geometry because it requires spatial manipulation. Even though she was prepared for the test, she did not do as well as she would have done had she not heard that story. Based on this, you know that Julie's performance was most likely impaired by having a low IQ. poor reliability of the test. stereotype threat. poor validity of the test.

stereotype threat.

When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached by starting at the goal state and working backward. based on how similar the problem is to other problems. suddenly when it just pops into one's head. by achieving one's subgoals.

suddenly when it just pops into one's head.

Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of absentmindedness. suggestibility. blocking. cryptomnesia

suggestibility

When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) ________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) ________ representation. symbolic; analogical conceptual; symbolic analogical; symbolic symbolic; conceptual

symbolic; analogical

Which of the following is an example of an altruistic behavior? accidentally scaring a bank robber away by screaming when you see him or her telling the police that your company dumps toxic waste, even though you will lose your job setting up a scholarship fund for your children because you will receive tax deductions helping your neighbor cut down a tree, so that the leaves do not blow into your yard anymore

telling the police that your company dumps toxic waste, even though you will lose your job

Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the temporal lobe. amygdala. prefrontal cortex. cerebellum.

temporal lobe.

Implicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the temporal lobe. cerebellum. hippocampus. prefrontal cortex.

temporal lobe.

Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal, virus. Now, she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most likely based on the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. an algorithm. using framing.

the availability heuristic.

On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys french fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want french fries because the hamburger activated the node for french fries. eating hamburgers and french fries are part of the same procedural memory. he misattributed his memory of the ad to being about french fries. the french fries were encoded with the hamburger in the ad.

the hamburger activated the node for french fries.

A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category. all examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts the most typical concept; all examples of concepts the least typical concept; the most typical concept only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept

the most typical concept; all examples of concepts

Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to implicit memory. the recency effect. the primacy effect. procedural memory

the recency effect.

Bridget just took an intelligence test. The results show that Bridget has very high musical intelligence. The test Bridget took was probably based on the theory of multiple intelligences. theory of general intelligence. triarchic theory. theory of emotional intelligences.

theory of multiple intelligences.

While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information to which we do not pay attention. that has two or more visual features. that is very complex. that exceeds the capacity of sensory storage.

to which we do not pay attention.

Although many successful musicians may not have "book smarts," they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry. The theory of intelligence that best accounts for this observation about "book smarts" and "street smarts" in musicians is the ________ theory. triarchic emotional intelligence general intelligence crystallized intelligence

triarchic

Terry is making a multilayer wedding cake. While trying to make sure it does not collapse, he remembers a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system. He applies that support system to the cake structure to make sure it does not collapse. Terry ________ to solve his problem. worked backward used insight created subgoals used an analogy

used an analogy

In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts several minutes. variable amounts of time. a fraction of a second. several seconds.

variable amounts of time.

You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving technique of ________ to help find your keys. analogy subgoals working backward sudden insight

working backward

At Starbucks, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your semantic memory. sensory storage. working memory. long-term storage.

working memory.