Psy final exam

Ben and Leslie have been married for 5 years. Their sexual relationship is still active and exciting, but, similar to findings related to gender differences in sexual arousal, they have learned that Ben is stimulated more by _______ and Leslie is stimulated more by ___________.

"physically" erotic images; erotic materials with a storyline

How long does a person typically have to experience pain to be diagnosed with chronic pain syndrome?

3-6 months

What percentage of teen social media users report observing cyberbullying online?

95%

Which of the following is an example of a sociocultural influence on sexual behavior?

All of the above; Media, religion, and social norms

What is a common test of hypnosis susceptibility?

Arm movement suggestibility test

During the period of time from 1999 to 2014, what was the relationship between opioid prescriptions and opioid overdose deaths?

Both prescriptions of opioids and opioid deaths increased dramatically.

What have some therapists done to circumvent the need to be licensed in multiple states for online therapy?

Changed their job title to something such as "life coach"

What is the hallmark symptom of bipolar disorder in children?

Chronic and severe irritability

_________________ cultures tend to have the _____________ rates of cyberbullying.

Collectivistic; lowest

Ceresei, Daenerys, and Jorah agreed to participate in a study of concentration and attention. Ceresei had her phone turned on but in her purse, Daenerys left her phone in her office to charge, and Jorah turned his phone off and placed it face down on the table. Who is likely to perform the best on the concentration and attention task?

Daenerys

What is one of the ethical concerns regarding the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder in children?

Doctors are prescribing the same medications used in adults with bipolar disorder, and these medicines haven't been adequately tested in children.

According to several studies, females perform slightly better at which type of memory tasks?

Episodic

A researcher plans to test the effectiveness of a new cyberbullying reporting app. She randomly selects one eighth-grade class to receive training on how to install and use the app. The students are assured the reporting is anonymous. The other eighth-grade class is not told about the app. The researcher then measures the rates of cyberbullying in both classes over the next 3 months. This study utilizes which type of research design?

Experiment

How has research into the reconstructive nature of memories influenced the legal system?

Eyewitness identification procedures have been revised to decrease the likelihood of false memories

Research examining the association between violent video games and aggression is limited by which of the following?

Finding an accurate and consistent way of measuring aggression has been difficult, Many studies have reported correlational results rather than experimental results, There may be a bias in the way studies are selected for publication.

What is one of the risks for developing a smartphone addiction?

Frequently checking social media throughout the day

When Suki was asked what role she wanted in the school play about the Wild West, she said she would be the cook for the cowboys because girls aren't rowdy. Which theory of gender development best explains Suki's behavior?

Gender schema theory

Numerous ethical concerns were raised in Wakefield's study linking MMR to autism. Which concern was related to a conflict of interest?

He was paid $780,000 by lawyers planning to sue makers of the MMR vaccine months before he conducted his study.

Which sexually transmitted infection can lead to cervical cancer or other cancers?

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Using smartphones to store personal and health data presents some ethical concerns. What are some of the ethical concerns discussed in the chapter?

Identity theft, privacy infringement, and inappropriate use of data

How would conducting online therapy make it difficult for a therapist to fulfill their "duty to warn" rule?

If someone is communicating via voice or text only, it is difficult to assess imminent or credible threat.

This technique to test the feasibility of false memory implantation asks research participants to vividly recall a childhood event that did not happen to them. What is this technique called?

Imagination inflation

What is one benefit to online therapy?

It can reach an underserved population who has limited access to therapy.

A 34-year-old Black man arrives at the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. What is the likelihood of the man receiving a prescription for opioid pain killers?

Less likely because he is a minority

Which two researchers were responsible for groundbreaking findings regarding the physiology of sexual behavior?

Masters and Johnson

Zsolt is planning to try hypnosis to help him stop smoking. Based on your knowledge of the best time of day for most people to be hypnotized, when should he make his appointment?

Mid-morning

Which of the following statements is true regarding findings across different cultures about the impact of violent video game (VVG) exposure and aggressive behavior?

No cultural differences have been found in the impact of VVGs on aggressive behavior.

Which of the following is a risk factor for being both a perpetrator and a victim of cyberbullying?

Not feeling safe at school

The majority of children diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) also meet the diagnostic criteria for which disorder?

Oppositional defiant disorder

Between 1994 and 2003, which psychological diagnosis increased by 4,000 percent?

Pediatric bipolar disorder

Based on the information in this module, which statement is the most reasonable with respect to the question of the overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children?

Pediatric bipolar disorder has higher prevalence rates in the United States, suggesting a problem with overdiagnosis.

What is one potential negative side effect of restricting access to prescribed opioids?

People may look to find other sources of the drug such as heroin.

Imagine a study that examines levels of aggression among people who play violent video games (VVGs) and people who do not. What is the primary limitation of this type of study?

People were not randomly assigned to either play VVGs or not play VVGs, so differences between groups cannot necessarily be attributed to VVGs.

Tomas is a 5th grader who is caught at recess throwing rocks at the girls and kicking some of the boys. This type of behavior is known as ____________.

Physical aggression

Danika spends 20-30 minutes each night before bed scrolling through social media and reading the news on her smartphone. What implications would be predicted based on Danika's behavior?

Poor quality sleep, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety

__________ are the sexual organs present at birth which are directly involved in human reproduction.

Primary sex characteristics

Joaquin is a 21-year-old college student who enjoys an active sex life. He participated in a survey on the reasons he engages in sexual behavior. One of the reasons that he did NOT likely list was ____________.

Procreation

Ethical research involves obtaining informed consent. However, sometimes people change their behavior if they know their behavior is being monitored. What is this phenomenon called?

Reactivity

What organization encourages girls to speak up to promote healthier media images of young women?

SPARK

______ is our biological classification while _______ is our psychological classification along the continuum of maleness and femaleness.

Sex; gender

_____________ occurs when a person's value comes only from his/her sexual appeal or behavior to the exclusion of other characteristics, and when a person is sexually objectified, for example, made into a thing for another's sexual use.

Sexualization

How were the research methods flawed in Wakefield et al's. 1998 study that linked MMR to the development of autism?

Small sample size; lack of control group; nonblind researchers

What does the evidence show about the link between autism and vaccines?

There have been no scientifically sound studies showing a link between autism and vaccines.

Why was there an increased interest in the 1990s to explore if false memories could be created?

There was a notable increase in the number of recovered memories of childhood abuse.

If members of an underserved population could receive mental health treatment in their own homes outside of regular working hours, which barriers to treatment might be eliminated or reduced?

Transportation problems, child care issues, and work schedule issues

Many African American citizens are distrustful and wary of the medical establishment based on what study conducted by the U.S Public Health Service between 1932 and 1972?

Tuskegee syphilis experiment

Erin has excelled on the debate team in high school. She is skilled at understanding complex concepts, developing arguments to support her ideas, and expressing those arguments verbally. This set of skills is known as __________.

Verbal reasoning skills

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the relationship between exposure to violent video games (VVGs) and aggressive behavior?

While there have been some individual studies with mixed findings, the overall evidence suggests a causal link between playing VVGs and aggressive behavior.

Cultural factors have been shown to play a role in determining who receives deep brain stimulation (DBS). Which group is the most likely to receive DBS as treatment for Parkinson's disease?

White males

Ben is a nurse who is known as gentle and nurturing with his patients. On his days off, he plays soccer with his children. Ben's wife Nikki is a president of a bank and is known for making tough decisions and being an independent thinker. Her hobbies are cooking and sewing. Both Ben and Nikki exhibit what Sandra Bem calls _________ traits.

androgynous

Your mental image of your own body is called your ____________.

body image

The most notable study comparing internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) with face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) showed that ______.

both treatments were equally effective across all patient groups

Most research studies conducted on the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been conducted with a small number of participants. Researchers follow the participant's symptoms over time and note whether the symptoms are better or worse when using DBS. This type of research design is called a(n) _______________.

case study

Bob was genetically born a male but due to the failure of androgen receptors when he was a fetus, he developed female genitalia. This condition is referred to as ___________.

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Hypnosis is a state of ________ involving focused _________ and reduced peripheral awareness characterized by an enhanced capacity for response to suggestion.

consciousness; attention

Maria grew up in a culture and home with strict morals about a woman's sexuality. Women were not supposed to have sexual feelings or engage in sexual activity until married. As a result, when Maria married, she thought negatively about sex and was very scared of her own sexual responses. This is an example of ____________.

cultural influences impacting sexual behavior

The use of a neurostimulator to send electrical signals to electrodes implanted in the brain to help with physical and psychological disorders is called _______________.

deep brain stimulation

Hypnosis has been shown to be effective in the treatment of

depression and anxiety.

Men are more likely than women to engage in _________ aggression, while some studies have shown that women are slightly more likely than men to engage in ________ aggression.

direct; indirect

Sean is 55 years old and has been married for 20 years. He is still interested in sexual intercourse with his wife, but he suffers from the inability to achieve or maintain an erection at times during sex. What is this disorder called?

erectile disorder

The concept of _____ argues that women's sexuality may be less strongly felt and more fluid than men's sexuality.

erotic plasticity

Isaac asked his therapist to implant memories that he loves to exercise and prefers vegetables over potato chips. This issue of whether therapists should use psychological techniques to mislead their clients is inherently a(n) ______________ one.

ethical

What is the correct order of the phases of the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Jared is a 17-year-old male who gets sexually excited and aroused when he exposes his genitals to strangers on the subway. Jared may be experiencing what type of paraphillic disorder?

exhibitionistic disorder

Elliott is 25 and has identified his sexual orientation as gay since he was 15 years old. He has three older brothers and no older sisters. One theory that might help explain his sexual orientation is known as the _____ effect.

fraternal birth order

____________ refers to a mismatch between gender and biological sex resulting in distress, while ________ refers to the gender to which someone is sexually attracted.

gender dysphoria; sexual orientation

Tony is a 5-year-old boy who loves to play with dolls and play house. When he enters kindergarten, he notices that most of the girls do those activities while the boys play ball and tag. He goes home and tells his dad that he is going to start playing ball and tag at recess because that is what boys do. Which theory of gender development best explains Tony's decision to change activities?

gender schema theory

When comparing gender differences in sexualization, research has demonstrated that ____________ are most often the targets of sexualization.

girls and women

Which sex organs are the first to develop?

gonads

Smartphones have been found to help deliver effective treatments for ____________.

high blood pressure, obesity, anxiety

Studies have shown that individuals with high levels of ___________ tend to respond to playing violent video games (VVGs) with increased levels of aggression when compared to other individuals.

hostility

What structure of the brain has been linked to sexual orientation?

hypothalamus

Celeste takes unflattering pictures of her classmates and posts them on Instagram, encouraging others to write mean and hateful captions about the pictures. This behavior would be labeled _________ aggression.

indirect

Sexual thoughts that lead to physiological arousal can be caused by both ________ stimuli such as thoughts and memories and ________ stimuli such as erotic images or videos.

internal; external

Black women in the United States reportedly have a ______ ideal body shape and report being more ______ with their bodies than their White female counterparts.

larger; satisfied

Research examining gender differences in the development and treatment of Parkinson's disease indicates that ________ are more likely to develop the disease and _________ are more likely to receive deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment option for the condition.

men; men

Men tend to report a desire for a more _______ body shape than their own perceived level.

muscular

Mick and Daphne are adults who enjoy dressing up in each other's clothing and tying each other up during sex. They both consent to this behavior, and it increases their sexual desire. This behavior is considered ____________.

normal because they are consenting adults enjoying their relationship

In addition to Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has also been approved for the treatment of _______________.

obsessive compulsive disorder

Sexual behaviors that cause distress to a person or that cause physical or mental distress to another person are referred to as ____________.

paraphillic disorders

Gerald is a 38 year old man who only becomes sexually aroused by prepubescent children. He states that the children are willing and that they like it. He is considered to have which paraphillic disorder?

pedophillic disorder

Catrina had chlamydia when she was 18 years old and she never sought treatment. She is now 30 years old and struggling to become pregnant. What disease related to infertility can be caused by untreated chlamydia?

pelvic infammatory disease

Rea was asked to view a series of silhouettes ranging from very thin to very overweight and identify her current body size and ideal body size. She was completing a(n) ____________ measure of body image.

perceptual

During a sporting event, two opposing fans get into an argument, and one of them threatens to punch the other in the face. This is an example of both _______ and ________ aggression.

physical; direct

In 5th grade, Marcia started noticing that her breasts were developing and that her shorts were getting tighter because her hips were bigger. What are these noticeable changes in the body called?

secondary sex characteristics

Rianna, a 13-year-old girl, always worries about how her body appears to other people. Instead of sitting comfortably in a chair, she positions her body in a way that she thinks would look attractive to others. When she looks in the mirror, she always thinks about how other people would evaluate her appearance. Rianna is demonstrating characteristics of __________.

self-objectification

A problem in sexual functioning that causes distress and impairment for individuals and relationships is referred to as a(n) __________.

sexual dysfunction

Zara and Rohan have been dating for 13 months. At first, their sexual relationship was very healthy. However, for the last 6 months, Zara has shown little interest in sex and usually declines any sexual advances that Rohan makes. Zara may be experiencing what type of sexual dysfunction?

sexual interest/arousal disorder

Which of the following statements regarding sexual orientation is accurate?

sexual orientation exits on a continuum

Darcy identifies as a gay man and Selah identifies as a transgender woman. Darcy is referring to _____________ while Selah is referring to ____________.

sexual orientation; gender identity

__________ refers to the quality and number of meaningful relationships an individual may have among friends, family, and the community.

social connectedness

Which theory of gender development focuses on the role of observational learning and reinforcement?

social learning theory

Sexual behavior can be influenced by __________, or the spoken and unspoken rules about what is considered appropriate.

social norms

Pain detected by the sensory nerves in your skin, muscles, and soft tissue, which can lead to tension headaches or arthritis, is known as ____________.

somatic pain

Males have shown a slight advantage in _________ skills, while females have shown a slight advantage in ____________ skills.

spatial; verbal

Which hormone influences the sexual drive in both females and males?

testosterone

In measurements of perceptual body image, women tend to rate their ideal image as _______ than their current image and think men prefer a ______ female image than men actually report.

thinner; thinner

__________ refers to the period of time when a transgender individual begins to live as the gender with which they identify.

transitioning

Research has attempted to identify individual differences or personality characteristics associated with people more likely to experience false memories. The most often reported characteristics are _______________ and ____________.

vivid imagination; dissociative experiences

Studies have found that when people viewed sexualized pictures of young girls, it led them to equate __________ with __________.

youth; sexuality