PSY Exam 3

Ideal targets for behavioral interventions are _____ behaviors that _____ under the client's control and performed with unacceptably high or low frequency, intensity, and duration.

undesirable or maladaptive; are under the client's voluntary control

Intelligence quotient is a term developed by _____ in 1938 to address problems with using the difference between chronological age and mental age to represent deviance.

William Stern

In both adults and children, evidence indicates that _____, in conjunction with cognitive-behavioral interventions, is associated with large and stable reductions in unwanted patterns of behavior.

habit reversal training

_____ is a behavior change technique that involves a series of steps including awareness training, stimulus control, and competing response practice.

habit reversal training

Although there is no universally accepted definition of intelligence, many definitions emphasize the ability to think abstractly, to adapt to the environment, and to _____.

have the ability to learn

Alfred Binet invented the first _____ test in 1905 and coined the term "mental age" to describe a person's mental performance.

intelligence

_____ is the extent to which items on the scale correlate with one another.

internal consistency

With _____ exposure, benign bodily sensations that trigger inappropriate fear are activated using exercises such as hyperventilation, breathing through a straw, and spinning in a swivel chair.

interoceptive

_____ exposure is used to help clients confront feared internal, physiological sensations such as a racing heart, rapid breathing, and dizziness.

interoceptive

Gardner's _____ intelligence refers to the ability to notice, appreciate, and make distinctions among other individuals in terms of feelings, beliefs, and intentions.

interpersonal

_____ is the level of agreement between different psychologists testing the same child.

interrater reliability

_____ reliability describes the level of agreement between two or more raters who have evaluated the same individual independently.

interrater reliability

Wechsler's deviation IQ differs from the ratio IQ scores in that _____.

it is a comparison of an individual's performance on an IQ test with those of their age peers rather than MA over CA

Which of these is an example of social trigger as described by a client? a. mostly when alone, but sometimes when someone isn't looking b. physical urge in mouth c. anywhere, often in bed d. sedentary

mostly when alone, but sometimes when someone isn't looking

Before a clinical psychologist can understand whether a client's behaviors are _____, it is important to know whether they are functioning at an intellectual ability commensurate with their _____.

typical or atypical; age or far older than their chronically age

_____ occurs when a desired behavior is reinforced by allowing the child or adolescent the privilege of engaging in a more attractive behavior once the target behavior is complete.

"Grandma's Rule"/premack principle

Approximately two-thirds of the population have an IQ between _____ and _____.

85 and 115

Which of these correctly captures the heritability of intelligence?

-Behavioral genetics has findings that support genetic factors play a role in intelligence -About 30%-80% of IQ is associated with genetic factors -Biological relatives reared together are more similar than those reared apart which shows heritability is not 100% -Even if heritability is 100%, IQ scores can change due ti "genetically determines" traits being controlled by environmental factors -Heritability is not stable across one's lifespan

Compared to Wechsler scales, Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition _____.

-Contains 10 different subtests -Arrnaged as an adaptive test (routing) -Measures 5 general cognitive abilities -Arranged by age levels -More School Oriented -Ratio IQ -Most widely used

Compared to Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition, Wechsler scales _____.

-Contains 11 subtests -Groups specific items into subtests -Performance and Verbal scale -3 Intelligence scales -Deviation IQ -Asses IQ up to higher scores

Which of these statements is true? 1. Systematic desensitization is a form of aversion therapy in which clients are directed to imagine themselves engaging in an undesired behavior and then are instructed to imagine extremely aversive events occurring once they have the undesired behavior clearly in mind .2. Confronting unwanted thoughts, doubts, and memories that provoke elevated fear, for example, by writing or talking about them, is known as imaginal exposure 3. A behavioral intervention in which clients are helped to refrain from performing compulsive rituals is known as systematic desensitization.

.2. Confronting unwanted thoughts, doubts, and memories that provoke elevated fear, for example, by writing or talking about them, is known as imaginal exposure

Internal consistency, the extent to which items on the scale correlate with one another,ranged from _____ to _____ for IQ scores on the SB-5.

0.90-0.92

Which of these statements is true? 1. Contingency management is any one of a variety of operant conditioning techniques that attempts to control a behavior by manipulating its consequences. 2. An exposure hierarchy is a list or "menu" of the feared situations, thoughts, body sensations, and other stimuli that will be confronted during exposure trials. 3. Exposure and response prevention is a series of actions to produce a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and psychological arousal.

1 and 2

Which of these is true? 1. Theory of multiple intelligences is a theory forwarded by Gardner that posits the existence of eight intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. 2. While there is no universally accepted definition of intelligence, many definitions of intelligence emphasize the ability to think abstractly, to adapt to the environment, and to acculturate. 3. Fluid ability refers to a person's genetically based intellectual capacity, culture-free mental skills.

1 and 3

Which of these statements is true? 1. Covert sensitization is a form of aversive conditioning in which clients are directed to imagine themselves engaging in an undesired behavior and then are instructed to imagine extremely aversive events occurring once they have the undesired behavior clearly in mind. 2. Adaptive therapy is a behavioral technique for increasing anxiety in which clients expose themselves to stimuli or situations that are feared or avoided. 3. Time-out is a contingency management technique in which a person is removed temporarily from the situation that is reinforcing the undesired behavior.

1 and 3

Which of these demographic differences in IQ scores have been established in research?

1. Asian Americans have a higher IQ than European Americans 2. European Americans have a higher IQ than Black and Latinx Americans

Which of these statements is true? 1. Progressive muscle relaxation is a series of actions to produce a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and physiological arousal. 2. Systematic desensitization is a contingency management technique in which a person is removed temporarily from the situation that is reinforcing the undesired behavior. 3. A behavioral intervention in which clients are helped to refrain from performing compulsive rituals is known as response prevention.

1. Progressive muscle relaxation is a series of actions to produce a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and physiological arousal. 3. A behavioral intervention in which clients are helped to refrain from performing compulsive rituals is known as response prevention.

Which of these statements is true? 1. The process of reducing or eliminating a conditioned fear response by weakening its association with the US is called fear contracting. 2. Exposure therapy is a behavioral intervention in which clients repeatedly confront the CS in the absence of the US. 3. Some habits become conditioned responses after being paired with the same stimuli repeatedly.

2. Exposure therapy is a behavioral intervention in which clients repeatedly confront the CS in the absence of the US. The MOST true

Which of these statements is NOT a guiding principle of behavioral treatment? 1. All behavior observed in the clinical setting is best understood in terms of basic learning principles of operate and classical conditioning 2. It is necessary to establish an underlying motive for maladaptive behaviors. These motives are the problem to fix. 3. It is typically not necessary to know how a problematic behavior was learned in the first place. The focus of treatment should be on the processes that maintain the behavior (e.g., reinforcement, classical conditioning). 4. Most maladaptive behavior encountered in the clinical setting can be modified and replaced with new, more adaptive, learned behavior through the appropriate application of learning principles. Behavioral treatment methods are precisely specified and tailored to the needs, strengths, and situations of each client

2. It is necessary to establish an underlying motive for maladaptive behaviors. These motives are the problem to fix.

According to Deary and colleagues (2010), heritability of intelligence does not appear to be stable across the life span; it ranges from about _____% in infancy, to _____% in young adulthood, to _____% in old age.

20%, 60%, 80%

Which of these statements is true? 1. Some habits become problematic behaviors after being paired with the same target behavior again and again. 2. Some clients have trouble expressing their wishes to others because they believe they aren't entitled to stand up for themselves and such unassertiveness is associated with psychosis, low self-worth, depression, and even anger .3. The first stage in habit reversal training is awareness training in which the client keeps a running log of each incident of the target behavior throughout the day.

3

Which of these statements is true? 1. The basis of sensate focus training is the universal right to express one's own thoughts, feelings, and needs — including the right to respectfully say "no" and refuse requests. 2. A staple of treatment for virtually all manner of difficulties related to sexual functioning is a behavioral technique called exposure therapy. 3. Deficits in the ability to communicate effectively, display appropriate manners, use good hygiene, show empathy and consideration for others, and tactfully express one's own needs and opinions are often the result of a failure to learn social skills.

3. Deficits in the ability to communicate effectively, display appropriate manners, use good hygiene, show empathy and consideration for others, and tactfully express one's own needs and opinions are often the result of a failure to learn social skills.

. Which of these is true? 1. The Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale is an "adaptive" test, which means that it begins with two "routing tests" designed to determine the starting point for each of the other subtests. 2. The overall goal of intelligence testing is to compare the performance of the person being tested with the performance of a representative sample of others at the same education level. 3. To maintain the standardization of administration to each client intelligence tests come with detailed manuals that contain specific instructions for how to instruct the test taker and administer and score test items.

3. To maintain the standardization of administration to each client intelligence tests come with detailed manuals that contain specific instructions for how to instruct the test taker and administer and score test items.

Which of these is a known limitation of IQ scores? a. It is limited to older age groups b. It cannot determine if a learning disability is present c. Unable to measure variable aspects such as emotional and social intelligence d. A and C

A and C

A client is completing awareness training logs, and the therapist is using the information to design strategies for reducing the influence of conditioned stimuli that trigger the target behavior. The client must be in the _____ stage of _____.

Awareness Training; habit reversal training

_____ is the first stage of _____ in which clients keep a running log of each incident of the target behavior throughout the day.

Awareness training; habit reversal training

You are explaining to a client the nature of a behavioral intervention, and you highlight one of the common criticisms of behavioral treatment. The client is experiencing social anxiety. Which of these statements do you say?

Behavioral interventions are skill-based treatment meaning a effort is required from you in order to see desired results

____ is a subtest from the WAIS-IV wherein items measure visual information processing and abstract reasoning skills.

Block design

The overall goal of intelligence testing is to compare the performance of the person being tested with the performance of a representative sample of others at the same _____.

CA-chronological age

Which of these is an example of an activity trigger as described by a client?

While sedentary (reading, watching TV, lying in bed)

Interpersonal is one of a family of eight intelligences described by _____. It refers to the ability to notice, appreciate, and make distinctions among other individuals in terms of feelings, beliefs, and intentions.

Gardner/theory of multiple intelligences

The _____ score is limited in its application to older age groups.

IQ

A college student is applying for jobs after graduation. They plan to include their IQ score, letters of reference, transcripts, and demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, race). Based on research, which is likely to be the best predictor of their job performance?

IQ scores

The intelligence quotient:

IQ=MA/CAx100

A fifth-grade student completed IQ testing after struggling in school. Their IQ score was 102. What can be interpreted from this result?

They fall within the mean range

Which is an example of an assertive response to someone standing in front of you at a concert such that you cannot see the show?

Please, I wish you would sit down I can't see when you're standing

Based on the desire to quantify how much intelligence the person has, practicing clinicians seem to think more in line with _____ or _____ and are less affected by the recent information-processing and multiple intelligence perspectives.

Spearman or Thurstone

The _____ is an "adaptive" test, which means that it begins with two "routing tests" designed to determine the starting point for each of the other subtests.

Stanford-Binet fifth edition (SB-5)

The _____ consist of making movement responses such as pointing and assembling or manipulating objects.

Stanford-Binet-5 Nonverbal subtests

Vocabulary, memory for words, the ability to identify things such as body parts and tools, objects, and number concepts are all part of _____.

Stanford-Binet-5 verbal subtests

_____ maintains that people function on the basis of three aspects of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual.

The theory of multiple forms of intelligence Steinberg's Theory

There exists a suite of three _____ scales covering various age groups across the life span.

Wechsler Intelligence

The full-scale IQ score on the _____ is derived from 7 of the 10 primary subtests: both Verbal Comprehension subtests, one Visual Spatial subtest, two Fluid Reasoning subtests, one Working Memory subtest, and one Processing Speed subtest.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V)

The _____ contains developmentally appropriate versions of many of the same subscales used in the WISC, but also includes several subscales designed specifically for younger children.

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

_____ is a treatment in which an undesired behavior is followed consistently by an unpleasant consequence, thus decreasing the strength of the behavior over time.

aversive conditioning

Behavioral treatment is _____, and it involves learning and practicing skills to reduce problematic behavior and increase _____ behavior.

active; more adaptive

Some clients have trouble expressing their wishes to others because they believe they aren't entitled to stand up for themselves and such unassertiveness is associated with _____, _____, depression, and anger.

anxiety, low self-worth

Research indicates that exposure-based treatment is _____ effective as/than psychotropic medication in the treatment of clinical anxiety (Foa et al., 2005).

as, if not more so

A client presents to psychotherapy with interpersonal difficulties, and they report that they have difficulty saying "no" in friendships and at work. What type of behavioral intervention may be most useful to the client?

assertiveness training

_____ is a method of using behavioral rehearsal and other techniques to train people to express their needs effectively without infringing on the rights of others.

assertiveness training

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of problem drinking is an example of _____.

aversive conditioning

Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for individuals diagnosed with which of these includes exposure as a central component? a. deficit in displaying appropriate behaviors b. compulsive disorder c. fear of public speaking d. PTSD

b, c, d any fear of: situations, objects, social/evaluate situations, environments

Which of these is NOT associated with intelligence scores? a. Intelligence scores are a predictor of school success and job performance b. intelligence scores are a predictor of personality c. IQ scores can be calculated from verbal and nonverbal scales d. IQ scores are more stable for adults than they are for children

b. intelligence scores are a predictor of personality

_____ and _____ are examples of behavioral interventions that parents can use with their children.

behavior modification/parent training; token economics

A client presents to psychotherapy with symptoms of depression. As the clinician, you hope to help the client engage in more enjoyable activities and have positive social encounters. Which approach are you using?

behavioral activation

_____ is a structured and short-term intervention that can be used on its own or as one piece of a multicomponent cognitive-behavioral program.

behavioral activation

_____ is a research specialty in which both genetic and environmental influences on a particular behavior are evaluated

behavioral genetics

A number of _____ are used to help clients reduce problematic habits such as excessive hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting, pornography use, shopping, smoking, alcohol or drug use, gambling, and excessive use of digital media/Internet.

behavioral interventions

_____ is a framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning or learning.

behavioral treatment

Which of these is an example of an emotional trigger as described by a client?

boredom, stress, tired

An important strength of behavioral interventions is the _____, meaning that many more people can access and benefit from intervention than was previously the case.

breadth of application

Most attempts to define intelligence fall into one of three classes. Which of these is NOT one of the three classes? a. definitions that emphasize adjustment or adaption to the environment b. definitions that focus on the ability to learn c. definitions that emphasize ability to assimilate in culture d. definitions that emphasize abstract thinking

c. definitions that emphasize ability to assimilate in culture

The laudable goal of intelligence assessment was to ensure that children with _____ were properly educated (Thorndike, 1997).

cognitive limitations

A client who engages in excessive gambling might instead spend his time socializing with friends who do not gamble. This is an example of _____.

competing response practice -HRT

High scores on the _____ form of intelligence, per Sternberg's definition, would be characteristic of someone who is a good test taker.

componential

_____ is the percentage of instances across all twin pairs in which both twins exhibit similar behaviors or characteristics.

concordance rates

Some habits become _____ after being paired with the same _____ again and again.

conditioned responses; stimuli

_____ form of intelligence, per Sternberg's definition, is seen in people who are practical, know how to "play the game," and can successfully manipulate the environment (i.e., those who are "street smart").

contextual

Research demonstrates that instructing guardians to implement _____ can be very effective in reducing problem behaviors in youth.

contingency management

_____ is one of a variety of operant conditioning techniques that attempts to control a behavior by manipulating its consequences.

contingency management

_____ is a technique in which the therapist and client draw up an agreement that specifies the behaviors that are desired and undesired as well as the consequences of engaging or failing to engage in these behaviors.

contracting

With _____, once the client has a clear mental image of the undesired target behavior (CS), they are instructed to vividly imagine extremely aversive events (US) with the aim of establishing discomfort as a CR.

covert sensitization

_____ is a form of aversion therapy in which clients are directed to imagine themselves engaging in an undesired behavior and then are instructed to imagine extremely aversive events occurring once they have the undesired behavior clearly in mind.

covert sensitization

With some addicts, syringes, friends, and locations that are present during drug use often become CS that can trigger CRs in the form of drug cravings. This associative link can be extinguished with repeated nonreinforced presentations of CSs so that they lose their capacity to produce the CR. This is known as _____ exposure.

cue

Intelligence tests also are commonly used within the subfield of _____ to learn how the effects of head trauma or other biological injuries may have broadly affected cognitive functioning.

general intelligence

Although intelligence test scores are influenced by _____ factors, _____ also plays a major role in the development and testing of intelligence.

genetic; environmental

____ is a concept introduced by Wechsler to address problems observed when applying the ratio IQ to older individuals.

deviation IQ

_____ means that the same IQ score has a similar meaning, even if two individuals are markedly different in age.

deviation IQ

_____ form of intelligence, per Sternberg's definition, relates to creative thinking and characterizes people who can take separate elements of experience and combine them insightfully.

experimental

_____ hierarchy is a list or "menu" of the feared situations, thoughts, body sensations, and other stimuli that will be confronted during exposure trials.

exposure

Psychologist Edna Foa is a pioneer in the field of _____ for obsessive-compulsive disorder and PTSD.

exposure therapy

A client comes to you for psychotherapy with a fear of heights. They are moving to New York City, and they have found an apartment online that is on the 40th floor of a building. They wish to being to "face their fear" with your help. What approach will you use?

exposure therapy (in vivo)

One rule of thumb of _____ is that each session is typically of _____ duration.

exposure therapy; long

_____ therapy is a behavioral technique for _____ anxiety in which clients expose themselves to stimuli or situations that are feared or avoided.

exposure; reducing

The process of reducing or eliminating a conditioned fear response by weakening its association with the unconditioned stimulus is called fear _____.

extinction

_____ is defined as the elimination of a response that comes about from the repeated and/or prolonged presentation of the provoking stimulus.

extinction

_____ refers to a person's genetically based intellectual capacity, culture-free mental skills.

fluid ability

The _____ general cognitive ability of the Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition refers to the ability to solve new problems.

fluid reasoning

Cattell partitioned intelligence into two components: _____ ability and _____ ability.

fluid; crystallized

Which of these is an important factor to characterize about the target behavior?

frequency severity/intensity duration

In the stages of behavioral interventions, which of these occurs DIRECTLY BEFORE implementation?

functional analysis and treatment planning

Intelligence is a _____ construct, which means it only exists in how we define and measure it.

hypothetical

Confronting oneself with unwanted thoughts, doubts, and memories that provoke elevated fear, for example, by writing or talking about them is defined as _____ exposure.

imaginal

In the stages of behavioral interventions, which of these occurs DIRECTLY AFTER functional analysis and treatment planning?

implementation

_____ exposure is direct confrontation with actual situations and objects, such as animals, social or evaluative situations, and environments.

in vivo

In _____, it is important for clients to attend to the feared stimulus and interact with it as much as possible.

in vivo exposure

Research indicates that behavioral interventions have _____ long-term effectiveness in the treatment of psychosis, severe depression, bipolar disorder, and some personality disorders.

little

Latinx and Black Americans in North America tend to obtain _____ IQ scores than do European Americans in North America.

lower

The term "_____" was used to describe a person's mental performance, based on the idea that certain abilities should have been mastered.

mental age

Which of these sibling pairs would be expected to have the MOST similar IQ scores? a. monozygotic twins b. older brother and younger sister c. dizygotic twins d. none of the above

monozygotic twins

The theory of _____ by Gardner posits the existence of eight intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.

multiple intelligences

In the stages of behavioral interventions, which of these occurs DIRECTLY AFTER implementation?

outcome assessment

A parent completes ratings of their child's behavior each week throughout a behavioral intervention as part of the process of _____ and to facilitate _____ if the intervention is not working.

outcome assessment; reformulation

Which of these is an example of a tactile trigger as described by a client?

physical urge felt in mouth the touch of something

The _____ principle is a contingency management technique in which a behavior is reinforced by allowing the individual to engage in a more attractive activity once the target behavior is completed.

premack

Thurstone (1938) proposed that intelligence was comprised of seven _____ abilities on the basis of his factor analytic work, including numerical facility, word fluency, and verbal comprehension.

primary

_____ is a series of actions to produce a state of lowered anxiety, stress, and _____arousal.

progressive muscle relaxation; physiological

Although there are obvious ethical considerations, the notion that when a behavior is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will diminish is known as _____.

punishment

The _____ general cognitive ability of the SB-5 involves solving numerical and word problems, as well as understanding fundamental number concepts.

quantitative reasoning

The stage of behavioral intervention that involves modifying the functional assessment and treatment plan based on results of the outcome assessment is known as _____.

reformulation

A behavioral intervention in which clients are helped to refrain from performing compulsive rituals is known as _____.

response prevention

There is a relationship between intelligence test scores and _____.

school success

In general, and cross-culturally, IQ relates substantially both to success in _____ and to _____ tests that measure what has been learned.

school; achievement

A staple of treatment for virtually all manner of difficulties related to sexual functioning is a behavioral technique called _____.

sensate focus

Many studies have indicated the efficacy of _____ for improving sexual functioning (e.g., Avery-Clark et al., 2019).

sensate focus

____ is a technique to improve sexual functioning that is practiced when the couple can be relaxed and uninterrupted for an hour.

sensate focus

_____ involves a series of structured touching and discovery exercises that a couple performs together to extinguish performance-related anxiety, enhance communication, and learn about one's own and their partner's sexual response.

sensate focus

In the technique called _____, a desired behavior is developed by reinforcing any behaviors that approximate the desired behavior.

shaping

Deficits in the ability to communicate effectively, display appropriate manners, use good hygiene, show empathy and consideration for others, and tactfully express one's own needs and opinions are often the result of a failure to learn _____ skills.

social

Getting people's attention with subtle verbal and nonverbal cues, rather than tapping them, is something that might be taught in _____.

social skills training

Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence factor (g) and later proposed _____of intelligence which vary from person to person and explain why different people are more or less proficient in different sorts of intellectual tasks.

specific factors

To maintain the _____ of administration to each client, intelligence tests come with detailed manuals that contain specific instructions for how to instruct the test taker and how to administer and score test items.

standardization

During the behavioral assessment, a psychologist defines and characterizes the _____ by how often it occurs (its frequency), its severity (or intensity), and how long each instance lasts (its duration).

target behavior

The stage of behavioral intervention that involves defining the target problem and collecting data to measure its frequency, intensity, and duration before any treatment is implemented is called _____.

target definition and baseline assessment

Deviating from the standard procedure can influence how a client appears relative to _____.

the standardization sample

The majority of individual and meta-analytic studies that compare behavioral or cognitive-behavioral approaches to other psychological treatments have found that _____ (Tolin, 2010).

there is a small but consistent superiority for behavioral and cognitive behavioral methods

_____ is a contingency management technique in which a person is removed temporarily from the situation that is reinforcing the undesired behavior.

time-out

Parents are trying to toilet train their child by giving them a marble every time that they use the bathroom as instructed. Once they obtain a full jar of marbles, they get a reward. This is an example of a(n) _____.

token economics

The _____ index of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children measures the child's ability to reason through reading or speaking.

verbal comprehension

The _____ general cognitive ability of the SB-5 involves seeing relationships among objects, recognizing spatial orientation, and conducting pattern analysis.

visual-spatial processing

Which of these is an example of a location trigger as described by a client?

while laying in bed