PSY CHAPT 4& 6
The National Academy of Sciences concluded that "______ ________" insofar as sex-related genes and physiology "results in behavioral and cognitive differences between males and females.
"Sex Matters"
Large hormonal surges or declines do affect both men and women at two predictable points and sometimes at unpredictable times such as **Rise and fall of sex hormones influence our sexual characteristics and behavior
--During puberty-surge in sex hormone and development of sex characteristics and interests. if this surge is prevented and sexual characteristics and sexual desire desire do not develop (happened to Italy boy was castrated to preserve voices for opera) -Later in life, estrogen and testosterone levels fall as they decline so doe fantasies and intercourse -Surgery or drugs may cause hormonal shifts-(castration) (sex offenders took drug to reduce testosterone levels to that of a boy before puberty, lost sexual urge)
sexualization happens when girls? (MEDIA portrays women and even girls as sexual objects)
-ARE LED TO VALUE THEMSELVES IN TERMS OF SEX APPEAL -COMPARE THEMSELVES TO NARROWLY DEFINED -SEE THEMSELVES AS SEXUAL BEINGS FOR OTHERS USE
Common problems with men:
-Erectile disorder-inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to penis -premature ejaculation-sexual climax that occurs before the man or his partner wishes
SKINNERS FOUR PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
-FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULES: REINFORCES BEHAVIOR AFTER A SET NUMBER OF RESPONSES-COFFEE REWARD, FREE DRINK AFTER 10 PURCHASED. RATES MAY BE REINFORCED ON A FIXED RATION OF ONE FOOD PELLET FOR EVERY 30 RESPONSES VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULES-UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER OF RESPONSES- SLOT MACHINE FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULES-REINFORCE THE FIRST RESPONSE AFTER FIXED TIME PERIOD-PEOPLE WAITING ON IMPORTANT LETTER CHECK MORE OFTEN AS DELIVERY TIME APPROACHES, HUNGRY COOK PEAKS INTO OVEN VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULES-REINFORCE THE FIRST RESPONSE AFTER PREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS-DEER HUNTING, FISHING, SKINNERS FOOD PELLET REWARDED FOR PERSISTENCE IN PECKING . SLOW STEADY RESPONDING
Sex hormones influence us at many points in the life span:
-during prenatal period, they direct our development of male and females -during puberty, sex hormones surge usher into adolescence -After puberty and well into late adult yrs, sex hormones help activate sexual behaviors
GAY-STRAIGHT TRAIT DIFFERENCES
-gays and lebians fall in the middle of straight females and males -gay males tend to be shorter and lighter than straight even at birth -women more heavier that average at birth -homosexuals participants were 39% more likely not to be RIGHT HANDED -spatial abilities are different -they fall in-between (intermediate) the straight man and woman scores( GI -gay men and straight women out score straight men at remembering objects in memory games. LEVAY CONCLUDE'S-the same process that are involved in the biological development of our bodied and as male and female are also involved in the development of sexual orientation
2 INFLUENCES WITH WATSONS AND PAVLOVS VIEWS OF LEARNING:
1) BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS LIMIT OUR LEARNING 2) EFFECT OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES, OUR THOUGHTS, PERCEPTIONS AND EXPECTATIONS ON LEARNING GIVING A DRUG FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER
WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN CRITICISMS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION OF HUMAN SEXUALITY?
1. IT STARTS WITH AN EFFECT AND WORKS BACKWARDS TO PROPOSE AN EXPLANATION 2. UNETHICAL AND IMMORAL MEN COULD USE SUCH EXPLANATION TO RATIONALIZE THEIR BEHAVIOR TOWARDS WOMEN 3. THIS EXPLANATION MAY OVERLOOK THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS AND SOCIALIZATION
4 MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT
1. PUNISHED BEHAVIOR IS SUPPRESSED, NOT FORGOTTEN-TEMPORARY STATE, SPANKING KID SWEARING 2. PUNISHMENT TEACHES DISCRIMINATION AMONG SITUATIONS, (JUST WONT SWEAR IN FROM OF PARENT) 3. PUNISHMENT CAN TEACH FEAR-GENERALIZATION-NOT ONLY WITH PERSON BUT ALSO BEHAVIOR 4. PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT-MAY INCREASE AGGRESSION BY MODELING AGGRESSION AS A WAY TO COPE WITH PROBLEMS. CHILDREN SEE, CHILDREN DO.. PREEXISTING ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR TWO C
Master & Johnson's two goals:
1. describe human sexual response cycle 2. understand how to treat problems and the prblems that prevent people from completing the 4 stage sexual response cycle
what are the characteristics of teens who delay having sex?
1.High intelligence-delay the "here-now"pleasures 2.Religious Engagement-"religion or morals" 3.Fathers presence-ages 5-18 having a dad around reduces risk factors, linked to low sexual activity before 16 4. Participating in service learning- teachers airs, community projects,
during adolescence, boys and girls enter puberty and mature sexually with physical differences emerging as a surge of hormone triggers a ___ year period of rapid development that start about age _____ in girls and about ____ in boys. a year or two before than they both feel the same stirrings of sexual attraction.
2 year 11 in girls, 13 in boys
male or female, each of us receives _____ chromosomes from our mother and ____ from our father. Of those ____ chromosomes, _____ are shared by men and women.
23, 23, 46, 45
One study indicated that _____% more frequent of sexual intercourse when a woman is ovulating where sexual desires increase slightly. Researchers Kristina Durante, Elizabeth Pillsworth, and other suggests that ovulation motivates women to attract males by wearing sexier clothing and choosing products that enhance their sexual features (maybe ovulation is more attractive for men?)
24%
The average man is ____times more likely to die by suicide or to develop alcohol use disorder,
4
AFTER A STUDY WITH STUDENTS TO CHOOSE SOME HEALTHY BEHAVIOR, IT TOOK THE STUDENTS AND AVERAGE OF _____
66 DAYS
Both men an women report friendships with women to be more intimate, enjoyable and nurturing. ______% said they have a closer relationship with their father and ____% close to the mother
69% 90%
IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, THE INITIAL STAGE WHEN YOU LINK A NEUTRAL STIMULUS AND A UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS SO THAT HE NEUTRAL STIMULUS TRIGGERING THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE ( PAVLOVS DOG LEARNED TO LINK BETWEEN THE NS (NS=TONE)AND THE US(US=THE FOOD) WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF THE FOOD (US) APPEARED BEFORE THE TONE(NS) RATHER THAN AFTER? WOULD CONDITIONING OCCUR? NOT LIKELY TO DEER IN THE FOREST, THE SNAPPING OF A TWIG (CS) MAY SIGNAL A PREDICTORS APPROACH (US). IF THE GOOD OR BAD EVENTS HAS ALREADY OCCURRED THE TONE OR THE SOUND WONT HELP THE ANIMAL PREPARE
ACQUISITION
THE FIRST STEP OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING WHEN A NS BECOMES A CS, IS CALLED_______________ WHEN A US NO LONGER FOLLOWS THE CS, AND THE CR BECOMES WEAKENED THIS IS CALLED_____________
ACQUISITION EXTINCTION
ONE WAY WE LEARN IS BY___________________. OUR MINDS NATURALLY CONNECT EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN SEQUENCE JUST LIKE EATING BREAD, YOU EXPECT IT TASTE GOOD AGAIN, SAME AS A FRIGHTENING SOUNDS, WHEN YOU HEAR IT AGAIN IT MAY TRIGGER FEAR
ASSOCIATION
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING ARE BOTH FORMS OF ________________ LEARNING.
ASSOCIATIVE
LEARNING THAT CERTAIN EVENTS OCCUR TOGETHER. THE EVENTS OCCUR TOGETHER, THE EVENTS MAY BE TWO STIMULI (AS IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) OR A RESPONSE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ( AN IN OPERANT CONDITIONING)
ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
APPLICATIONS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
AT SCHOOL-SKINNER WORKED TOWARDS A DAY WITH "MACHINES AND TEXTBOOKS" WOULD SHAPE LEARNING BY ENFORCING CORRECT RESPONSES AT WORK-INFLUENCE PRODUCTIVITY, REINFORCING JOB WELL DONE REWARDS FOR JOB WELL DONE-REINFORCING SHOULD BE IMMEDIATE AT HOME-REMEMBER THE BASIC RULES OF SHAPING-AFFIRM FOR DOING RIGHT ANDGIVE REINFORCERS FOR BEHAVING WELL, TARGET A SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR, REWARD OT, AND WATCH IT INCREASE CAN HELP US CHANGE OUR OWN BEHAVIOR
no matter how much parents encourage gender behavior children may drift toward what feels right to them, boy worlds, girl worlds. Others seems to prefer ____________________, a blend of male( masculine) and female(feminine) physiological characteristics
Androgyny Benefits: they are more adaptable greater flexibility in behavior and career choices, more resilient and self accepting and experience less depression
COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
BASIC IDEA RESPONSE ACQUISITION EXTINCTION SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY GENERALIZATION DISCRIMINATION
THE VIEW THAT PSYCHOLOGY (1) SHOULD BE AN OBJECTIVE SCIENCE THAT (2) STUDIES BEHAVIOR WITHOUT REFERENCE TO MENTAL PROCESSES MOST RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGISTS AGREE WITH (1) BUT NOT (2)
BEHAVORISM
SKINNER WENT ON TO DEVELOP EXPERIMENTS THAT WOULD REVEAL PRINCIPLES OF _____________ _______________ USING THESE PRINCIPLES HE TAUGHT PIGEONS TO WALK A FIGURE 8, PLAY PING PONG, AND KEEP A MISSILE ON COURSE BY PECKING AT A SCREEN TARGET.
BHAVIORAL CONTROL
**FIGURE 4.4 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL MOTIVATION-our sexual motivation is influences by bioligical factors, but PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL-CULTURAL FACTORS plays an EVEN BIGGER ROLE all tie to SEXUAL MOTIVATION **BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCE*** -SEXUAL MATURITY -SEX HORMONES, TESTOSTERONE ESPECIALLY **PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLUENCE** -EXPOSURE TO STIMULATING CONDITIONS -SEXUAL FANTASIES **SOCIAL-CULTURAL INFLUENCES** -FAMILY AND SOCIETY VALUES -RELIGIOUS AND PERSONAL VALUES -MEDIA
BIO-PSYCO-SOCIAL INFLUENCES
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS __________ ______________BECAUSE IT HELPS HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS PREPARE FOR GOOD AND BAD EVENTS
BIOLOGICALLY ADAPTIVE
OTHER ANIMALS ALSO LEARN ASSOCIATION, TO PROTECT ITSELF THE SEA SLUG APLYSIA WITHDRAWS ITS GILL WHEN SQUIRTED WITH WATER, IF THE SQUIRTS CONTINUE, AS HAPPENS USUALLY IN CHOPPY WATER, THE WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE WEAKENS. BUT IF THE SEA SLUG REPEATEDLY RECEIVES AN ELECTRIC SHOCK JUST AFTER BEING SQUIRTED, ITS RESPONSE TO THE SQUIRT INSTEAD GROWS STRONGER. THE ANIMAL HAS LEARNED THAT THE SQUIRT SIGNALS AN UPCOMING SHOCK COMPLEX ANIMALS CAN LEARN TO LINK OUTCOMES WITH THEIR OWN RESPONSES. AN AQUARIUM SEAL WILL REPEAT BEHAVIORS SUCH AS SLAPPING AND BARKING THAT PROMPT PEOPLE TO TOSS IT A HERRING.
BY LINKING THE TWO EVENTS THAT OCCUR CLOSELY TOGETHER, THE SEA SLUG AND THE ARE EXIBITING>>>>>>>>>>> ***ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING*** EACH ANIMAL LEARNED SOMETHING IMPORTANT ABOUT TO ITS SURVIVAL: PREDICTING THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE.
____________________________________can help men learn ways to control their urge to ejaculate, or help women learn to being themselves to orgasm, but it has become routinely treated by a PILL. -Equally effective drug treatments for females are not yet avail
Behaviorally Oriented Therapy
Most important sex organ is our ______, it allows us to experience sexual arousal both from what is real and whats imagined, men and women both become aroused when they SEE, HEAR, or READ EROTIC MATERIAL **heterosexuals arouse greater watching men have sex with women then watching men and men, but homosexual men show the opposite.**
Brain
PICTURE IN TEXT- THE SOCIAL LEARNING GENDER ( GUY MOWING THE LAWN, CHILDREN W TOY LAWNMOWER)
CHILDREN OBSERVE AND IMITATE PARENTAL MODELS
WITH___________CONDITIONING WE LEARN ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EVENTS WE DO NOT CONTROL. WITH _________CONDITIONING, WE LEARN ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN OUR BEHAVIOR AND RESULTING EVENTS
CLASSICAL OPERANT
IVAN PAVLOV-PROCESS HE EXPLORED WAS CALLED__________________?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
-A TYPE OF LEARNING I WHICH WE LEARN TO LINK TWO OR MORE STIMULI AND ANTICIPATED EVENTS IS CALLED:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING FIGURE 6-1: THUNDER: STIMULI 1: STIMULI 2: RESPONSE: LIGHTENING PLUS THUNDER-------> REACTION RESULT AFTER REPETITION: STIMULIS ---------> RESPONSE: WE SEE LIGHTENING ANTICIPATION OF LOUD NOISE
CONDITIONING IS NOT THE ONLY FORM OF LEARNING, ________________________ _____________________ WE QUIRE MENTAL INFORMATION, WHETHER BY OBSERVING EVENTS, BY WATCHING OTHERS OR THROUGH LANGUAGE ONE FORM IS LEARNING FROM OTHERS LIKE CHIMPANZEES WATCHING ONE ANTHER AND THEN PERFORMING THE SAME TRICK, SO DO HUMANS..... WE LOOK, WE LEARN..................
COGNITIVE LEARNING
RATS IN MAZE GIVEN NO AWARD SEEM TO DEVELOP A MENTAL IMAGE OF THE LAYOUT OF ONES ENVIROMENT
COGNITIVE MAP
PERSONAL VALUES AFFECT SEXUAL ORIENTATION LESS THAN THEY AFFECT OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (PHOTO)
COMPARED WITH PEOPLE WHO RARELY ATTEND RELIGIOUS SERVICES, FOR EXAMPLE, THOSE WHO ATTEND REGULARLY ARE 1/3 AS LIKELY TO HAVE LIVED TOGETHER BEFORE MARRIAGE. THEY ALSO REPORT HAD MANY FEWER SEX PARTNERS, BUT (IF MALE) THEY ARE JUST AS LIKELY TO BE HOMOSEXUAL.
in calssical conditioning , an originally IRRELEVANT STIMULUS that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
CONDITION STIMULUS
ALSO KNOWN AS SECONDARY REINFORCERS, AN EVENT THAT GAINS ITS REINFORCING POWER THROUGH ITS LINK WITH A PRIMARY RENFORCER
CONDITIONED REINFORCERS (SECONDARY) EXAMPLE: SKINNERS RAT IN THE BOX LEARNS THAT A LIGHT RELIABLY SIGNALS FOOD DELIVERY, THAT RAT WILL WORK TO TURN ON THAT LIGHT .............. ..********THE LIGHT IS THE SECONDARY REINFORCER******** OUR LIVES ARE FILLED WITH CONDITIONED REINFORCERS-MONEY, GOOD GRADES, ETC.
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus(CS)
CONDITIONED RESPONSE
THE PROCESS OF LEARNING ASSOCIATIONS IS CALLED_________________________, AND IT TAKES TWO MAIN FORMS, ______________________ AND ___________________________
CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OPERANT CONDITIONING
CAN OBJECTS, SIGHTS AND SMELLS ASSOCIATED WITH SEXUAL PLEASURE BECOME CONDITIONED STIMULI FOR HUMAN SEXUAL AROUSAL TOO? YES THEY CAN
CONDITIONING HELPS AN ANIMAL TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE-BY RESPONDING TO CUES THAT HELP GAIN FOOD, AVOID DANGERS, AND LOCATE MATES, AND PRODUCE OFF SPRING.
REINFORCING A DESIRED RESPONSE EVER-TIME IT OCCURS
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT GOOD FOR MASTERING BEHAVIOR BECAUSE LEARNING OCCURS RAPIDLY, BUT EXTINCTION ALSO OCCURS RAPIDLY WHEN REINFORCEMENT STOPS. SAME WITH RAT IN SKINNERS BOX, IF WE STOP DELIVERING FOODAFTER THE RAT PRESSES THE BAR- TE BEHAVIOR STOPS TOO
FOOD IN THE MOUTH AUTOMATICALLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, TRIGGERS THIS RESPONSE. PAVLOV CALLED THE DROOLING UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE AN HE CALLED THE FOOD AND UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS. SALIVATING IN RESPONSE TO A TONE, HOWEVER IS LEARNED. BECAUSE IT IS CONDITIONAL UPON THE DOGS LINKING THE TON WITH THE FOOD, WE CALL THIS CONDITIONED RESPONSE THE STIMULUS THAT IS USED TO BE NEUTRAL (TONE) IS THE CONDITIONED STIMULUS.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO KINDS OF STIMULI AND RESPONSES IS EASY CONDITIONAL = LEARNED UNCONDITIONAL=UNLEARNED
IVAN PAVLOV- STUDIED_________ HELD A ____________DEGREE EARNED RUSSIA'S FIRST___________ __________ ____________IN 1904 HIS NOVEL EXPERIMENTS ON __________
DIGESTION, MEDICAL, NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, LEARNING,
PAVLOV DOGS ALSO LEARNED NOT TO RESPOND TO OTHER TONES, THIS CONDITIONED STIMULUS (WHICH PREDICTS THE US) AND OTHER IRRELEVANT STIMULI IS CALLED________________WHICH IS THE LEARNING ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A CS AND IRRELEVANT STIMULI.
DISCRIMINATION
B.F SKINNER WAS A __________MAJOR THEN BECAME A GRADUATE IN ________________AND EVENTUALLY________________ _________________MOST INFLUENTIAL AND CONTROVERSIAL FIGURE.
ENGLISH MAJOR PSYCHOLOGY MODERN BEHAVIORISMS
IF THERE ARE __________ FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SEXUAL ORIENTATION, WE HAVEN'T YET FOUND THEM.......
ENVIROMENTAL
BY LEARNING, AS HUMANS WE ADAPT TO OUR ____________________________. WE LEARN TO EXPECT AND PREPARE FOR SIGNIFICANT EVENTS SUCH AS FOOD OR PAIN(CLASSICAL CONDITIONING). WE LEARN TO REPEAT ACTS THAT BRING GOOD RESULTS AND AVOID ACTS THAT BRING BAD RESULTS (OPERANT CONDITIONING) WE LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS BY OBSERVING EVENTS AND BY WATCHING OTHERS, AND THROUGH LANGUAGE WE LEARN THINGS WE HAVE NEITHER EXPERIENCED NOR OBSERVED (COGNITIVE LEARNING)
ENVIROMENTS
WHY DO GAY GENES EXIST?
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGISTS SUGGEST : THE FERTILE FEMALE THEORY IN GENERATION BEFORE BIRTH OF A HOMOSEXUAL MAN, WOMEN IN THAT FAMILY TENDED TO HAVE LARGER-THAN-NORMAL FAMILIES THE GENES THAT DISPOSE WOMEN TO BE ATTRACTED TO MEN, AND HAVE CHILDREN, ALSO DISPOSE SOME MEN TO BE ATTRACTED TO MEN
PAVLOV WONDERED IF AFTER CONDITIONING THE CS OCCURRED REPEATEDLY WITHOUT THE US, TONE KEPT RINGING BUT NO FOOD? THE DOGS SALIVA LESS AND LESS KNOW AS__________________________________. THE WEAKENING OF A CONDITIONED RESPONSE WHEN AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS DOSE NOT FOLLOW A CONDITIONED STIMULUS. ( IN OPERANT CONDITIONING, THE WEAKENING OF A RESPONSE WHEN IT IS NO LONGER REINFORCED)
EXTINCTION
A DESIRE TO PERFORM A BAHAVIOR TO GAIN A REWARD OR AVOID PUNISHMENT CLASS READING, GRADES,
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
According to ________________phychologist, in mating-related domains, males differ from females whether they're chimpanzees, or elephants, rural peasents or corporate presidents
Evolutionary Physchologist
4 stages sexual response cycle described by Masters & Johnson
Excitement-genital areas fill with blood, causing clitoris or mans penis to swell, a woman's vagina expands and lubricants as well a her breast and nipples enlarge Plateau-excitement peaks, breathing, blood pressure, pulse rates continue to rise. penis becomes fully enlarged, some fluid (freq. containing live sperm) may appear at time,vagina secretion continues to increase and clitoris retracts, orgasm feels imminent Orgasm-muscles contract all over, breathing, pulse BP continue to climb, woman arousal and orgasm aids conception, they help propel semen from penis, position uterus to receive sperm,and drawl further inward. Men & women don't differ much in sexual release Resolution-body gradually returns to its un-aroused state, as genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood. Men enter the REFRACTORY PERIOD, a resting period that last from a few minutes to a day or more that a man cannot achieve an orgasm, women have a much short refractory period, enabling them to have another soon after resolution.
WIDE AWAKE PEOPLE BECOME SEXUALL AROUSED NOT ONLY BY MEMORIES BUT ___________ WHICH ______% WAS REPORTED BY BOTH MEN WOMEN. SEXUAL FANTASIES OF MEN, STRAIGHT OR GAY, TEND TO BE MORE FREQUENT, MORE PHYSICAL, AND LESS ROMANTIC THAN WOMEN'S, THEY ALSO IN BOOKS IN VIDEOS PREFER LESS PERSONAL AND FASTER-PACED SEXUAL CONTENT
FANTASIES 95%
ACQUISITION--->EXTINCTION--->SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
FIGURE 6.5 THE RISING CURVE SHOWS THAT THE CS RAPIDLY GROWS STRONGER AS THE NS BECOMES A CD AS IT IS REPEATEDLY PAIRED WITH THE US(ACQUISITION) THE CS WEAKENS WHEN IT IS PRESENTED ALONE(EXTINCTION) AFTER A PAUSE, THE CR REAPPEARS(SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY)
SKINNERS BOX ON SHAPING
FIRST WATCH THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR, THEN YOU CAN BUILD EXISTING BAHAVIORS, ONCE THE RAT IS APPROACHING THE BAR REGULARLY, YOU WOULD GIVE THE TREAT ONLY WHEN IT MOVES CLOSE TO THE BAR, THEN CLOSER STILL FINALLY YOU WOULD REQUIRE IT TO TOUCH THE BAR TO GET FOOD WITH THIS METHOD OF "SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION" YOU REWARD RESPONSES THAT ARE EVER CLOSER TO FINAL DESIRED BEHAVIOR ***GIVING REWARDS ONLY TO DESIRED BEHAVIORS GRADUALLY SHAPE COMPLEX BEHAVIORS****
R&R From a biological perspective, AIDS is passed more readily though women to men, than from men to women? T/F
False, its men to women
DOG CONDITIONED TO A SOUND OF ONE TONE ALSO RESPONDED SOMEWHAT TO THE SOUND OF A NEW AND DIFFERENT TONE THIS TENDENCY TO RESPOND TO SIMILARLY STIMULI THAT RESEMBLES THE CONDITIONED STIMULI (CS) IS CALLED --CAN BE ADAPTIVE, WHEN TODDLERS TAUGHT TO FEAR MOVING CARS --GENERALIZED FEAR CAN LINGER --WHEN ANGRY FACE APPEARED ON COMPUTER SCREENS, ABUSED CHILDREN'S BRAIN WAVE RESPONSE WERE DRAMATICALLY STRONGER AND LONGER LASTING --PEOPLES EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO ONE STIMULI HAVE GENERALIZED TO SIMILAR STIMULI.
GENERALIZATON
OUR NATURAL YEARNINGS ARE OUR _________ WAY OF PRODUCING THEMSELVES
GENES
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
GIVING SOMETHING THATS UNDESIRED SPRAY WATER AT A BARKING DOG; GIVE A PARKING TICKET
In many cases, biological sex and ____ exist together in harmony. Biology drawls the outline, and culture provides the details.
Gender
a set of expected behaviors for males or for female that shift over time and place, how we expect others to act. (social expectations that guide us (shaping power). our gender roles are not everyone's gender roles
Gender Roles
what are gender roles, and what do their variations tell us about our human capacity for learning and adaptation?
Gender roles are sets of expected behaviors for males an females, gender roles vary widely in different cultures, which is proof that we are very capable of learning and adapting to the social demands of different environments.
BIOLOGY DOSENT dictate gender, but it can influence gender differences in 2 ways:
Genetically-males and females have differing chromosomes psychologically-males and females have differing concentrations of sex hormones **these for long before your born when your body starts to develop in ways to determine your sex
WHY ARE HABITS SUCH AS HAVING SOMETHING SWEET WITH THAT CUP OF COFFEE, SO HARD TO BREAK?
HABITS FORM WHEN WE REPEAT BEHAVIORS IN A GIVEN CONTEXT AND, AS A RESULT, LEARN ASSOCIATIONS--OFTEN WITHOUT OUR AWARENESS. FOR EXAMPLE, WE MAY HAVE EATEN A SWEET PASTRY WITH A CUP OF COFFEE OFTEN ENOUGH TO ASSOCIATE THE FLAVOR OF THE COFFEE WIT THE TREAT, SO THAT THE CUP OF COFFEE ALONE JUST DOESN'T SEEM RIGHT ANYMORE!!
LEARNING FEEDS OUR ____________ ______________
HABITUAL BEHAVIORS. HABITS CAN FORM WHEN WE REPEAT BEHAVIORS IN A GIVEN CONTEXT., AS BEHAVIOR BECOMES LINKED WITH THE CONTEXT OUR NEXT EXPERIENCE OF THAT CONTEXT WILL EVOKE OUR HABITUAL EXPERIENCE
JOHN B WATSON
HE BELIEVED THAT HUMAN EMOTIONS AND BEHAVIORS, THOUGH BIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCES, ARE MAINLY A BUNDLED OF CONDITION RESPONSES. HE AND ROSALIE RAYNER EXPERIMENTED WITH A"LITTLE ALBERT" A BOY WHO WAS SCARED OF NOISES BUT NOT WHITE RATS. AFTER PLAYING WITH A WHITE RATE AND 7 REPEATS PF A HAMMER AGAINST A STEEL BAR JUST BEHIND HIS BED HE BURSTED INTO TEARS OF THE SIGHT OF THE RAT, 5 DAYS LATER, HE FEARED THE SIGHT OF A RABBIT, A DOG, AND A SEALSKIN COAT, BUT NOT TO DISSIMILAR OBJECTS, SUCH A TOYS WATSON LOST HIS PROFESSORSHIP OVER AN AFFAIR WITH RAYNER WHO HE LATER MARRIED AND HE JOINED AN ADVERTISING AGENCY AS THE COMPANYS ON RESIDENTIAL PSYCHOLOGIST. USED HIS KNOWLEDGE OF ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING IN CAMPAIGNS ONE WAS "MAXWELL HOUSE" "COFFEE BREAK"
parents helps transmit culture views on gender, 43 studies parents with traditional gender schemes were more likely to have gender-typed children who shared there culture expectations about how males and females should act
HELPING TRANSMIT CULTURE VIEWS TO CHILDREN
Gender identity is distinct from sexual orientation (the direction of ones sexual attraction. Transgender people may be attracted to the people of opposite birth sex considered _______________ or the same birth sex_________________ or to no sexual attraction to anyone at all is __________________.
Heterosexual homosexual asexual
Kinsey Institute investigators viewed nearly 1000 homosexual and 500 heterosexuals people. This is what they found:
Homosexuals people were no more likely than heterosexual people to have been smothered by maternal love or neglected by their father. most children raised by gay or lesbian parents also grow up to be a heterosexual and well adjusted adults.
hormone injection into male animals wont manipulate animals behavior because male hormone levels are more constant than females, the opposite is for females though. But a male hamster had testes removed and gradually lost interest in females, but an injection it gradually regained.
Hormone injections in animals
IN HORROR MOVIES, SEXUALLY AROUSING IMAGES OF WOMEN ARE SOMETIMES PAIRED WITH VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN. BASED ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PRINCIPLES, WHAT MIGHT BE AN EFFECT OF THIS PAIRING?
IF VIEWING AN ATTRACTIVE NUDE OR SEMI NUDE WOMAN (US), ELICITS SEXUAL AROUSAL (UR), THEN PAIRING THE US WITH THE NEW STIMULUS(VIOLENCE) COULD TURN THE VIOLENCE INTO A CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) THAT ALSO BECOMES SEXUALLY AROUSING, A CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CS)
Sexual arousal and desire can also be an IMAGINATION ***PEOPLE WHO ARE LEFT WITH NO GENITAL SENSATION AFTER A SPINAL CORD INJURY CAN STILL FEEL SEXUAL DESIRE IS CONSIDERED ________________ ________________ OR IMAGINATION**** 3 YEARS AFTER EXPERIENCING A SPINAL COD INJURY, ______% OF MEN IN ONE STUDY WERE ENGAGING IN A SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
IMAGINED STIMULI 90%
IMMITATION OCCURS IN VARIOUS AMINAL SPECIALS BUT ITS MOST STRIKING IN HUMANS.
IMMITATION CHILDREN SEE, CHILDREN DO
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
INCREASES BEHAVIOR BY STOPPING OR REDUCING NEGATIVE STIMILI, SUCH AS SHOCK. A NEGATIVE REINFORCER IS ANYTHING THAT, WHEN REMOVED FROM THE RESPONSE, STRENGTHENS THE RESPONSE (NOTE: NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT A PUNISHMENT. (SNOT RUNNING A RED LIGHT)
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
INCREASING BEHAVIOR BY PRESENTING STIMILI, SUCH AS FOOD. A POSITIVE REINFORCER IS ANYTHING THAT, WHEN PRESENTED AFTER A RESPONSE, STRENGTHENS THE RESPONSE (GETTING A TICKET)
EXCESSIVE AWARDS CAN DESTROY________ ________THE DESIRE TO DO SOMETHING WELL, FOR ITS OWN SAKE -GIVING KIDS CANDY FOR READING LESS THAN SUPPOSE TO????
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
FIGURE-GENDER SPOTLIGHT SOUTH AFRICAN TRACK STAR run times prompted the International Association of Athletics Federations to undertake sex testing and was reported to be ______ with physical characteristics of both a male and female.
Intersex
DOES PAVLOVS WORK HELP US UNDERSTAND OUR OWN EMOTIONS?
JOHN B WATSON THOUGHT SO
LEARNING THAT IS NOT APPARENT UNTIL THERE IS AN INCENTIVE TO DEMONSTRATE IT ( RATS IN MAZE NOW WITH FOOD TO FIND)
LATENT MOTIVATION
SKINNERS EXPERIMENT- BUILT OFF OF PSYCHOLOGIST EDWARD THORNDIKES CALLED THE ______ AND ________THE PRINCIPLE THAT BEHAVIORS FOLLOWED BY FAVORABLE CONSEQUENCES BECOME MORE LIKELY, AND THAT BEHAVIORS FOLLOWED BY UNFAVORABLE CONSEQUENCES BECOME LESS LIKELY
LAW AND EFFECT
MOST AGREE THAT CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS A BASIC FORM OF ___________________, BUT BY TODAY'S KNOWLEDGE, INCLUDING UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON CONDITIONING.
LEARNING
THE PROCESS OF ACQUIRING, THROUGH EXPERIENCE NEW AND RELATIVELY ENDURING INFORMATION OR BEHAVIORS
LEARNING
NEURON THAT FIRES WHEN WE PERFORM CERTAIN ACTIONS AND WHEN WE OBSERVE OTHER PERFORMING THOSE ACTINS; NEURAL BASIS FOR IMITATION AND OBSERVATION
MIRROR NEURON
THE PROCESS OF OBSERVING AND IMITATING A SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR
MODELING
EVOLUTIONARY THEORIST CHARLES DARWIN PROPOSED THAT __________ ______ FAVORS TRAITS THAT AID SURVIVAL. AND RESEARCHER IN THE 20TH CENTURY FURTHER SHOWED THAT THERE ARE _____________ __________
NATURAL SELECTION BIOLOGICAL CONTRAINTS
MOST PGYSCOLOHISTS AGREE THAT ?
NATURAL SELECTION PREPARES US FOR SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION., PREPARED US TO BE FLEXIBLE
WE ARE A PRODUCT OF _____________ AND ___________ BUT WERE ALSO AN OPEN SYSTEM
NATURE AND NUTURE
IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, A STIMULUS THAT EVOKES RESPONSE BEFORE CONDITIONING
NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS)
is homosexuality liked with problems in a child's relationship with parents such as with an overpowering mother and a weak father, or a possessive mother and hostile father? does homosexuality involve fear or hatred of poeple of the other sex? is sexual orientation linked with levels of sex hormones currently in the blood? as children were most homosexuality molested, seduced, or other wise victimized?
NO
SHAPING CAN ALSO HELP WITH UNDERSTANDING WHAT _________________ ORGANISMS PERCIEVE
NONVERBAL
Jeffery Dahmer had ___________________________a sexual attraction to corpses.
Necrophilia
LEARNING BY OBSERVING OTHERS
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
maternal immune system responses: men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay--about 1/3 increases among having more sons this is called__________ or _______ ________
OLDER-BROTHER FRATERNAL BIRTH-ORDER EFFECT They think that the mothers immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced in male fetus, antibodies in her system may grow stronger and may prevent the fetal brain from developing in a typical MALE PATTERN. THIS CORRELATION HAS BEEN FOUND IN SEVERAL STUDIES, BUT ONLY AMONG RIGHT-HANDED MEN (AS ABOUT 9 OUT OF 10 MEN ARE)
IN ____________________________CONDITIONING, ANIMALS ASSOCIATE THEIR OWN ACTIONS WITH CONSEQUENCES. ACTIONS ARE FOLLOWED BY A REWARDING EVENT TO INCREASE, THOSE FOLLOWED BY A PUNISHING EVENT DECREASE BEHAVIOR THAT OPERATES ON THE ENVIRONMENT TO PRODUCE REWARDING AND PUNISHING EVENTS IS CALLED ___________________________ BEHAVIOR
OPERANT OPERANT
BEHAVIOR THAT OPERATES ON THE ENVIRONMENT, PRODUCING CONSEQUENCES
OPERANT BEHAVIOR
A TYPE OF LEARNING IN WHICH BEHAVIOR IS STRENGTHENED IF FOLLOWED BY AN REINFORCER OR DIMINISHED IF FOLLOWED BY A PUNISHER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
LEARNING TO ASSOCIATE A RESPONSE (OUR BEHAVIOR) AND ITS CONSEQUENCE, THUS, WE AND OTHER ANIMALS LEARN TO REPEAT ACTS FOLLOWED BY GOOD RESULTS AND TO AVOID ACTS FOLLOWED BY BAD RESULTS
OPERANT CONDITIONING FIGURE 6-1 BOY ASKING PLEASE FOR A COOKIE 3 STEPS (A) RESPONSE: BEING POLITE-------> (B) CONSEQUENCE: GETTING A COOKIE(TREAT)------> (C) BEHAVIOR STRENGTHENED (LEARNED BEHAVIOR)
REINFORCING A RESPONSE ONLY PART OF THE TIME, RESULTS IN SLOWER ACQUISITION BUT MUCH GREATER RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION THAT DOES CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IS SLOWER THAN WITH CONTINUOUS ALSO WORKS FOR CHILDREN WITH TAMTRUMS
R=C 1ST 2ND ________________________________________________________ POSITIVE-ADD PUNISH (DOWN) NEG-REMOVED REINFORCEMENT (UP) AVOIDED
POSITIVE_---------->GIVE SOMETHING THATS DESIRED--------> PET A DOG THAT COMES WHEN YOU CALL, PAY THE PERSON WHO PAINTS YOUR HOUSE NEGATIVE----->END SOMETHING THATS UNDESIRED------>TAKE PAINKILLERS TO END PAIN, FASTEN SEAT BELT TO END LOUD BEEPING NOISE
UNLEARNED, AN EVENT THAT IS REINFORCING, OFTEN BY SATISFYING A BIOLOGICAL NEED ( FOOD, WATER)
PRIMARY REINFORCERS
POSITIVE, CONSTRUCTIVE, HELPFUL BEHAVIOR. THE OPPOSITE OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR
PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT REMOVES A________________ EVENT. THINK OF IT AS SOMETHING THAT PROVIDES RELIEF-WHINING TEENAGER, BAD HEADACHE, ANNOYING ALARM. WHEN IT WORKS TO GET RD OF SOMETHING WE DON'T ENJOY, OR BY GIVING IS SOMETHING WE DO ENJOY REINFORCEMENT IS ANY CONSEQUENCE THAT __________________ BEHAVIOR
PUNISHING STRENGTHENS
REINFORCEMENT INCREASE BEHAVIOR, ______DOES THE OPPOSITE. ITS ANYTHING THAT DECREASES THE FREQUENCY OF BEHAVIOR
PUNISHMENT
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors or urges involving NONHUMAN objects, the suffering of self or others, and for non-consenting persons. The APA classifies such behavior as disordered if: **person experiences distress from his or her unusual sexual interests or it entails harm or risk of harm to others*
Paraphilias
People with _________ ____________ ____________experience sexual arousal toward children who haven't entered puberty and those with ________________derive pleasure from exposing themselves sexually to others, without consent.
Paraphilic disorder Pedophilia exibitionism
FIGURE 4.3 BODY CHANGES PUBERTY ________ gland releases hormones that stimulate_________ _________
Pituitary Gland Adrenal glands, ovaries & testes
During these growth Spurts, the bodies structures (ovaries, testes), the reproductive organs and external genitalia develop dramatically and is known as __________ _________ ___________ and so does the non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, ,male voice quality and body hair (underarms, pubic) in both known as __________ __________ __________.
Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics
Hormones may fuel our sex drive, but ___________ ___________ turn the engine, keep it running and shift it into high gear
Psychological stimili
adolescence is marked by the onset of_____________ which is the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Puberty
A PATTERN THAT VARIES AND INFLUENCES OUR LEARNING AND DEFINES HOW OFTEN A DESIRED RESPONSE WILL BE REINFORCED
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, AN ANIMAL(DOG, CHILD SEA SLUG) IT DOES NOT CONTROL . CLASSICAL CONDITIONING INVOLVED ________________- _____________A BEHAVIOR THAT IS AN AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO SOME STIMULUS
RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR
a set of expectations (culture, norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave (shape our behaviors)
ROLE
LEARNING BEHAVIORS FAVORED BY NATURAL SELECTION MAY HELP EXPLAIN WHY HUMANS LEARN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE COLOR RED AND SEXUALITY
ROMANTIC RED PHOTO, WOMEN MORE DESIRED THAN BLACK FROM MEN-PURPLE
PAVLOV NEW DIRECTION- PUTTING FOOD INTO A DOGS MOUTH CAUSE THE ANIMAL TO DROOL OR TO ____________ MOREOVER, THE DOG BEGAN SALIVATING NOT ONLY TO THE TASTE OF FOOD BUT ALSO TO THE MERE SIGHT OF THE FOOD, SIGHT OF PERSON DELIVERING THE FOOD OR SOUNDS OF APPROACHING FOOTSTEPS HE CONSIDERED THESE "___________ ___________" AN ANNOYANCE. TO RULE OUT OTHER POSSIBLE INFLUENCE THEY TIED TH DOG INTO A SMALL ROOM AND ATTACHED DEVICE TO DETECT SALIVA
SALIVATE "PSYCHIC SECRETIONS"
THE LACK OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE EVIDENCE ON HOMOSEXUALITY, RESEARCHERS EXPLORE SEVERAL LINES OF BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUCH AS:
SAME-SEX ATTRACTION:many animals seem to have similarity. homosexuality behavior seems a natural part of the animal world. ***GAY-STRAIGHT BRAIN DIFFERENCES: RESEARCHER SIMON LEVAY studied sections of the **HYPOTHALAMUS(linked to sexual behavior), BLIND STUDY, CELL CLUSTERS WERE RELIABLY LARGER IN A HETEROSEXUAL MEN THAN IN WOMEN AND HOMOSEXUAL MEN, So what does this mean? BRAINS DIFFER WITH SEXUAL ORIENTATION...*****REMEMBER EVERYTHING PSYCHOLOGICAL IS SIMULTANEOUSLY BIOLOGICAL.. LEVAY BELIEVES ITS MORE LIKELY THE BRAINS ANATOMY THAT INFLUENCE SEXUAL ORIENTATION, OTHER RESEARCHERS REPLICATED AND FOUND DIFFERENT PG(123) CLEARLY THE BRAIN IS A SEX ORGAN......... **GAY MEN'S HYPOTHALAMUS REACTS AS DO STRAIGHT WOMEN'S TO SMELL OF SEX RELATED HORMONES GENETIC INFLUENCES: -Family Studies: runs in families, often from mothers side. -Twin Studies-more likely by identical twins, but with female twins, sexual orientation differs, so other factors besides genes must play a role. -fruit flies studies:changed sexual orientation by altering one gene, and and caused a sexual attraction its possible that multiple genes, possibly interacting with others influence, shape human sexual orientation..... PRENATAL INFLUENCES: twins share the same prenatal environment-critical period for human brain development between 2ND and 5TH months of conception- fetus exposed to typical female hormone levels during this period may be attracted to males later in life. WHEN PREGO SHEEP WERE INJECTED W TESTOSTERONE DURING THIS SAME PERIOD THE OFFSPRING LATER SHOWED HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR. -altered prenatal hormones may lead & men w olders brothers
RATIO FIXED---EVER SO MANY RATIO VARIABLE-AFTER AN UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER INTERVAL FIXED-EVERY SO OFTEN INTERVAL-VARIABLE-UNPREDICTABLY OFTEN
SCHEDULE OF PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT TABLE 6.2 PRINCIBLES ARE UNIVERSAL
AN OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURE IN WHICH ENFORCERS GUIDE ACTIONS CLOSER AND CLOSER TOWARDS A DESIRED BEHAVIOR
SHAPING
WHICH THREE OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE FACTORS HAVE RESEARCHERS FOUND TO HAVE AN EFFECT ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION? --WEAK OR DISTANT FATHER --AN OVERPOWERING MOTHER --SIZE IN CERTAIN CLUSTERS IN HYPOTHALAMUS --PRENATAL HORMONE EXPOSURE --FOR MEN, HAVING MULTIPLE OLDER BROTHERS
SIZE IN CERTAIN CLUSTERS IN HYPOTHALAMUS PRENATAL HORMONE EXPOSURE FOR MEN, HAVING MULTIPLE OLDER BROTHERS
FOR HIS STUDIES ______________DEIGNED AN _____________CHAMBER, POPULARLY KNOWN AS A SKINNER BOX. THE BOX HAS A BAR OR BUTTONS THAT AN ANIMAL PRESSES OT PECKS TO RELEASE FOOD OR WATER REWARD. IT ALSO RECORDS THE RESPONSES. THIS STAGE ON WHICH RATES AND OTHER ANIMALS ACT OUT SKINNERS CONCEPT OF__________________ WHICH IS ANY EVENT THAT STRENGTHENS BEHAVIOR.
SKINNER OPERANT REINFORCEMENT
Sex is a ______ significant act, and people can orgasm alone, but people fine a much greater surge in the _________ ___________ satisfacton associated with sexual satisfaction and satiety---after intercourse an orgasm with their love one.
SOCIALLY PROLACTIN
GAY TRAIT DIFFERENCES
SPATIAL ABILITIES FINGERPRINT RIDGE COUNTS AUDITORY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT HANDEDNESS OCCUPATIONAL PREFERENCE FINGER LENGTHS GENDER NONCONFORMITY AGE OF ONSET PUBERTY BIRTH WEIGHT AND SIZE SLEEP LENGTH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION WALKING STYLE
THE REAPPEARANCE, AFTER A PAUSE, OF AN EXTINGUISHED CONDITIONED RESPONSE. (RE-RINGING OF THE BELL AND FOOD DELIVERY)
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY PAVLOV CONSIDERED IS SUPPRESSING RATHER THAN ELIMINATING
the way you feel also matters, ___________or concepts that helps you make sense of the world which you use to think about identity, about who you are. Your ________ _________ organizes experiences of male-female characteristics. These form early in life. "Gender Detective" ( knowing difference between male & female voice or face) Once they grab these 2 sorts of people they search for clues through language, clothes, toys books shows and games. Concepts of gender and rigid stereotypes peak at about age 5 or 6.
Schema gender schema
the theory that we learn acquire our gender identity and social behavior from childhood by observing and imitating and by being awarded or punished
Social learning Theory
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
TAKING AWAY A TEENS DRIVING PRIVILIGES; CANCEL A LIBRARY CARD FOR FAILURE TO PAY FINES
IF THE AROMA OF CAKE BAKING MAKES YOUR MOUTH WATER, WHAT IS THE US? THE CS? THE CR?
THE CAKE(AND ITS TASTE) ARE THE US THE ASSOCIATED AROMA IS THE CS SALIVATION TO THE AROMA IS THE CR
WHY IS PAVLOVS WORK IMPORTANT?
THE IMPORTANCE LICE FIRST IN THE FINDINGS: MANY OTHERS RESPONSES TO MANY STIMULI CAN BE CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED IN MANY OTHER CREATURES. ITS THE WAY THAT VIRTUALLY ALL ANIMALS LEARN TO ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT. SECOND, PAVLOV SHOWED IS HOW A PROCESS SUCH AS LEARNING CAN BE STUDIED OBJECTIVELY. THE SALIVARY RESPONSE IS A BEHAVIOR WE CAN MEASURE IN CU CENTI. OF SALIVA. -THIS WAS THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX BEHAVIORS.
NATURAL SELECTION
THE PRINCIPLE THAT, AMONG THE RANGE OF INHERITED TRAIT VARIATIONS, THOSE THAT LEAD TO INCREASED AND SURVIVAL WILL MOST LIKELY BE PASSED ON TO SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGISTS USE THIS TO COMPARE HOW MEN AND WOMEN DIFFER IN THE BEDROOM THAN IN THE BOARDROOM.
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGISTS
THE STUDY OF HOW OUR BEHAVIOR AND MIND HAVE CHANGED IN ADAPTIVE WAYS OVER TIME DUE TO NATURAL SELECTION
IN WATSONS AND RAYNERS EXPERIMENTS, " LITTLE ALBERT" LEARNED TO FEAR WHITE RAT AFTER REPEATEDLY EXPERIENCING LOUD NOISE AS THE RAT WAS PRESENT. IN THIS EXPERIMENT, WHAT WAS THE US? THE UR? THE NS? THE CS? THE CR?
THE US WAS THE LOUD NOISE, THE UR WAS THE FEAR RESPONSE THE NS WAS THE RAT BEFORE IT WAS PAIRED WITH NOISE THE CS WAS THE RAT AFTER PAIRING THE CR WAS THE FEAR OF THE RAT
HOW DO EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGISTS EXPLAIN GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SEXUALITY?
THEORIZE THAT WOMEN HAVE INHERITED THEIR ANCESTORS TENDENCIES TO BE MORE CAUTIOUS SEXUALLY, BECAUSE OF THE CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH INCUBATING AND NURTURING OFFSPRING, MEN HAVE INHERITED AN INCLINATION TO BE MORE CAUSAL ABOUT SEX, BECAUSE THEIR ACT OF FATHERING REQUIRES A SMALLER INVESTIMENT
FIGURE 6.6-THORNDIKES -LAW AND EFFECT CAT IN A PUZZLE BOX-
THORNDIKE USED A FISH REWARD TO ENTICE CATS TO IND THEIR WAY OUT OF A PUZZLE BOX THROUGH A SERIES OF MANEUVERS. THE CATS PERFORMANCE TENDED TO IMPROVE WITH SUCCESSIVE TRIALS ILLUSTRATING THORNDIKES LAWS OF EFFECT-STRENGTHENING
AN EXPERIMENT SOUNDS A TONE JUST BEFORE DELIVERING AN AIR PUFF TO YOUR BLINKING EYE, AFTER SEVERAL REPETITIONS, YOU BLINK TO THE TONE ALONE. WHAT IS THE NS? THE US? THE UR? THE CS? THE CR?
TONE BEFORE CONDITIONING US= AIR PUFF=UR TONE AFTER CONDITIONING=CS BLINKING TO TONE-CR
7 weeks after conception a single gene on the Y chromosome, the "Master Switch" triggers the testes to develop and produce the males hormone that promotes development of male sex organs called____________. Females also have ______________but less of it.
Testosterone- most important male sex hormone
Sex is not an actual need, yet sex and hunger share this:
The pleasure we take in eating is natures methods of getting our body nourishment. The desires and pleasures of sex are natures clever way of enabling our species survival. sex is part of life and is sexually transmitted.
FOR __________________________, comparisons with their cultures concept of gender produce feelings of confusion or discord. Gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their sex birth. May feel like a man in a woman's body, or a woman in a mans body. And some are ___________They prefer to to live as members of the other sex and may seek medical treatment for Sexual Reassignment Surgery to achieve their preferred gender identity ( 3 times as man men as women) (Transgender people may express their gender identity be dressing as a person of the other biological sex typically would, most who dress this way are are biological males attracted to women.)
Transgender Transsexual
in classical conditioning, an UNLEARNED, naturally occuring response (such as saliva salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus(US) (such as food in the mouth)
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
in classical conditioning a STIMULUS THAT CONDITIONALLY--NATURALLY AND AUTOMATICALLY-triggers a response (UR)
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
FIGURE 6.4: AN UNEXPECTED CS PSYCHOLOGIST MICHAEL TIRRELL "MY FIRST GIRLFRIEND LOVED ONIONS, SO I CAN TO ASSOCIATE ONION BREATH WITH KISSING BEFORE LONG, ONION BREATH SENT TINGLES UP AND DOWN MY SPINE OH WHAT A FEELING!!!
US---------------------->UR PASSIONATE KISS SEXUAL AROUSAL NS-------> +US------------->UR ONION PASSIONATE SEXUAL AROUSAL BREATH KISS CS-----------------> CR ONION SEXUAL AROUSAL BREATH
WHERE THERE IS _________-, ____________ AND ______________THERE WILL BE EVOLUTION
VARIATION, NATURAL SELECTION AND HEREDITY
Two researchers, gynecologist-obstetrician ________________________ & his college, _______________________________ made headlines by recording 382 females and 212 males volunteers who came to the lab to masterbate or have intercourse they were able to identify the 4 stage ___________________ ___________________ ___________.
William Master Virginina Johnson Sexual Response cycle
Female have __ chromosomes and males produce __ chromosomes and the ______ chromosome is the one that determines whether your making a girl____ or a boy ___.
X-found in men and women Y-found only in men XX-female YX-male
Men admit to more __________ than women do and they are more likely to be________ __________.
aggression physically aggressive minor acts physical aggression, such as slaps, are roughly equal, but extremely violent acts mostly committed by men 4-1:
Males and females are more
alike thank different but do differ in some areas 4-1:
relational aggresson
an act of aggression ( physical or verbal) intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing
aggression
any act intended to harm someone physically or mentally
teenage girls become less _______ and more flirtatious and boys appear more ______ and less expressive.
assertive expressive
gender differences in the way we interact with others began to appear ________________ and continue into _________
at a very young age adult years
men are "more likely" of childhood diagnosis of ______________, ______________, _____________ and as an adult is more at risk for _________________________.
autism spectrum disorder color blindness attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD antisocial personality disorder
Sex-related genes and psychology influence both __________________ and _____________gender differences between male and females
behavioral and cognitive
Male and female differences are?
body fat (women 70% more), muscle (40% less) height (5 inches shorter) age of onset of puberty (women 2 yrs sooner) life expectancy (women 5 yrs longer) onset of certain disorders 4-1:
Women and men, on average, are similarly _____________ and ______________ and feel the same ______________ and ______________
creative, intelligent emotions, longings
The way ______ defines everything that is shared by a groups and trasnmitted across generations
culture
men and women also lead differently. Men tend to be more ___________ and women tend to be more ____________. Men are more likely to offer an opinion while, women to express support.
directive democratic
women also.....
express emotions more freely, can detect faint odors and receive help offers more often 4-1:
For boys, the Puberty's landmark is the ________________ ____________ which often occurs during____________________ . This event is called________________ that usuall happens at the age of 14.. Men report mostly positive reactions
first ejaculation sleep spermarche
In girls, the first puberty landmark ins the ___________ _____________ ________________ which normally happens with a year of age 12 1/2. This is also known as _______________. Early menarche is more likely following stresses related to father absence, sexual abuse, insecure attachments, or history of mother smoking during pregnancy. In various countries, some are hitting puberty earlier and this suspected trigger includes increased body fat, -hormone-mimicking chemicals in diet, and great stress to family disruption.
first menstrual period menarche
Around the world people have perceived _________ in power.
gender differences 1. juries or companies 2. salaries 3. running for election, women have less success than power hungry males 4. political leader who help 80% of seats in worlds government parlimments
____________________our personal sense of being male or female.
gender identity
_________________ ___________________ istaking on the male or female role that varies from child to child
gender typing
repeated exposure to any stimulus, including erotic stimulus, our response lessons----we__________
habituate
gender gaps
in aggresson violent crime lead in hunting fighting warring supporting war ( more american men support the Iraq war)
men and women cherish social connections, and all have a need to BELONG, but males and females satisfy in different ways. Males need to be _____________________- and females tend to be more_______________________. This difference in ____________ ___________________surfaces in children s play. Boys tend to have larger groups and are active and competitive where girls usually play in small groups, often with one friend and compete less and imitate social relationships more.
independent interdependent social connectedness
when a fetus is exposed to unusual levels of sex hormones or is especially sensitive to those hormones the individual may develop biological sexual characteristics of both sexes called___________________________. These individuals may be born with combinations of male and female features. A genetic male, for example may have normal male hormones and testes but no penis or a very small one.
intersex
both men and women look for traits such as _______, ______, _______
kind, honest, intelligent
Women are more responsive to their over testosterone levels (even though is lower than men), is a woman's natural testosterone level drops as happens with the removal of_______________ or________________, her sexual interest many plummet, but theirs always testosterone replacement therapy to restore sexual desire, arousal and activity for both men and women.
ovaries adrenal glands
In 1918, "The generally accepted rule is _______ for a boy and ______ for a girl", declared the publication EARNSHAWS INFANTS DEPARTMENT in june 1918 The reason is that pink being more decided and stronger color is more suitable for a boy, while blue, is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for girls
pink blue The reason is that pink being more decided and stronger color is more suitable for a boy, while blue, is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for girls
gender
refers to the biological traits that socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male or female 4-1:
Harming others by passing along hurtful gossip, or by shutting someone out of a social group or situation is a behavior act called __________ and is more likely to be committed by ________
relational aggression women 4-1:
Our "opposite" sex is, in reality, our very similar ________.
sex
Before and after birth every wants to know the "boy or girl" The simple answer described your ______, your ________ _________, defined by your ___________ and ___________.
sex biological status chromosomes and anatomy
Among the forces driving sexual behavior are the _______________, and the main female sex hormones are the ______________ which contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
sex hormones estrogen's ( estradial)
R&R The inability to complete the sexual response cycle may be considered a ______________ Exhibitionism would be considered a _____________________________.
sexual dysfunction paraphilic disorder
___________ _____________ a problem that constantly impairs sexual arousal's or functioning, some involved sexual motivation and arousability.
sexual dysfunctions
Women arousal is more complicated
sexual experience MATTERS MORE than the gender -women heterosexual or lesbian will watch both men and women and women and women
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones own sex (homosexual orientation ) the other sex (heterosexual orientation ) or both sexes (bisexual orientation) is called_________ ___________________________.
sexual orientation more felt stronger by men than women, which explain why more women are report same sex contact than men BUT homosexuality EXCEEDS THE FEMALE RATE
FIGURE 4.2 HEIGHT DIFFERENCES Throughout childhood, kids are similiar in heigh, Girls enter puberty___________ ___________ and can propel them to greater HEIGHT than boys of the same age. But boys catch up when they begin puberty and by age _____ are usually taller than girls
slightly earlier 14
when coping, women often focus more on _________ ________________ than do men, and they are said too "_____________ _______ ________________".
social connections tend to befriend 4-1:
In most societies, men have more__________ and their leadership style tends to be more ___________ whereas women's is more_____________.
social power directive democratic 4-1:
Common problems with women:
sometimes pain may prevent them from completing intercourse -female orgasmic disorder-distress due to infrequently or never experiencing an orgasm 35,000 in a survey, about 4 in 10 reported a sexual problem, such as orgasm disorder or low desire. 1 in 8 from personal distress from emotional relationships w partner Therapy can help both men and women
Our similar biology helped our evolutionary ancestors face similar adaptive challenges to ________, __________ and _______ and so today we are in most ways alike.
survive, reproduce and avoid predators
men and women similar solutions when faces with challenges are?
sweating, cooling down, guzzling and energy drink or coffee to get up in the am or find sleep in a darkness and a quiet spot to sleep
In everyday behavior, Men tend to act as powerful people often do by?
talking assertively, interrupting, initiating touches and staring. AND thy smile and apologize less. (men's social power)
American teeens have a higher reported of ____________ _____________ What contributes to that?
teen pregnancy 1. minimal communication about birth control-many teenagers feel uncomfortable talking or asking about it 2. Passion overwhelming self control-when aroused, people perform poorly measures of impulse control, teens who delay activity,also delay contraceptives. sexual arousal reduces the use of contraceptives (72% sexually active 12 to-17 say they regretted having sex) 3. ALCOHOL USE-sexually active typically use alcohol, alcohol prior to sex are less likely to use protection. alcohol disarms normal restraints by depressing brain center that controls judgement, inhibition and self awareness. 4. MASS MEDIA NORMS UNPROTECTED SEX-SEXUALIZATION OF GIRLS, PLAY OUT OF VIDEOS AND ONLINE GAMES 86% characters we male with an online game, but female characters were much more likely to be hypersexualized than males, partially nude or revealing clothed with large breasts and tiny waists The more they are encouraged and see, the more they are likely to develop sexually permissive attitudes.
Men prefer to work with________ while women prefer to work with________
things (computers) (men more likely to declare interest in computer science) people
Our BIOLOGY may influence our gender differences in what 2 ways?
through our different sex chromosomes & physiologically through our differing concentration of sex hormones
women also have ______ the risk of developing depression and anxiety and _______ times the risk of developing an eating disorder
twice 10 times 4-1:
Thanks to our genetic makeup male and female
vocabulary, happiness and ability to see, hear, learn and remember similarity 4-1: