PSY Exam 2 (Chapter 9 and 10)

Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of

Animism

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is

Authoritatian

When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled

Authoritatian

Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the _____ pattern of parenting.

Authoritative

Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin.

Bullying

Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond

Centration

"Would you rather have toast or cereal for breakfast?" Lila's mother asks, allowing Lila to have a sense of control over her breakfast. From which culture is Lila least likely to be?

China

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing problem in emotional regulation?

Christopher, who lashes out uncontrollably

Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan's hot dog into five pieces and Erin's into six pieces. Jonathan protests, "Erin has more than me!" Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate?

Conservation

Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly's father. "How about this? Daddy would love it!" Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of

Egocentrism

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed

Emotional Regulation

When Rawah, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing

Empathy

After her haircut was complete, Tania began crying inconsolably. "You turned me into a boy!" she cried. Which obstacle to logic was Tania demonstrating?

Focus on Appearence

Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for 2 minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?

He is overimitating his mom.

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation

Ia Mostly Extrinsic

_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.

Internalizing problems

Evelyn dropped a tiny spot of ketchup on her pants during lunch. Even though her teacher was able to completely remove the spot, Evelyn is crying hysterically and says that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic of preoperational thought known as

Irreversibility

Jake's father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair he becomes very upset and tells his father to make the barber stop. In spite of his father's efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the characteristic known as

Irreversibility

What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior?

It is done to help another without any benefit for oneself

Brain scans of children solving theory-of-mind puzzles reveal that _____ depends upon maturation of the prefrontal cortex.

Mental Flexibility

According to Vygotsky, which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient?

Overimitation

According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a mentor who is likely a

Parent

The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is

Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children, whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is

Permissive

Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the _____ parenting style

Permissive

Rough-and-tumble play has been associated with the development of the _____ area of the brain since it helps children to regulate their emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies.

Prefrontal Cortex

Which type of aggression tends to be most characteristic of 2-year-old children?

Reactive

Three girls spread a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier. This is an example of _____ aggression

Relational

Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or grabbing, but is not intended to harm, is called _____ play

Rough and Tumble

Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing

Scaffolding

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing

Self Concept

Aaliyah lies in her bed at night, talking out loud. Her parents listen from the hallway and hear her talking about her day as if she's talking to another person. What should her parents conclude about Aaliyah's behavior?

She's engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal.

Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed

Theory of Mind

Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is

Theory-Theory

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to

Use Symbolic Thought

Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with Juan's father?

Vygotsky

Preoperational intelligence

allows children to think in symbols

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of

an externalizing problem

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to

demonstrate centration

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of

initiative

The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is

maturation of the prefrontal cortex

Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has

not mastered the concept of conservation

Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

parallel play

According to Vygotsky, the internal dialogue that people have with themselves either silently or aloud is referred to as

private speech

A child who is unable to read a picture book independently gets help from an adult to accomplish the task. This assistance will only be effective if the

skill is within the child's zone of proximal development

Tiara, Molly, and Maria are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

sociodramatic play

Children with a parent who does not have an optimal balance between emotional expression and emotional control may be likely to

struggle with emotional regulation

Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of

the zone of proximal development

A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, "Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!" Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester's

theory-theory

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected reward for drawing

were unlikely to draw independently at a later time