PSY Exam 4

the big 5

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called

DSM-IV-TR.

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

a dissociative disorder

A sudden loss of memory is a symptom of

altruism

A young man risked his own life to save the life of his dog who was drowning in a highly dangerous river. His actions best illustrate

self-actualization

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate

self-transcendence

According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for

deindividuation

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

social-cognitive perspective

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a

a biopsychosocial approach

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

learning

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

social facilitation

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

ADHD

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

resistance

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

a mood disorder

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

the scapegoat theory

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

unconscious wishes

Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of

harmony

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

projective

Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test

psychotherapy

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as

operant conditioning

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

no others were pulling with them

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

in-group bias

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

antisocial personality disorder

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

the fundamental attribution error

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

mania

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

delusions

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

schizophrenia

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from

cognitive-behavior therapy

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

agreeableness

One of the Big Five personality factors is

schizophrenia

Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for

learning

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

ECT

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with

cognitive dissonance theory

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

reciprocal determinism

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates

20

Symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about

panic disorder

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

exposure therapy

Systematic desensitization is a form of

cognitive therapy

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers

The fundamental attribution error involves

underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.

generalized anxiety disorder

unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate

psychoanalytic

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

reciprocal determinism

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

the trait perspective

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of

systematic desensitization

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

aversive conditioning

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

the spotlight effect

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

group polarization

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

just-world phenomenon

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of

factor analysis

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait

free association

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

Sigmund Freud

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

Rogers

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in

interpreting the meaning of clients' resistance to therapeutic procedures