PSY Exam 4
multiple intelligences theory
Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
self-efficacy
One's belief in his or her own ability to obtain a goal -doesn't refer to your abilities but how strongly you can use your abilitites
components of emotion
Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences
Imagine you find a venomous snake crawling up your leg just after taking a drug that prevented sympathetic nervous system activation. What would the James-Lange theory predict about your experience?
The James-Lange theory would predict that I would not feel fear because I haven't had the physiological arousal necessary to induce that emotional state.
body language
The expression of thoughts, feelings, and emotions through body movements, such as facial expressions, gestures, and body motions
projective testing
a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. -relies on frauds defense mechanisms examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks test, the TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story), and the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB).
benefits of high self efficacy
academic achievement healthy behaviors athletic achievements self regulation
crystallized intelligence
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it ex: used in classes when you retrieve knowledge learned for an exam
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
when you are examing data to look for trends, what type of intelligence are you using most?
analytical
what are learning disabilitites?
cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly reading or language
self-regulation
complex process through which we control our thoughts, emotions, and actions
which of the following is not one of gardners multiple intelligences? a) creative b) spatial c) linguistic d) musical
creative
independent vs interdependent models of self
independent model of self teaches people to express themselves and try to influence others (i.e., change their environments to be consistent with their own beliefs and desires). -an interdependent model of self teaches people to suppress their own beliefs and desires and adjust to others' (i.e., fit in with their environment)
examples of learning disabilities
dyslexia and dysgraphia dyslexia- most common learning disability in children; inability to correctly process letters dysgraphia- struggle to write legibly, this difficulty is inconsistent with their IQ
range of reaction
each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience. In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation that is labeled as fear given the context, and our experience is that of fear.
facial feedback hypothesis
facial movement can influence emotional experience ex: smiling can make you feel happier
crystallized intelligence vs fluid intelligence
fluid intelligence helps you tackle complex, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you overcome concrete, straightforward problems
where does high intelligence come from?
genetics and environment
Arthur Jenson believed that ____
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Norming
giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups
7 universal emotions
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fright, disgust, anger
basolateral complex of the amygdala
has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory
Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.
hippocampus
cultural intelligence
how well you relate to the values of that culture
imaginal performance
imaging yourself doing well actually will make you do well ex: imaging doing well on an interview and you will-effective way to increase self-efficacy
polygraph
lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions
creative intelligence
marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation ex: finding a novel solution to a problem or creating a beautiful work of art ex: on camping trip, you forget your coffee heater, person in group who finds a solution to this has a high creative intelligence
which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions? a) contempt b) disgust c) melancholy d) anger
melancholy
the flynn effect
named after James Flynn, refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last -however, this doesn't necessarily mean that younger generations are more intelligent per se
limbic system
neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. -involved in mediating emotional response and memory
cultural display rule
one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable ex: in the US we express negative emotions like fear or anger openly, whereas in Japan they only express these emotions when alone
divergent thinking
ones ability to "think outside the box" allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem
what "feeling" did zajonc believe in?
our gut feeling
a personality assesment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires _____.
projective test
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths, using images and storytelling that relate to minority culture -standing for "Tell Me a Story" but also a play on the Spanish word temas (themes)—uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles -3 types: the school form, the college form, the adult form -tests included 40 incomplete sentences that ppl aqre asked to complete as quickly as possible
mood
refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience
thalamus role in emotion
serves as a sensory relay center whose neurons project to both the amygdala and the higher cortical regions for further processing
collective eficacy
shared beliefs among members of a group about the groups perceived ability to perform tasks needed to attain a valued goal
which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
sternberg
emotion
subjective state of being often described as feelings -occurs in response to something we experience
affective state
temporary positive or negative feelings that influence and are influenced by exercise behavior
what did arthur jenson propose?
that intelligence is made up of 2 types of abilities: level 1 and level 2. level 1- rote memorization; consistent among race level 2- conceptual and analytical abilities; differs based on ethnic groups (order he proposed: asians, then caucasians, then african americans)
what did Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan demonstrate using rats?
that negative early life experiences could alter the function of the amygdala and result in adolescent patterns of behavior that mimic human mood disorders
what is the most widely used personality inventories?
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) -MMPI is 1943-504 questions -used for occupational screening
convergent thinking
the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem
fluid intelligence
the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems ex: ability to navigate your way home after being detoured due to constuction
role of hippocampus with emotion
the hippocampus integrates emotional experience with cognition
standardization
the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
different models of self
the way we perceive ourselves is different across cultures ex: in the 20 sentences test "I am ____" americans answered psychologically (cheerful, happy) and Japanese participants answered with social roles (daughter, student, etc)
James-Lange theory of emotion
theory proposing that emotions arise from physiological arousal -different arousal patterns are related to different feelings ex: fear when you see a snake
who do scientist typically use to test the nature vs nurture debate/intelligence heritability?
twins
2 camps social scientists fell into in the 1950s and 1960s
universalist camp: claimed that, despite cultural differences in customs and traditions, at a fundamental level all humans feel similarly social constructivist camp: despite a common evolutionary heritage, different groups of humans evolved to adapt to their distinctive environments & feel differently
emotional coherence
when we feel emotion, there are corresponding behaviors that travel with it
influences of self-efficacy
young children- from your parents age 12-16- from your friends
what is a learning disability? a) developmental disorder b) neurological disorder c) emotional disorder d) intellectual disorder
b) neurological disorder
fluid intelligence is characterized by:
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
emotional coherence=
better social communication
what limits projective tests usefulness
bias
practical intelligence
"street smarts" (Sternberg) -find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences
emotional intelligence
(Howard Gardner) the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
MMP1-2
-MMPI-2: 1989 consists of 567 questions -takes 1-2 hours to complete. Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance (social deviance), masculinity versus femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. There is also a scale to ascertain risk factors for alcohol abuse
what is average IQ level?
100
the amygdalas primary role in fear
A fear stimulus is processed by the brain through one of two paths: from the thalamus (where it is perceived) directly to the amygdala or from the thalamus through the cortex and then to the amygdala. The first path is quick, while the second enables more processing about details of the stimulus
which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?
James-Lange theory
cognitive-meditational theory
Emotions arise from our brain's automatic appraisal of an event as harmless or dangerous. All other components of emotion, including physiological arousal, follow the initial cognitive appraisal
one of the first scientific studies to address the universalist-social constructivist debate:
FACS: Facial Action Coding System system devised to measure peoples facial muscle activity -Paul Ekman, Wallace Friesen
how is the hiccocampus related to anxiety/mood disorder
Individuals suffering from (PTSD) show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the hippocampus, which may result from decreased levels of neurogenesis and dendritic branching
what is IQ?
Intelligence quotient -describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
Examples of the various theories of emotion
James-Lang: arousal (snake) ---heart pounding, sweating---fear (emotion) Cannon-bard: arousal (snake) ------heart pounding, sweating & fear (emotion) Schacter-Singer Two-Factor theory: arousal (snake)---heart pounding, cognitive label "Im scared" ----fear (emotion) Lazarus' Cognitive-Meditational theory: arousal (snake) ----appraisal ---fear/heart pounding, sweating
According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.
James-Lange
which personality test employs a series of true/false questions?
Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having 3 parts: analytic, creative and practical dimensions
Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)
Robert Williams developed the first culturally specific projective test designed to reflect the everyday life experiences of African Americans
Self-esteem vs. self-efficacy
Self-esteem refers to self-respect/self-worth, whereas self-efficacy refers to one's belief about whether he or she can successfully execute a specific behavior.
hypothalumus role in emotion
The hypothalamus plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.
Why can we not make causal claims regarding the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and PTSD?
The research that exists is correlational in nature. It could be the case that reduced hippocampal volume predisposes people to develop PTSD or the decreased volume could result from PTSD. Causal claims can only be made when performing an experiment.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes -A person taking the TAT is shown 8-12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals. The storytelling format helps to lower a person's resistance divulging unconscious personal details -created in the 1930's by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan
which of the following is not a projective test? a) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory b) rorschach inkblot test c) thematic apperception test (TAT) d) rotter incomplete sentence blank
a) minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
analytical intelligence
ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast -closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations ex: solving a math problem, knowing what steps to take
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
Which of the following statements is true? a) Poverty always affects whether individuals are able to reach their full intellectual potential. b) An individual's intelligence is determined solely by the intelligence levels of his siblings. c) The environment in which an individual is raised is the strongest predictor of her future intelligence d) There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.
d) there are many factors working together to influence an individuals intelligence level
what was the larry P v riles case?
parents of African American students filed a case against the State of California in 1979, because they believed that the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using white children (Larry P. v. Riles). The testing method used by the state disproportionately identified African American children as mentally retarded. This resulted in many students being incorrectly classified as "mentally retarded."
what are the major influences of self efficacy?
performance experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, imaginal performances, affective states & physical sensations
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994). So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur.
3 components of emotional response
physiology (heart beat), subjective experience (feeling happy or sad), and facial expressive behavior (smiling, frowning)
central nucleus of the amygdala
plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity
