PSY Exam 3 study questions

A person who grew up in American culture has likely developed a redemptive narrative. Which of the examples best represents this concept?

Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married.

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are the most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase

Carl is interested in redecorating his living room and decides to refinish his coffee table in a way that is new and unique to him. What type of creativity is this?

Little-C creativity

Why does living in another country promote creativity?

Living Ibn another country offers individuals the experience of doing daily activities differently

_________ studies are useful to developmental researchers interested in aging as they are not as confounded with cohort, time of study, or historical effects as are other methods.

Longitudinal

Your friend is a composer who wants to write music that will be widely recognized as creative. She plans to do this by dropping out of college to travel the world and experience different cultures. Based on what you have learned, what should you tell your friend?

Multicultural experiences can promote creativity but training is important, too. Maybe you should take time off of college and then come back rather than dropping out.

A person who shows interest in new ideas and activities would score high in _____________?

Openness to experience

What resolution have developmental psychologists come to when it comes to the nature vs. nurture debate?

Our biological endowment, along with our social and physical environments, interact to determine developmental outcomes.

Which of the following is the BEST description of a person's sense of self?

Reflexive: People reflect on their own identities

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions?

Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

Which of the following is an example of how people in conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?

While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.

What is the definition of self-esteem?

a person's sense of feeling worthy or good

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that he is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called:

audience design

Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as?

authoritarian

While humans try to make rational and logical decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us. This limitation is called:

bounded rationality

Patty has several friends who look, act, and think in ways similar to her. This similarity is known as ________.

homophily

Development of a mature identity involves an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person's life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time. This is also known as ___________.

narrative identity

Recall tasks are easier for young adults compared to older adults. One explanation points to the fact that our ability to simultaneously store and use information becomes less efficient as we age. This is also known as our _________________.

working memory

An aspiring inventor designs a suit of clothing that protects the wearer completely from sun exposure by covering every part of their body, including the eyes and hands, in lightweight, fabric. Why would this invention not be considered creative?

.....

What do experiments testing the effects of novel environments and activities on creativity find?

.....

Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:

......

Dyanna is starting to develop more a purposeful and goal-directed approach to set the stage for her motivated self to grow. What age range is Dyanna likely in?

5-7 years old

In general, Ann's mother expects her to be home by 9pm. However, she permitted an exception to this rule when Ann requested permission to come home late in order to see her friend off to the airport. What style of parenting does Ann's mother possess?

Authoritative

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

Common ground

Multiple choice questions (such as the one you are reading right now) test ____________ thinking.

Convergent

What type of cognitive ability is tested by the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

Convergent Thinking

Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?

IQ tests have become progressively easier over time

Before reaching identity achievement, adolescents will most likely need to go through which developmental stage?

Identity moratorium

With regard to the hypothesis of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, which of the following is the most accurate statement?

Language influences but does not determine how we think.

As people age there are changes in cognitive function, personality, social relationships, and other areas. ____________ use life milestones, membership in cohorts, and exposure to historical events to understand aging.

Life course theories

The ________ of attachment refers to an infant's confidence that a caregiver will respond in times of need.

Security

Cory's dad hides his keys under her blanket. Cory quickly retrieves and starts playing with them. What Piagetian stage has Cory mastered?

Sensorimotor

According to __________, the ego is the part of personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with the competing demands of inner desires and moral standards.

Sigmund Freud

_____________ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children's development.

Sociocultural theory

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?

Stereotype threat

Although older adults experience cognitive decline, they perform just as well as younger adults on tasks that require expert knowledge because:

Their life experience compensates for slower processing speeds

Randy has a box of Smarties candies. Randy leaves the room, and while he is away, Michelle plays a trick on him. She removes the Smarties and replaces them with rocks. Their son, Zeven, notices this, and starts laughing knowing that his Dad, Randy, will be tricked! Zeven has mastered:

Theory of mind

Young children are always observing the actions of people around them. If a child observes a mistake, but understands the intent of the action the child has developed:

Theory of mind

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

They have a theory of mind

You are applying to be on a reality television show that drops you and a partner on an island and sees how long you can survive using only what you can find on the island. Which of the following tests should you use to choose a partner who will be able to help you use the resources available on the island as fully and effectively as possible?

Unusual Uses Task

The Strange Situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that:

Uses infants' reactions to strange or odd looking persons

__________ is the idea that an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure and can predict future performance or behaviors.

Validity

_________________ are used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him- or herself from others.

autobiographical narratives

The spread of problem behaviors within groups of adolescents is known as ________.

deviant peer contagion

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what?

effortful control

Some researchers say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.

emotional intelligence

Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?

expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?

formal operational

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence.

growth

__________ refers to inter-individual and subgroup differences in level and rate of change over time.

heterogeneity

What cognitive strategy helps us to simplify decision making using mental short-cuts?

heuristics

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by:

how children reason, with fundamental changes in thinking occurring in each stage

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ in regulating the social world.

in-groups and outgroups

Howard Gardner proposed that:

intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other.

What is one intrapersonal factor that affects adolescents' academic achievement?

intrinsic motivation

When it comes to making rational decisions humans tend to rely heavily on:

intuition

According to Fussell and Krauss (1992), speakers tend to use more descriptive information when speaking about ________.

lesser known of lesser identifiable people

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at a new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minutes of recess time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is:

lower than Ray's

Marco has always struggled in math. Now that he is an adolescent, he is able to determine when he needs extra help understanding a new concept. This thinking about his thinking is known as __________.

metacognition

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:

priming

What is the term for parents' manipulation of adolescents' emotional and cognitive world?

psychological control

Risky behavior may be due, in part, to an underdeveloped part of the adolescent brain that controls ________.

self regulation

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization.

self-esteem

When a person positively values the outcomes of others, giving them more than necessary from a desire to be fair the person is operating under the bounds of:

self-interest

System 1 is our intuitive system. Which of the following does NOT describe the typical characteristics of this system?

slow

In elementary school, Caroline mostly played with one or two girls at a time. Now that she's in high school, her friendship circle has gotten larger and includes boys. This is an example of what kind of change?

social

Chase is a baby with a slow-to-warm-up temperament. When his parents take him to a new environment (e.g. a new friend's house), they let him have time to adjust and don't force him to interact too quickly. This match between Chase's temperament and his environment is called __________.

social referencing

Jane is just learning to ride a tricycle, while riding on the sidewalk the surface changes from smooth concrete to bumpy brick. Jane is unsure if she should continue and looks at her mother who is smiling and urging her forward. This is an example of:

social referencing

Traits and social roles attributed to an actor is known as:

social reputation

Instead of socializing with large groups of acquaintances, Nancy spends her time with a few people with whom she is emotionally close. Choosing to keep a smaller social circle is in line with the:

socioemotional selectivity theory

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the notion that the language a person speaks or the linguistic practice can:

strongly influence the thoughts they can have

"Age is just a number" and "You are only as old as you feel!" are two common clichés that demonstrate the concept of __________ age.

subjective

The grammatical rules that dictate the proper method for combining words and expressions together for the purpose of communication is called ________.

syntax

Wechsler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:

test nonverbal abilities such as the ability to copy block designs

Johnny and his family are watching TV. One of Johnny's favorite shows comes on so he gets up and sits in front of the TV to be closer to the screen, not realizing he is blocking the screen for the rest of his family. From this example, what is Johnny most likely still developing?

theory of mind

There is a normal decline in older adults that occurs in their performance on tasks which require them to use:

Fluid Intelligence

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate?

Framing effect

Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept?

Gender Schemas

While gossip can hurt individuals, it has upsides. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world?

Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances.

Research finds that the USA has organ donation consent rates of about 4.25 to 44%. In some other countries, that rate is as high as 99% or above. According to the text, what would increase organ donation consent rates in the USA?

changing to an "opt out" system in the USA

During adolescence, people undergo physical, social, and ________ change.

cognitive

If a boy believed that the only variable that affected the distance a ball traveled when thrown was the force with which it was thrown and then conducted a biased "experiment" that proved his assumption which developmental phenomenon according to Piaget is involved?

concrete operations

System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________.

conscious thinking; slow

During the preoperational stage, children struggle with ________ problems as they focus on one dimension and ignore changes in other dimensions. For example, laying out five candies close together versus spread out will likely lead a 2- to 7-year-old to state that the second layout has more candy (even though the actual number of candies is the same).

conservation

Peer groups that share reputations or images are referred to as what?

crowds

Gary is not fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly 100% on the test. While Gary's old age may influence his reaction time, his _______ intelligence is fully intact due to his large amount of life experience and knowledge.

crystalized

Contemporary research on the self as an autobiographical author has found a strong effect of __________ on one's narrative identity.

culture

What do information processing theories focus on?

describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time

Playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. Understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what?

numerical magnitudes

What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?

originality, usefulness, surprise