Psy final

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Conditioning is a form of______learning in which a behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the enviroment

associative

A factory pays its employees on Wednesdays, and on Thursdays employee productivity seems to be a little slow. The productivity gradually increases over the week and reaches its peak on Wednesday. This is an example of which of the following types of schedules?

Fixed-interval schedule

For every 10 cars Gus sells, he gets a bonus. Gus's sales are being reinforced according to a ____________.

Fixed-ratio schedule

Which of the following is true of sublimation?

Freud believed that most creative achievements are motivated by sublimated impulses, usually sexually or agressive

what is an essential characteristic of learning

Learning involves acquiring new knowledge, skills, values, or behaviors.

Which of these statements is most likely to be made by psychologist B.F. Skinner?

People are more likely to repeat a behavior that has been rewarded

Which of the following is true about prejudice

Prejudicial thinking often stems from stereotypes rather than from careful observation of people's behavior.

Which of the following studies has employed backward conditioning

Presenting a flashing light after an electric shock is administered to a rat's tail

In which of the following methods of personality assessment are participants provided an ambiguous stimulus and asked to interpret it or tell a story abt what they see

Projective test

Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding marta, who is fluent in spanish and english

She most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language

Learning occurs when info moves from

Short to long term memory

The biological constraint model of learning suggests that

Some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

One advantage of the interview method of personality assessment is the

ability to pose open ended questions

According to Kosinski and colleagues research, liking Nicki minaj puts a person in the 92nd percentile on what trait

agreeableness

In the 1950's John Garcia and his colleagues wondered whether the rats had devoloped a taste aversion for the food and water they had consumed while they recieved radiation. Which of the following statements is true as per this research conducted by John Garcia

an organism cannont be conditioned to respond to just any neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following terms refers to an enviromental input that always produces the same unlearned response?

Unconditioned stimulus

Megan flunked a test. Her mother, Hilda, thinks this happened because Megan is too lazy to study. In this scenario, Hilda's belief is an example of ______ a. out-group homogeneity b. normative social influence c. a dispositional attribution d. a self-serving bias

a dispositional attribution

How did Alfred Adler counter argue Sigmund Freud's concept of psychological defense mechanisms?

Adler assumed that humans naturally work toward overcoming their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies both physical and psychological

Which of the following is an example of situational attribution

Alexia attributes her friends pitiable performance in the music concert to the poor sound system

An______ is the process by which two pieces of info from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds

association

How do psychologists define learning

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

one of the advantages that group living offers to human evolution is

ensured safety and cooperation

The_______method of personality questionnaires involves using reason or theory to come up with a question

face valid

Behnam is always friendly with everyone at school. However, when he is at home or anywhere else he is mostly grumpy and irritable. Behnam may not be labeled as a friendly person because

his friendly disposition is not consistent across situations

Freud developed the notion that the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. On the basis of this notion, the ________ is the seat of impulse and desire and is usually developed in infancy.

id

which of the following is the best explanation of social facilitation?

individuals perform a task better with others around

An argument can be made that habituation is not a form of learning bc:

it can disappear immediately when theres a slight change in stimulus

The learning that occurs in the absense of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called

latent learning

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.

negative punishment

Harry, a professional athlete, listens to his fitness instructor and follows all his instructions carefully without fail. Harry's behavior is an example of ______ a. obedience. b. abstraction. c. ignorance. d. discrimination.

obedience

Substance use and abuse can be learned through

operant conditioning

Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________.

positive reinforcement

Efren is not thinking about his girlfriend at this very moment. However, someone asks him to describe her, and without much thought, he describes her eyes, hair, and smile. Thus, according to Freud's three levels of consciousness, this information about his girlfriend is likely to be stored in the ______ layer of Efren's consciousness.

preconscious

According to graham, which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for impulsive control and is often functionally impaired in aggressive and violent ppl?

prefrontal cortex

In the contex of verbal represenations of one's thoughts and perceptions, the best fitting example of a category is known as a(n)

prototype

___________refers to the process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence

reasoning

Which of the following statements is true about the impact of hormonal changes on aggression

research shows that low levels of serotonin make aggression more likely in humans and animals

_____are ways of knowing that affect how one views ones social world

schemas

Abraham Maslow's concepts of______ refers to ppls inherent drive to realize their full potential

self actualization

The reinforcement of successive approximation of a desired behavior is called

shaping

tom and his teammate are given the task of working on an important presentation. tom does not contribute much because he is sure that his teammates can handle the presentation by themselves. this is an example of ______ a. social loafing b. a self-serving bias c. reciprocal altruism d. cognitive dissonance

social loafing

a simple association forms between two events when

two events occur together

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

when two events are associated, the occurence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur

Behavioral or personality raters are deemed "reliable" if their ratings compare well with established norms or expert ratings, usually with a correlation of ______.

0.80 or higher

which of the following best describes habituation

A change in response that stems from experience

Bima a high behavioral threshold for anger. Based on this statement which of the following is most likely true about Bima

Bima has a quick temper

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical involves learning over time, while operant is instant learning

According to Carl Jung,__________consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives

Collective conscious

In pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. Afyer several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n)

Conditioned stimulus

Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing?

Condtioned taste aversion

__________as a defense mechanism occurs when an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse is turned into its opposite.

Reaction formation

Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. A. behaviors B. habits C. stimuli D. reflexes

Reflexes

With regard to personality assessment methods, supporters of the _________test claim that responses from the assessment can help them diagnose various psychological disorders, such as depression, suicidal thoughts, ptsd, or anxiety disorders.

Rorschach inkblot

Which of the following is true of mental representations

They are not abt things one is currently sensing

Which of the following statements is true of concepts?

They help us organize our perception of the world

Karen Horney defined ____________ as a feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile.

basic anxiety

According to Karen Horney, which of the following is true of basic anxiety

basic anxiety in itself is not neurotic

spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n)

conditioned response that has been extinguished suddenly reappears

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? Self-serving bias Causal inference Confirmation bias Irrational exception

confirmation bias

With regard to personality dimensions,________can be defined as anything done by an employee that is intentionally negative for his or her organization

counterproductive work behaviors

If agreeing or disagreeing with the statement "I become violent when I am angry" distinguishes a hostile person from a nonhostile person, this statement would be used in the ____________ method of personality assessment.

empirical

if a conditioned response occurs only to the exact conditioned stimulus to which it was conditioned. It is known as

stimulus discrimination

_____is a sensory process in which the muscles of the iris contract in response to low illumination levels

stimulus generalization

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the human mind has three distinct "provinces," or regions, that involve control and regulation of impulses. Which of the following provinces refers to the part of the self that monitors and controls behavior?

superego

Thorndike's law of effect states that

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Which of the following best describes mental rotation

the process of imagining an object rotating in three dimensional space